Subsidiary variants of the English vowel phonemes

a) Unchecked and Checked Vowels

Allophonic differences in the vowel system of the English language are conditioned by their distributional characteristics. All of them may occur in initial position»

/i:/ economy /a:/ arc /u:/ Uganda /ei/ eight /ia/ earshot

/i/ image /v/ on /л/' utter /ai/ idea /еэ/ airway

/e/ editor /o:/ all /э:/ earn /au/ hour /иэ/ Urdu!

/ae/ acid /u/ Uruguay /э/ about /oi/ oily /эй/ over

In initial position the vowel is more or less free from the influence of the next consonant phoneme.

Vowels may be nasalized, (a) more — if they precede the'nasal sound and (b) less — when they follow it.

(a) tfia pen hsem b) mi: nset msep
kin ten bom meed nest b

Low vowels are more affected by nasal consonants than mid and high vowels.

noon	nine
noodle	neat
moon	clean
mar	mean
farm	fine

Allophonic differences in the vowel system are mostly in quantity, or length. The quantity of vowels depends on the following factors:

1. position of a vowel in a word: (1) free; (2) terminated by a
■voiced, or a voiceless consonant;

2. position of a vowel in relation to word stress;

3. position of a vowel in relation to sentence stress and rhythm;

4. there are extralinguistic factors that may affect the length of
■vowels. They are connected with emotional characteristics. For exam­
ple, if we compare similar vowels in the following sentences we may
«observe quantitative dependence of vowels on the emotional colour­
ing.

The 'Man o?»Property, by iJohn ₄Gabworthy (title) "A "Forsyte," reiplied iyoung,Jolyon, "is 'not an uncommon animal..."

/o:/ in the word Forsyte is longer than /d:/ in the word oats-worthy.

Connection of a vowel with word stress is another characteristic ifeature, peculiar to the English language. A vowel in unstressed po­sition may change not only its quantity but it undergoes qualitative -changes, which may result not only in its reduction but in the occur­rence of the neutral vowel /э/.

It should be borne in mind that unstressed vowels in English jnay preserve their quantity. They may be fully long: emission,/k'mifn/, orchestral /о:'kestrel/, etc.

This is never the case with the Russian language, where all un­stressed vowels are reduced, according to their position in the word.

For example, the Russian /a, o/ are reduced to /л/ in the first jpretonic syllable and to /ъ/ in other unaccented syllables: с/л/сна, д/л/ры, гол/ъ/ву, стор/ъ/ну, з/ъ/ горой.

The Russian /e/ is pronounced as /ы^г/ after /ж, ш/ in the first pretonic syllable: ж/ы^е/на, ж/ы^е/вать. In other pretonic syllables,/e/ is pronounced as /ъ/: ж/ъ/лтизна.

The Russian /a/ is pronounced as /н^е/ after the soft /ч, ш/ in •the first pretpnic syllable: ч/и^е/сы.

The Russian /e/ is pronounced as /э/ after soft consonants in posttonic position: вын/э/су, оч/э/редь.

The quality oE English vowels of full formation is very stable and definite </i:/ and /u:/ are exceptions).

Articmatory differences of vowel phonemes depend on (1) the place ■of articulation of the adjacent consonant and on (2) the active organ of speech of the adjacent consonant,

"Contextual" and Idiolectal Variants of English Voxels.ar.d Monophthongs in Terms of CV, VC Relations

N-i

The phoneme /k/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tions: epoch /ii:puk/, tea /ti:/.

/i:/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pee, be, we

Iabio-dental: feet, veal lingual, forelingual

dental, interdental: theme, the

alveolar: tea, deal, sea, zeal, lee, neat palato-alveolar: she, cheese

post-alveolar, cacuminal: read lingual, medio-Hngual: yield lingual, backlingual: key pharyngal (glottal): he

Iv.l is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: leap, seem

Iabio-dental: leaf lingual, forelingual

dental, interdental: sheath, breathe

alveolar: eat, deed, spleen

palato-alveolar: leash, each

lingual, backlingual: teak, league

It may be diphthongized in open syllables and before lenis and na­sal consonants, See above.

Before dark [I] a centring glide may be heard.

