Тема: Перевод текстов с извлечением основной информации (ознакомительное чтение)

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When the value of a nation’s currency is decreasing in terms of other currencies, its exports are likely to increase because they will be less expensive to people in foreign countries. Imports, in these circumstances are likely to decrease because foreign goods will become more expensive. When a nation’s currency is appreciating in terms of other currencies, the opposite is likely to occur.

a) Export

b) Foreign Goods

c) Import

d) The Value of Currency

 

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The transport network spreads into all sections of the country, but the web of railways and highways is much more dense in the eastern half of the United States.

In the early 1990s the United States had about 6.24 million km of streets, roads, and highways. The National Interstate Highway System, 68,449 km in length in the early 1990s, connected the nation’s principal cities and carried about one-fifth of all the road and street traffic.

More than 188 million motor vehicles were registered in the early 1990s. More than three-quarters were cars – one for every two persons in the country. About one-fifth of the vehicles were lorries. Amtrack (the National Railroad Passenger Corporation), a federally subsidized concern, operates almost all the inter-city passenger trains in the United States. It carried more than 22 million passengers annually in the early 1990s.

a) Motor Vehicles

b) Amtrack

c) Street Traffic

d) Roads and Railways

 

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Colloids exist in nature in the cells of plants and animals, in the sap of certain plants, among which is the rubber tree, and in the class of foods are called proteins. Colloids have recently come to be of tremendous importance in certain manufacturing processes, including the making of glass, rubber and artificial silk, tanning leather and dyeing.

a) The Sap

b) Proteins

c) Manufacturing Processes

d) Colloids

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Benjamin Franklin is acknowledged to be the founder of the theory of atmospheric electricity. He was the first to prove that the lighting was an electrical phenomenon. Franklin developed a new theory of electricity that he called positive and negative. He finally invented a means of protection against the disastrous effects of lighting – the lighting rod. Franklin is known and respected all over the world not only as a scientist but also as a citizen who did as much as he could for the good of his country. Coming out in defence of the Afro-Americans, Franklin declared slavery to be not only an evil from the moral point of view, but also an obstacle to the social interests of America. He is thought to be one of the broadest as well as one of the most creative minds of his time.

a) The Lighting

b) The Theory of Atmospheric Electricity

c) Benjamin Franklin

d) Defence of the Afro-Americans

 

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The field of engineering has its subject the prevention of accidents. Safety engineers develop methods and procedures to safeguard workers of hazardous occupations. They also assist in designing machinery, factories, ships, and roads, suggesting alternations and improvements to reduce accidents.

a) Accidents

b) Alternations and Improvements

c) Methods and Producers

d) Safety Engineering

 

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Trade and payments across national borders require that one of the parties to the transaction contract to pay or receive funds in a foreign currency. At some stage, one party must convert domestic money into foreign money. Moreover, knowledgeable investors based in each country are aware of the opportunities of buying assets or selling debts denominated in foreign currencies when the anticipated returns are higher abroad or when the interest costs are lower. These investors also must use the foreign exchange market whenever they invest or borrow abroad. The foreign exchange market is the largest market in the world in terms of the volume of transactions. That the volume of foreign exchange trading is many times larger than the volume of international trade and investment reflects that a distinction should be made between transactions that involve only banks and those that involve banks, individuals, and firms involved in international trade and investment.

a) The Foreign Exchange

b) Foreign Currency

c) International Trade

d) Investors

 

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Imports must be paid for in a currency that is acceptable to the seller. In order to facilitate these transactions, there is a market for the currencies of all trading nations. The selling price of one nation’s currency in terms of the currencies of other nations is known as its “exchange rate”. Exchange rates fluctuate in accordance with the laws of supply and demand.

a) Exchange Rate

b) The Selling Price

c) Import

d) Currency

 

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The foreign exchange market is the market in which the currencies of different countries are exchanged for one another. The foreign exchange market is made up of thousands of people all over the world – importers and exporters, banks and specialists in the buying and selling of foreign exchange called foreign exchange brokers.

The foreign exchange market opens on Monday morning in Tokyo when it is still midnight on Sunday in London. As the day advances the foreign exchange market also opens in Zurich, Frankfurt, London, New York and finally in Vancouver and Los Angeles.

Before these last two markets have closed, Tokyo is open again for the next day of business.

a) The Market

b) Foreign Exchange Brokers

c) Banks

d) The Foreign Exchange Market

 

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The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called foreign exchange rate.

