Тема: чтение текстов с полным пониманием и выстраивание логической последовательности

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¹_______. That is they represented a specific amount of gold in storage. In time, however, the goldsmiths noticed that on most days the gold that people withdrew was less than the amount they deposited. ²_______. In many instances, the borrowers, too, were content simply to take paper receipts rather than the actual metal. This was the beginning of what we now call fractional reserve banking. ³_______. Since goldsmiths’ receipts were a form of paper money, goldsmiths’ loans had the effect of increasing the money supply. Much the same is true today when banks make loans. ⁴_______. After setting aside a fraction of these deposits in the form of reserves, they create money by lending the remainder but instead of goldsmith receipts, modern banks expand the money supply through the use of checking accounts.

a) In a fractional reserve system, banks hold a percentage, a fraction, of their depositors’ money and lend the rest

b) That is, today’s banks accept money from depositors

c) Originally the goldsmith’s receipts were fully backed by gold

d) This led them to lend some of their depositors’ gold to earn interest

 

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¹_______. He was the first to discover the law of dependence of the properties of the elements upon their atomic weights. ²_______. He published his famous “periodic classification” in 1869.

³_______. He predicted the existence of unknown elements which he called ekaboron, ekaaluminium and ekasilikon and for which he left gaps in his table. ⁴_______. The discovery of gallium in 1875 was followed by the discovery of scandium (ekaboron) in 1879 and the discovery of germanium (ekasilikon) in 1886. No gaps are left now for undiscovered elements.

a) The main idea of the Periodic System is that of the periodic repetition of properties with the increase of the atomic weights

b) D.I.Mendeleyev, the great Russian scientist, one of the great bulwarks of the atomic theory, was born in Tobolsk in 1834

c) He even described the properties of these elements

d) Mendeleyev suggested a system of classification in which the elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic weights

 

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The open hearth and semi-muffle furnace are cheap to buy, and very easy to operate. ¹_______. However, unlike the muffle furnace, it is difficult to heat the furnace evenly throughout the chamber and also to control the build-up of gases from the burner as they have no flue outlet. ²_______. In the open hearth furnace, it is also difficult to control the temperature in the chamber. ³_______. It is cheap, simple to operate, economical, and it also has good temperature control. However, it does not heat evenly or have good atmosphere control. The muffle furnace is the most efficient of these three furnaces.⁴_______. However, it is not cheap, simple to operate, or economical.

a) It heats evenly, and has good temperature and atmosphere control

b) The semi-muffle furnace is an improvement on the open hearth furnace

c) They do not use much fuel and therefore are more economical to run

d) This negative feature appears under ‘Atmosphere control’

 

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Our history includes many great scientists. ¹_______. Some of these changes were fundamental and scientists call them paradigm shifts. Before Copernicus’ time, most people in the West believed that the Earth was the centre of the universe and that everything else revolved around it. ²_______. Isaac Newton made a mechanical description of the universe and wrote laws of motion and gravitation and this led to the industrial revolution. ³_______. Albert Einstein explained, among other things, that everything comes from the same energy, that we are all parts of the same whole. ⁴_______. In some cases, however, the application of new knowledge has also caused destruction. History teaches us that opposites are inherent to nature – we construct and destroy, believe and doubt.

a) Max Planck gave us the Quantum Theory

b) All of these theories expanded the limits of our mind and opened a new era of understanding

c) They increased our knowledge and changed our ideas about the world and our role in it

d) His theory showed that the sun was the centre of a system

 

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A rectifier is a device which allows an electric power to pass in one direction but not in the opposite direction. ¹________. Four of the most common are described below:

Selenium rectifiers are made of an aluminium plate with a selenium coating. ²_______. Instrument rectifiers are normally of the cooper oxide type, which consists of a copper disc with a cuprous oxide coating.³_______. They are suitable for all power rectification, but are particularly useful for the low to medium power range. Thermionic diodes are found in radio circuits.⁴_______.

a) Semi-conductor diodes are made with germanium or silicon

b) They are used for high power rectification

c) There are various types of rectifier

d) They consist of two electrodes in a vacuum

 

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¹_______. Before that time Russia had no automobile industry at all, technical schools had no departments to train specialists in automobile engineering. ²_______.

The first automobile built by Shanshurenkov, a Russian inventor, was put into motion by the pedaling of the driver himself.