RP speakers try to avoid any glide in /i;/ pronunciation as "vul­gar". Wide diphthongs are typical of Cockney, Birmingham, South­ern USA and other low prestige dialects.

N

The phoneme /i/ occurs in initial and in terminal position». It never occurs finally in a stressed open syllable: enough д1плг/_г pity /<piti/.

hi varies with /э/ in unstressed syllables, e. g. helpless, remove. In words with prefixes pre, de, re III is, pronounced, if the prefix i& used to convert a word into a new form, e. g. modify — premcdify_Y contaminate — decontaminate, /э/ instead of /i/ tends to be the domi­nant form, see the latest edition of the English pronouncing dictionary,

hi is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pit, wit

labio-dental: fit, vie lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thin, this

alveolar: tin, din, knit

palato-alveolar: sftip, chin

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rid

lingual, medio-Iingual: yin, yill

lingual, backlingual: kin, give pharyngal: hit

Ы is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: lip, nib

labio-dental: if, live lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: myth

alveolar: it, did, this

palato-alveolar: fish, ridge

lingual, backlingual: pick, big

Final /i/ in modern RP is considerably closer. In Yorkshire and Lancashire a very open vowel, almost like /e/ is found finally, e. g. Ялпе/. /i/ is centralized and lowered before dark lit, e. g. still, silk.

In modern RP /i/ is lower and more centralized than in more old-fashioned speech.

/e/

The phoneme /e/ may occur in initial position, but it never occurs terminally.

/el is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pet, bet

labio-dental: fence, vest äingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: ten, dead

palato-alveolar: shelf, chest

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rest

lingual, medio-lingual: yes

lingual, backlingual: kept pharyngal (glottal): help

Id is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: step, ebb

labio-dental: chef lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: death

alveolar: ate, dead, less

palato-alveolar: fresh, fetch lingual, backlingual: wreck, beg

Some speakers have a more central quality, sometimes with a fi­nal /a/ glide.

/e/ is lowered and centralized before dark [II, e, g. tell, felt. Id is closer before velars, e. g. peg, peck.

The phoneme /ae/ may occur in initial position but it never occurs terminally.

/se/ is longer before Ienis and nasals in: bag, mad, man, sad, bad, that (the only example before a fortis).

Sometimes /se/ has a pharyngal constriction — creaky voice qual­ity.

In affected RP some speakers pronounce Ы with a following /a/ element — diphthongization.

/se/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pat, bad

Iabio-dental: fan lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thank, that

alveolar: tan, dad

palato-alveolar: shall, jam

post-alveolar, cacuminal: ran

lingual, medio-Iingual: Yankee

lingual, backlingual: cat pharyngal (glottal): ham

Ы is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: clap, cab

labio-dental: have lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental; hath

alveolar: hat, dad

palato-alveolar: smash, badge

lingual, backlingual: back, bag, sang

A very open /se/ is heard from young speakers.

M

The phoneme /a/ may occur in initial and in terminal positioni army /lami/, far /fa/,

/a/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: palm, bar

labio-dental: far, vast lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: tar, lark

palato-alveolar: shaft, chance, jar

post-alveolar, cacuminal: raft

lingual, medio-lingual; yard

lingual, backlingual: car, garden pharyngal (glottal): harm

/a:/ is followed by consonants characterized ass labial

5-182 ^I29

bilabial: harp

labiodental: starve lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, Interdental: health

alveolar: heart, hard

palato-alveolar: marsh, targe

lingual, backlmgual: bark

A very back quality of Ы is typical of old-fashioned speech or affected forms.

N

The phoneme hi may occur in initial position but it never occurs in terminal position. The lip rounding is very slight.

hi is preceded by consonants characterized as; labial

bilabial: pot, box

Iabio-dental: fox, fog lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thong

alveolar: top, dog, sock

palato-alveolar: chop, fob

post-alveolar, cacuminal; rob

lingual, medio-Hngual: yonder

lingual, backlingual: cot, got pharyngal (glottal): hot

/d/ is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: hop, mob

1 abio-dental: off, of lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: moth

alveolar: hot, old, was

palato-alveolar: wash

lingual, backlingual: lock, fog, wrong

M

The phoneme /o:/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: orbit /b:bit/, saw /so:/.