In the UK there are three possible foreign exchange rate regimes. They are:

– Fixed exchange rate

– Flexible (or floating) exchange rate

– Managed exchange rate

Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be pegged by the Bank of England. Under a flexible exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be determined by market forces with no intervention by the Bank of England. Under a managed exchange rate regime, the Bank of England would intervene in the foreign exchange market to smooth out fluctuations in the value of the pound but it would not seek to maintain the pound at an absolutely constant value for a long period of time.

a) Flexible Exchange Rate

b) Fixed Exchange Rate

c) Managed Exchange Rate

d) Foreign Exchange Rate Regimes

 

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Trade among nations takes place for the same reasons that it does within a nation: to obtain goods and services that a region could not produce itself, or to obtain them at a lower cost than they could be produced for at home. This is explained by the principle of comparative advantage, which states that as long as the opportunity costs to produce items differ between two nations, both will profit by specializing in those things that they produce most efficiently and exchanging their surpluses. Despite the many advantages of international trade, most nations have been erecting artificial barriers to the trade for ages. These barriers are usually in the form of tariffs or quotas.

a) Trade

b) Barriers to the Trade

c) International Trade

d) Tariffs and Quotas

 

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The foreign exchange markets are among the largest markets in the world, with annual trading volume in excess of $160 trillion. The purpose of the foreign exchange markets is to bring buyers and sellers of currencies together. It is an over-the-counter market, with no central trading location and no set hours of trading. Prices and other terms of trade are determined by negotiation over the telephone or by wire, satellite, or telex. The foreign exchange market is informal in its operations: there are no special requirements for market participants, and trading conforms to an unwritten code of rules.

a) Markets

b) Terms of Trade

c) Currencies

d) The Foreign Exchange Markets

 

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There are a number of devices that directly affect the free flow of trade among nations. One of these is export subsidy – a payment by a country to its exporters that enables them to sell their products abroad at a lower price than they could sell them for at home. Selling the same product for a lower price abroad than at home is called dumping.

a) Price

b) Payment

c) Trade

d) Export Subsidy

 

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A tariff is a duty, or tax, on imports. There are two basic types of tariffs. Revenue tariffs are levied as a way to raise money. Protective tariffs are levied to protect a domestic industry from foreign competition. The goal is to make the foreign product more expensive then a similar item produced by a domestic producer. Then people will stop buying the foreign-made item and purchase its domestic counterpart. Restrictions on the numbers of certain specified goods that can enter the country from abroad are called quotas. Like protective tariffs, quotas limit the amount of foreign competition a protected industry will have to face.

a) Protective Tariffs

b) Quotas

c) The Types of Tariffs

d) Tariffs and Quotas

 

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George Stephenson was a British inventor and engineer. He is famous for building the first practical railway locomotive.

Stephenson was born in 1781 in England. During his youth he worked as a fireman and later as an engineer in the coal mines of Newcastle. He invented one of the first miner’s safety lamps independently of the British inventor Humphrey Davy. Stephenson’s early locomotives were used to carry loads in coal mines, and in 1823 he established a factory at Newcastle for their manufacture. In 1829 he designed a locomotive known as the Rocket, which could carry both loads and passengers at a greater speed than any locomotive at that time. The success of the Rocket was the beginning of the construction of locomotives and laying the railway lines.

a) Newcastle

b) George Stephenson

c) Humphrey Davy

d) The Rocket

 

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If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say “Fish and chips” then stop. It is disappointing, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in restaurants, because the food doesn’t lend itself to such preparation. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to find a good English restaurant with reasonable prices. In most cities of Britain you’ll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian restaurants. In London you’ll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek. Cynics will say that this is because English have no “cuisine” themselves, but this is not quite the true.

a) English Home Cuisine

b) French and Italian Restaurants

c) English Dishes

d) Fish and Chips

 

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The traditional British breakfast is bacon, eggs or sausages, preceded by fruit and followed by toasts. Britons may eat this breakfast at weekends or on special occasions but prefer a smaller and healthier meal to start a day. Lunch is a light meal and is eaten at school or work. Lunch takes 30–40 minutes. Dinner is usually the main meal of the day and consists of two courses – meat or fish with vegetables and dessert or pudding. In recent years, foreign foods have become a regular part of the British diet. Indian and Chinese dishes are particularly popular for evening meals. Take-aways became extremely popular in 1980’s. The traditional British take-away is fish and chips eaten with salt and vinegar and served in an old newspaper.

a) British Dinner

b) British Breakfast

c) British Meals

d) Indian and Chinese Dishes

 

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Since the 1970’s eating habits in Britain have undergone a change. People have been encouraged by doctors, health experts and government advertisements to eat less fat and more fiber. Fat is believed to be one of the major causes of obesity and heart disease. Forty per cent of adults in Britain are overweight and Britain has one of the highest death rates due to cardiovascular disease in the world. British have also become more aware of calories, the energy value of food. Some people count the number of calories they eat every day, so that they can try to take in fewer calories and lose weight. Food manufactures have started to help the general public to make more informed choices about what they eat.

a) Health Experts

b) Food Manufactures

c) Fat is the Cause of Diseases

d) Eating Habits in Britain