³_______. Mamin was one of the pioneers in Russian internal combustion engines. ⁴_______.

a) But in the history of the automobile such names as Shanshurenkov, Blinov, Mamin and other Russian experts in mechanics must be remembered

b) Today Russian automobiles are engineered and built in such a manner that they are able to withstand heavy loads for long periods of operation

c) Blinov designed and constructed tractor driven by steam engine

d) The automobile industry in our country has been developed since 1916

 

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300g of frozen mixed vegetables

1 can of kidney beans

¹_______

½ cup of chopped onion

½ cup of chopped green pepper

¾ cup of sugar

½ cup of vinegar

1 tbsp of cornstarch

Cook the mixed vegetables on the stove or in the microwave until crisp-tender. ²_______. Add kidney beans, celery, onion and green pepper. In a saucepan over medium heat bring sugar, vinegar and cornstarch to a boil, stirring constantly, until thickened. ³_______. Pour over vegetables and toss. ⁴_______.

a) Cool slightly

b) ½ cup of chopped celery

c) Refrigerate

d) Drain and place in a large bowl

 

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¹_______. In London, goldsmith bankers introduced bank notes about the same as they introduced checks. ²_______. Whereas only the individual to whom the deposit was directed could redeem checks, notes could be redeemed by anyone who held them. Notes redeemable for gold or another valuable commodity are called fiduciary money. ³_______. In some ways fiduciary money was better than gold because it took up less space and was easier to carry.

The amount of fiduciary money issued depended on the bank’s estimate of the proportion of notes that would be redeemed for gold. ⁴_______.

a) Bank notes were pieces of paper that promised to pay the bearer a specific amount in gold when presented to the issuing bank for redemption

b) One of the ways a bank could create claims against itself was to issue bank notes

c) Fiduciary money was often “as good as gold” since the bearer could, upon request, redeem the note for gold

d) The greater the redemption rate, the fewer notes could be issued based on a given amount of gold reserves

 

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Boxes – that’s what a good deal of modern architecture reminds me of. ¹_______. A man who lives in one of these boxes works in another big box, high up in the air. If he falls ill, he goes to another big box called a hospital.

I began this letter by saying that many modern buildings, especially the blocks of flats and business offices, were like big boxes. ²_______. An architect today has to be an engineer too. ³_______. They save plenty of unnecessary work. ⁴_______.

a) There is central heating, for example, instead of the dusty open fires we used to have, with coal to be carried up long stairs and ashes to be carried down

b) They do look like boxes from the outside, but when we go inside, we find them very well planned for their purposes

c) The best modern buildings help us to live and work in comfort

d) The blocks of flats in our big towns are huge boxes, whether the fronts and sides are square or oblong

 

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The value of money is reflected by its purchasing power – the rate at which money is exchanged for goods and services. ¹_______. The purchasing power of each dollar can be compared over time by accounting for changes in the price level. ²_______. ³_______. The value of a 1986 dollar is therefore 100/328, or about 0.30 measured in 1967 dollars. ⁴_______.

a) For example, the consumer price index for 1986 was 328, using 1967 as the base year

b) Thus, a 1986 dollar buys less than one-third the goods and services purchased by a dollar in 1967

c) To measure the purchasing power of the dollar in a particular year, first compute the price index for that year, then divide 100 by that price index

d) The higher the price level is, the fewer goods and services can be purchased with each dollar, so the less each dollar is worth

 

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Money must possess several characteristics. ¹_______. Unless it is acceptable to everybody, it cannot be the medium of exchange, and would not naturally serve its purpose. ²_______.

You must be able to recognize easily what, and how much, you are paying or receiving in the form of money. ³_______. Things like cotton or coal cannot be good money because if large payments are to be made over a long distance, the cost of transporting them itself may be very heavy. Gold and silver are easy to pack up and send over a long distance. Money should also be storable, i.e., it should not decay like fruits, nor stink like fish.

⁴_______. Just as the length of a yard-stick should not change from time to time, the value of money should also not change. If the value of money itself changes, it becomes difficult to carry on business, maintain accounts and manage other economic activities, because the calculations would be upset from time to time.

a) Money should also be portable and transportable

b) First of all, it must possess acceptibility

c) Stability of value is one more characteristic of money

d) It should also possess divisibility, in order that it may be convenient to make small payments

 

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¹_______!

²_______. Provided a cardholder fully observes operating rules the fraud possibility will be minimized.

³_______. With the help of Visa Internet you can subscribe for electronic magazines and newspapers, make orders from catalogues, etc.

⁴_______.

a) The card is accepted in all Internet shops, various charged sites and other trading and service companies, which accept the Visa cards and do not require real plastic

b) The card account is maintained in USD but you can make payment in any currency

c) If you use the Internet not only to find some information, to chat with your friends, to send an e-mail, but also to make purchases through the global network the virtual card is what you need

d) The new card Visa Internet will allow you to make purchases in the virtual shops all over the world

 

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¹_______.