/э:/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: port, bought, war

Iabio-dental: for lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thorn

alveolar: talk, door, saw

palato-alveolar: shore, jaw

post-alveolar, cacuminal: raw

lingual, medio-lingual: your

lingual, backlingual: core pharyngal (glottal): horn

/x/ may be followed by consonants characterized as; labial

bilabial: orb

1 abio-dental: cough Singual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: north

alveolar: ought, pause

palato-alveolar: scorch, gorge

Hngual, backlingual: fork

Some speakers pronounce /ээ/ in words with ore, e.g. sore /sds/. It is heard in old-fashioned RP and prevails in dialects.

p:l may be pronounced instead of /иэ/ in: sure /Jo:/, you're /jo:/, poor /po.7. More open varieties of [oil characterize old-fashioned Beech.

/A/

The phoneme /л/ occurs in initial position, but it never occurs terminally. It is the shortest of the checked vowels.

/л/ may be preceded by consonants: labial

bilabial: but, worry

labio-dental: fuss, bulgar lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thunder, thus

alveolar: tub, duck

palato-alveolar: shut, just

post-alveolar, cacuminal: ran

lingual, medio-lingual: young

lingual, backlingual: cut pharyngal (glottal): hut

/л! may be followed J3y the following consonants: labial

bilabial: up, tub

labio-dental: rough, love lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: doth

alveolar: bud, but

palato-alveolar: rush, judge

lingual, backlingual: duck, bug, young

/л/ is retractedjbeforejiark Ш, e.g. dull.

N

The phoneme /u/ occurs initially only in proper names of foreign origin, e.g. Uruguay..

/u/ may be preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

6* 131

bilabial: put, book

labiodental: foot lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: took, soot

palato-alveolar: should

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rook

lingual, backlingual: cook, good pharyngal (glottal): hook

/u/ may be followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: room lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: put, hood, pull

palalo-alveolar: push, bush, cushion

lingual, backlingual: took, cuckoo

Some speakers pronounce back-advanced M as more central, e.g. good.

/u:/

The phoneme /Ü:/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: ooze /u:z/, undo /'An'du:/,

/u:/ may be preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pool, boot

labio-dental: food lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: two, do, noon

post-alveolar, cacuminal: roof

f

iala to-alveolar: shoe, June ingual, medio-Hngual: youth

lingual, backlingual: cool, goose pharyngal (glottal): who

/u:/ may be followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: stoop

labio-dental: hoof lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: tooth

alveolar: booth, choose, moon, fool

palato-alveolar: douch, rouge, pooch

lingual, backlingual: duke

/u:/ may be diphthongized in open syllables and before lenis or nasal consonants. It is a stable vowel before fortis. Similarly to I'vJ diphthongization /u:/ with a glide is considered "vulgar". All speakers pronounce /u/ with a very wide glide after 1)1, e.g. use, new. It is stable after [1].

/з:/

The /з:/ phoneme occurs in initial and in terminal position: early /ia:h/, fur /fa:/, further /^з:бэ/, refer /rife:/.

/з:/ may be preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: purr, burr

labiodental: fir, verge lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thirst

alveolar: term, dirt, sir

post-alveolar (cacuminal): Röntgen

palato-alveolar: shirt

lingual, medio-lingual: year

lingual, backlingual: curb, girl pharyngal (glottal); her

/s:/ may be followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: kerb, worm

labio-dental: turf, serve lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: mirth

alveolar: hurt, bird

palato-alveolar: urge

lingual, backlingual: burg

Very open Ir.l is typical of old-fashioned speakers and affected RP.

The /э/ phoneme occurs in Initial and terminal position: about /31baut/, sofa /Iseufa/.

/э/ may be preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: banana, was

labio-dental: forsake, vocation lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: Thalia

alveolar: tobacco, domination

post-alveolar (cacuminal): racoon

palato-alveolar: Japan

lingual, medio-Iingual: yourself

lingual, backlingual: contain, galloon pharyngal (glottal): habitual

Ы may be followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: wallop

labio-dental: 0/ lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: Plymouth

!3S

alveolar: but, had, London

palato-alveolar: such

lingual, backlingual: bulwark

hi has two distinct allophones: 1) a closer one before velars, e.g. again; 2) an opener allophone in final position, similar to /л/, e.g. doctor, china, bitter, see above.

Idiolectal variations are connected with the degree of openness in terminal positions.

Questions

1. What is the basis for vowel allophonic differences? 2, In what position are vowels free from the influence of other sounds? 3. What vowel distributional characteristics are affected in a greater degree: qualitative or quantitative? 4. In what way are vowels influenced by neighbouring nasal consonants? 5. What are the factors that may af­fect vowel quantitative characteristics? 6. What is "positional length" of the vowels? 7. How is vowel quantity connected with accent?

8. Is vowel quality connected with the neutral vowel phoneme /э/?

9. Is vowel quantity connected with sentence stress and rhythm?

10. How do extralingu ist ic factors affect thelength <>f vowels? 11. What
is the difference between the English and the Russian unstressed vow­
els in terras of their qualitative characteristics? 12, How do adja­
cent consonants affect vowels? Which classificatory characteristics
of consonants are the most important in this respect?

Exercises

*1. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­teristics of the /i:/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

(a) we, fever, theme, sea, deal, cheeks, reaches, yield, he, meals,
me, needn't;

(b) grebe, leave, sheath, breathe, eat, feel, leash, each, beak,
league, seem, spleen

*2, Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­teristics of the kl phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

(a) mist, big, fish, thinks, thing, did, sit, lift, giver, rich, kill*
hid;

(b) him, if, live, myth, with, is, bill, tin, ridge, pick, big"]

3. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­istics of the /e/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

(a) wet, met, vest, then, rest, left, nest, chest, jet, read, yes, get,
help;

(b) ebb, them, chef, death, says, tell, pen, fetch, ledge, lengthy

4. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­
teristics of the /je/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

(a) van, that, lamb, gnat, champ, jam, rank, Yankee, gas, ham;

(b) have, hath, match, badge, bag, sang

5. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­
istics of the /<l7 phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b)
follow it.

(a) waft, mar, vast, tsar, lark, nasty, chance, jar, raft, yard, gar­
den;

(b) harm, starve, hearth, pass, bars, snarl, march, large

6. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­
teristics of the Inl phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

(a) was, mop, vocative, thong, lot, not, chop, job, rob, yonder,
got, god, hot;

(b) mock, bomb, of, moth, was, doll, upon, scotch, dodge, fog,
wrong

7. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­
istics of the h:l phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b)
follow it.

(a) war, more, vortex, thorn, saw, law, nor, chore, jaw, raw, your,
core, gore, horn;

(b) orb, storm, cough, north, horde, horse, all, thorn, gorge,
morgue

8. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­
teristics of the /л/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

(a) worry, much, vulgar, thunder, thus, luck, nut, just, rub", young,
gutter, hut;

(b) tub, come, love, doth, buzz, dull, none, much, judge, bug, young

9. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac­
teristics of the /u/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and

(b) follow it.

(a) wood, foot, soot, hook, July, rook, good, cook;

(b) room, puss, bull, putch, took

10. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­
istics of the laii phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

(a) woo, food, you, zoom, loop, noon, roof, chew, June, youth,
goose, who, zoo;

(b) broom, groove, booth, goose, choose, moon, stooge, duke, Bug

11. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character­
istics of the /э:/ phoneme. Deline the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

. (a) were, murky, virgin, thirst, lurch, nurse, Röntgen, church journey, year, girl, her;

(b) kerb, worm, serve, mirth, earl, burn, urge, quirk, burg 12. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac-

дшаi flirt foil и Phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede

fa) maroon, vocation, Thalia, lagoon, narrate, racoon, Japan, galloon, habitual;

(b) loathsome, of, Plymouth, jewel, letters, bulwark, agnostik Control Tasks

•I. Describe thOHophonic differences of the vowel phonemes Ik, i, e, аг, в, л,

v, a, u, it, a:, a/ in these words.