Visa Electron is the most available card in the world. ²_______.

Maintenance fee of Visa Electron per year amounts to USD 10, per two years – USD 20.

³_______. They can also carry out other payments through ATMs, the Internet, all bank’s branches or info kiosks. ⁴_______.

a) All the above mentioned facts made Visa Electron the most popular card among individuals

b) For sure Visa Electron is the most popular card of the payment system

c) Visa Electron cardholders get the opportunity to pay in favor of mobile operators, utilities companies

d) In spite of the fact that unlike more expensive cards (Visa Gold or Visa Classic) this card can be used only in ATMs and electronic payment terminals (Cash-in devices) and you cannot book a hotel or rent a car, you can still be sure that in the majority of towns and cities all over the world you can find lots of places where you can use your Visa Electron

 

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Changes in the level of prices have very serious consequences. ¹_______. When prices rise, their money can buy much less than before. All creditors also suffer, because when they gave the loan, money had a higher value, and at the time of repayment the value of money is reduced. ²_______. Rising price level has a good effect on trade and industries, because as prices rise, businessmen earn higher profits. All those whose income changes with prices are benefitted. ³_______. Falling price level, on the other hand, benefits the fix income group of people, creditors, and all those who have money saved, because when the prices fall, their money becomes more valuable. ⁴_______. It is also harmful to debtors, because they have to repay debts at a higher value of money.

a) All those who have saved money in the past also suffer likewise, because the real value of their savings is reduced

b) When the value of money falls, all those people whose incomes are fixed in terms of money, suffer a great loss

c) The debtors also benefit when prices rise, because at the time of repayment of their debts, they pay money at its reduced value

d) Falling prices are bad for trade and industry, because as the prices fall they incur losses

 

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¹_______. The major forms of money in those days, gold and silver coins, were inconvenient to carry and liable to be stolen. ²_______. In this way, the goldsmith became a kind of medieval banker. ³_______. In time, the goldsmiths’ receipts became very popular with merchants and travelers who had to move large sums of money. ⁴_______.

a) To make business transactions safer and more convenient, people began depositing their coins with local goldsmiths, who gave them a written receipt in exchange for the coins

b) The use of paper money in Western civilization began in the Middle Ages

c) As their use spread, the earliest form of paper money in Western Europe came into being

d) Merchants accepted the receipts in payment for goods because they could receive the receipt for gold at the goldsmith’s shop

 

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There was a time when things like cattle, salt, shells, etc., were used as the media of exchange. But all these suffer from drawbacks. Precious metals came to be accepted as money, because they had certain advantages. Gold and silver have been accepted as the media of exchange; but that is not the only function of money. ¹_______. Distance is measured in yards, feet, inches, etc.; temperature is measured as so many degrees Fahrenheit and centigrade; weight is measured in ounces, pounds, tons, etc., and the value of any article is measured in rubles, dollars, shillings, etc. If a wrist watch is more valuable than a book, you can explain that the price of a watch is $40 and that that of a book is $5. ²_______. That is how you measure the value in terms of money. ³_______. Two merchants may be buying and selling a lot of goods from each other. Instead of making payments every day to each other, they may find it much more convenient to write down accounts, and then at the end of every month or year, they may adjust their accounts and make a small amount of payment from the debtor to the creditor. These accounts are written in terms of the currency of the country concerned. Money also functions as a “store” of value. If you do not want to spend your money today, you may keep it with you, as long as you wish. ⁴_______. For the same reason money can also be used as a standard of deferred payments. If you buy something on credit, you may make the payments at the end of the month, or at any other convenient time. Whether you pay today or after a month it makes no difference in the value of money.

a) The watch is more valuable than the book, by $35

b) Money also acts as the measure of value

c) That is how you can store value

d) From this it also follows that money acts as a unit of account

 

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2 tbsp of chopped parsley

1 tbsp of basil

2tsp of tarragon

2 tsp of mustard powder

1 tsp of paprika

¹_______

1tbsp sesame seeds

90 g of butter, melted

8 large chicken drumsticks

²_______

25 g of cheese, grated

Mix parsley, basil, tarragon, dill, mustard powder, paprika, salt and pepper, sesame seeds and 1/3 of butter together in a small bowl. Using a sharp knife, lift skin back from the chicken drumsticks. ³_______. Brush chicken with remaining butter, coat with biscuit crumbs.⁴_______.

a) Spread a teaspoon of herb mixture between skin and chicken. (3)

b) 100 g of crushed biscuits (2)

c) Place on a rack, cook for 13-15 minutes, turning over halfway through cooking. (4)

d) Salt and pepper to taste (1)