No. 1 /i:/

easily, sea, we, meals, cheaper, tree, fever, sleet, speaker, he, teach, keep, sheep

No. 2 hi

in, Ш, big, pit, silly, middle, shilling, thing, rivers, lived, hill

No. 3/e/

5^eI5'«i^{edl ten> ад1(1}' ^pence' ^weather> eleven, anyway, them, very, d, debt

No. 4 Ы

n_OTT4^pl£ⁿ! ^sad', ^ехаЯ¹' ^natural. imagine, shallow, strand, chan­nel, Jack, hats, pal, cab

No. 5 hi

bar, far, started, dancing, large, grass, half, harbour, card, yard

No. 6 hi

^d&^bh^h^W??' ^S0Ud> ^nod^> ^crop' ^с, dollar, bomb, John, gone, yonder, hot, pot No. 7 /a/ ^sorts> ^shore'^reÄ)rd' ^water>

' ^{S0Ud> nod}^> ^crop' ^соиёЫщ, shocked, gon d ht t

No. 8 /u/

good-bye^cook ^W°^Uld' ^t0°^{k> l00kedt SOOt}' ^room' ^should> y

No. 9 /u:/

e!too^l' ^move'^food' ^soon' ^rujned, cool, hoof, boot, chew, 136

No. 10 /л/

bus, must, nothing, funny, summer, instructor, luck, just, come, chuckle, wonderful, vulgar, thunder, thus, shut

No. И fr.f

bird, turned, girl, sir, heard, Sherlock, workers, Germany, churches, curly, nurse, dirt, year, murky, purr

No. 12 hi

along, about, upon, to see, perhaps, summer, August, London, desolate, condition, consist, speaker, letter, never, anxious, human

2. Transcribe these words. Present the rules for reading the vowel phonemes in bold type. Single out the words which are exceptions from thejules, j

holidays, Maria, forward, sightseeing, mouth, comfort, cafe, bil­liards, workers, Crusoe, Sherlock, Mathew, Earnest, forehead, pneu­monia, detached, bothers, head, varnished, Priestley, puzzling, pieces, asylum, record, Maugham, Friday, woodland, newspaper, taxis, unbelievable, purpose, unfortunately, awful, year, hotel, awkward, coughing, employ I ee

b) Diphthongs

At/

The phoneme /ei/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: aorta /eib:ta/, day /dei/.

/ei/ is preceded by the following consonants: labial

bilabial: pay, bay

labio-dental: fail lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thane

alveolar: tale, day

post-alveolar, cacuminal: ray

palato-alveolar: фаре, chain

lingual, medio-lingual: Yale pharyngal

lingual, backlingual: cake

pharyngal (glottal): hay

/ei/ is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: ape

labio-dental: pave lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: bathe

alveolar: ate, pace, laid, raise, ale, mane

palato-alveolar: age

lingual, backlingual: vague

/ei/, like other fronting diphthongs, is shortened before fortis, it results in the reduction of the first element, compare /lert — leid/.

The glide of /ei/ is obscured or may be of /э/ type.

There is some variation in the openness of the starting point. A more open quality is characteristic of low-prestige dialect forms, e. g. Cockney, Birmingham, Southern United States.

M

The phoneme /ai/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: •idea /atldia/, my /mai/.

/ai/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: "labial

bilabial: pie, by

labio-dental: fight lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thigh

alveolar: tie, die

post-alveolar, cacuminal: right

palato-alveolar: shy, child

lingual, backlingual: kite pharyngal (glottal): high

Ы is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: type, time

labio-dental: life lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: scythe

alveolar: night, ride_

palato-alveolar: oblige

lingual, backlingual: like

For contextual variations see /ei/.

The starting point may vary: a) close starting point, above /да/ characterizes affected speech; b) retracted starting point is found in Cockney and Birmingham.

/au/

The phoneme /au/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tion: owlish /'auhJV, now /nau/.

/au/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pound,- bound

labio-dental: fowl lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thousand

alveolar: town, down

post-alveolar, cacuminal: round

palato-alveolar: shout

lingual, backlingual: cow pharyngal (glottal): how

138

/au/ is followed by consonants characterized as: lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: mouth

alveolar: rout, crowd

palato-alveolar; pouch

The first element is shorter before fortis, compare: /laut — laud/.

In prestigious old-fashioned speech the nucleus is more back. Very front starting points are found in many dialects.

/01/

The phoneme /01/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tion: oily /bill/, boy /boi/.

/oi/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: point, boy

labio-dental: foil lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: toy, doily

post-alveolar, cacuminal: roister

lingual, medio-lingual: yoick

lingual, backlingual: coy pharyngal (glottal): hoist

[oil is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

labio-dental: coif lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: adroit, annoyed

palato-alveolar: voyage

lingual, backlingual: hoik

For contextual variations see /ei/,

A very close nucleus may be^heard only in dialects, e. g. Cockney.

M

The phoneme /эй/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tion: obey /aulbei/, no /пэи/.

/эй/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: poach, bow

labio-dental: foe lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thole

alveolar: tow, dome

post-alveolar, cacuminal: road

palato-alveolar: show, choke

lingual, backlingual: coal, go pharyngal (glottal): hoe

/эй/ is followed by consonants characterized ast labial

bilabial: hope

labiodental: loaf lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: growth,

alveolar: wrote, rode

palato-alveolar: coach

lingual, backlingual: oak

The first element of the diphthong /эй/ is reduced before foriis consonants, compare: coat — code.

Before dark [I] the second element is sometimes lost, the diph-Jhong reminds /з:/, e. g. coat /кэи!/—>-/кз:1/, saAo/e/haul/—+/Ьз:1/-

M

The phoneme /ю/ may occur in initial and in terminal position! eery /'юн/, idea /aiidia/.

[ю] is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: peer, beer

labio-dental: fear lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: theatre

alveolar: tear, dear

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rear

palato-alveolar: sheer

lingual, medio-lingual: year

lingual, backlingual: Kßary pharyngal (glottal): hear

Ivdl is followed by alveolar consonants and sonorants Im, n, r, 1/: labial

bilabial: museum lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: beard, fierce,^ librarian, centennial

post-alveolar: appearing

The nucleus may begin closer, nearer to hi.

Dialect speakers have very close starting points, as a sequence of I'v.l to /э/.

Very open endings are characteristic of affected speech.

This phoneme is highly variable, because the glide /э/ is more sonorous than the nucleus /i/. Thus /ia/ may be divided morpholog­ically into the nucleus and the glide in unstressed position, e. g. theoretical /Oiairetilral, 01-э-1геиЫ/.

Greater sonority of the glide may lead to the /je/, /ja:/ instead of /ю/ articulation, e, g. frontier /ifrAntra, tfrAntja/.

/1Э/ may turn into /t/ in terminal position: real /rial, nl/.

Jn present day RP year is pronounced as /ja:/.

м

The phoneme /еэ/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: airway /teswei/, air /еэ/.

/еэ/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pear, bear

labio-dentai: fare lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: there

alveolar: tear, dare

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rare

palato-alveolar: share

lingual, medio-lingual: Yare

lingual, backlingual: care pharyngal (glottal): hare

/еэ/ is followed by consonants: labial

bilabial: Shairp Üngual, forelingual, apical

alveolar spared, scarce

The chief variation is in the presence or absence of t he/э/off-glide.

The use of the stable nucleus /e:/ is on the increase, e. g. scarce /ske:s/, scares /ske:z/.

M

The phoneme /иэ/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: Urdu /'uadu/, poor /риэ/.

/иэ/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: poor, boor lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: tour, dour

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rural

palato-alveolar: sure

lingual, medio-Iingual: your

lingual, backlingual: kursaal pharyngal (glottal): houri

/иэ/ is followed by consonants: labial

bilabial: gourmand lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: bourn

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rural

The phoneme /иэ/ is highly variable because the nucleus of this «diphthong is more sonorous than the glide. Its pronunciation may lead to phonological disintegration of /иэ/ into /u/ and /э/: in­fluence /'пШи-эпз/. In this case the morphological division takes place within the diphthong /иэ/.

Hl

The greater sonority of the glide may also lead to the substi­tution of /w/ for /u/: influence /imfluvrans/.

In an accented syllable /иэ/ may turn into /o:/, e. g. sure, poor_r your, you're and other high frequency words.

The phoneme /иэ/ may turn into /u/ before dark [I]: usual
/ljugual/ — у /IJU3U1/..

The use of /o:/ in such words as tourist, moor, sure, furious, is becoming more and more frequent.

Questions

1. What is the difference between closing and centring diphthongs? 2. What can you say about distributional, contextual and idiolecta! peculiarities of the diphthongs /ei, ai, 01, та, еэ, из, аи, эй/?

Exercises

1. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the /ei/ phoneme. State how I til is influenced by the
consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

(a) way, may, veil, they, lay, nay, rate, jail, Yale, gay, hate:

(b) Ьабе, shave, bathe, pace, maize, pain, age, plague

2. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the /ai/ phoneme. Define the consonants which^<a}>

[precede and (b) follow it.

(a) why, my, vile, thy, lie, night, ride, jibe, kind, high;

(b) imbibe, time, five, lithe, mice, rise, nine, oblige, Mike

3. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribu­
tional characteristics of the /аи/ phoneme. Define the consonants which
(a) precede and (b) follow it.

(a) wow, mouse, vow, thou, loud, now, round, chow, gown, how;

(b) mouth (v), crowd, mouse, owl, down, gouge

4. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate ihe distribution­
al characteristics of the /oi/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it.

(a) moist, voyage, soil, loiter, roister, joy, yoick, goiter, hoist;

(b) coif, choice, oil, join, voyage, hoik

5. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the /эй/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it,

(a) woe, mow, vote, though, so, zone, low, no, rope, joke, yolk,
go, hoe, known;

(b) home, rove, loathe, rode, close, pole, own, doge, rogue.

6. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the Ы phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it.

Hi

(a) weir, mere, veer, theatre, sear, zero, lear, near, rear, cheer,
jeer, year, gear, hear;

(b) licentiate, beard, fierce, hear, ideals, antipodean

7. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the /еэ/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it

(a) ware, mare, variance, there, Zara, lair, Nares, rare, chair,
Yare, garish, hare;

(b) Shairp, theirs, Pitcairn

8. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution*
at characteristics of the /иэ/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it.

(a) wooer, moot, zoological, luer, rural, chewer, jurist, your, gourd;

'b) gourd, arduous, Boers, annual, bourn

Control Tasks

*1. Sort out these words according to the distributional characteristics of the phonemes /ei, эй, ai, аи, oi,», вэ, иэ/ in relation to the (A) preceding or (B) following consonants. Follow the order of consonant classification: (1) Labial a) bilabial, b) lablo-dental. (2) Lingual, forelingual a) apical, (inter)dental, b) apical alveolar, c) apical palato-alveolar, d) cacuminal post-alveolar. (3) Lingual medio-Iingual. (4) Lingual backlingual. (5) Pharyngal (glottal),

/ei/

stay, pay, game, again, make, lake, lay, pain, case, day, weigh, rain, famous, ray, able, way, ache, late, lain, David, age, waste, pale, sane, taken, Wales, shape, face, gave, paint

/аи/

go, over, hope, boating, hotel, show, hold, only, follow, road, shoulder, poker, foe, gold, don't, old, cold, both, motor, total, bureau, social, though, low, poet, yolk, motive, so, nose, cosy, jokes, noticed

/ai/

why, high, kind, wife, wild, mild, lie, die, nine, while, silence, profile, right, eye, side, like, kindly, isles, eyes, idea, rise, climb, quite, my, bright, Michael, kite

/аи/

how, thousand, south, now, down, round, pound, mouth, drown, out, couch, found, loud, sound

Ы

join, enjoy, boy, point, coin, destroy, soil, employ, noise, joint

/в/

dear, near, year, idea, Crimea, here, severe, museum, accordeon, fear, clear, ears, cheer, theatre, real, realize, appear, period, tear, weary

/sa/

there, parents, anywhere, care, stare, bare', area, various, despair, square, stairs, carefully, pair, Mary, dare, farewell

/из/ ' sure, poor, tour, during, usual, moor, Europe

*2. Transcribe these words. Use them as examples to explain the rules for read­ing the letters in bold type which represent the diphthongs /ei, эй, ai, аи, э], за, еэ, us/.

south, sincerely, strangely, facilitated, noticeable, winding, poor, following, realize, motor, heighten, potatoes, over night, theatre, ju­rist, Mary, Michael Angelo, Jane Eyre, enjoyment, typhoid, Europe, dour