Topic: states of matter and its molecular and atomic

CONSTITUTION

GRAMMAR: FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

matter	-матерія
constitution	-будова
solid	-твердий
liquid	-рідкий
gaseous	-газоподібний
volume	-об’єм
small particles	-маленькі частки
molecules	-молекули
are made up of atoms	-складаються з атомів
to establish	-установлювати
atomic theory of the structure of matter	-атомна теорія структури матерії
invisible	-незримий, невидимий
on the head of a pin	-на кінці шпильки
space	-місце, простір
to leave over	-відкладати, залишати
extremely	-надзвичайно
to hold	-тримати, містити
tremendous force	-величезна сила
hidden in its tiny body	-захована в його крихітному тілі
atomic power stations	-атомні станції
ice-breaker	-льодокол
outer space	-відкритий космос
cosmic rays	-космічні промені
phenomena	-явище

 

2. Read and translate the text:

States of matter and its molecular and atomic constitution

Matter can exist in three physical states, namely: solid, liquid or gaseous.

As a solid it has definite form and volume not easily changed by mechanical force. As a liquid it has no definite volume, but being fluid it takes the shape of its container. A gas has neither definite volume nor shape.

All matter – whether solid, liquid or gas – is made up of very small particles called molecules. Molecules in turn are made up of atoms, which are still smaller particles. The history of the atom goes back to the time of the Greek thinker Democritus. He thought that all substances were made up of tiny particles or atoms which could not be further divided.

It was at the beginning of the nineteenth century that the scientists first established experimentally the atomic theory of the structure of matter. They found that the simple forms of matter were chemical elements which consisted of atoms – invisible particles of very small size.

Then scientists discovered that the atom was further divisible and it was not the smallest thing in the world.

If people were the size of atoms, you could put all the people in the world on the head of a pin and you would still have space left over.

Because atoms are so very small their number must be extremely large. An atom holds a tremendous force hidden in its tiny body. That’s why an atom is so important in our life.

Atom helps us to get more and more power. During years a number of atomic power stations have been developed.

Scientists and engineers succeeded in building the first atomic ice – breaker in the world.

The atom helps us to fly through the vast outer space. Atomic energy is enabling scientists to study cosmic rays and other phenomena in outer space.

3. Decide, whether the statements below are true or false:

1. Matter can exist in two physical states.

2. As a solid it has indefinite form and volume.

3. Matter is made up of very big particles called molecules.

4. Molecules in turn are made up of atoms.

5. The history of the atom goes back to the time of the Roman thinker Democritus.

6. At the beginning of the 19-th century scientists established the atomic theory of the structure of matter.

7. They found that the simple forms of matter were chemical elements which consisted of molecules.

8. An atom holds a tremendous force hidden in its tiny body.

 

4. Give the definition to the following words:

Matter, molecular, atom, particle, constitution, solid, liquid, gaseous.

 

5. Fill in the gaps using the following words and word-combinations:

1. Matter can exist in three physical states, namely…..

2. As a solid it has…..not easily changed by mechanical force.

3. As a liquid it has…., but being fluid it takes the shape of its container.

4. A gas has…..neither definite volume nor shape.

5. All matter - whether solid, liquid or gas – is made up of…..

6. Molecules in turn are made up of…., which are still…..

7. It was at the beginning of…that the scientists first established …..

8. They found that the simple forms of matter were chemical elements which…..

9. An atom holds a ….. hidden in its tiny body.

10. During years a number of…..have been developed.

11. The atom helps us to fly through the…..

12. Atomic energy is enabling scientists to study…. and other…..

 

6. Answer the following questions:

1. Can you name three physical states of matter?

2. Can you describe it as a solid, a liquid, a gas?

3. What small particles is matter made up of?

4. What smaller particles are molecules made up of in turn?

5. When did scientists establish the atomic theory of the structure of matter?

6. What did they find?

7. What kind of force does an atom hold in its tiny body?

8. What kind of help does atom have for people?

 

7. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. I’ll have read the article about the protection of nature in Ukraine by this time tomorrow.

2. By six o’clock she’ll have made a report “Application of automation and cybernetics”.

3. They haven’t reached the bottom of the sea yet, but they’ll have reached it before darkness.

4. Will you have finished your talk about automation processes by two o’clock?

5. He hasn’t given the final answer yet, but he’ll have given it before you return.

6. We’ll have spent much money for building new purification systems at the plants by that time.

 

8. Use the verbs in brackets in the Future Perfect Tense:

1. I (to do) that work by six o’clock tomorrow.

2. She (to do) her homework by the time you come.

3. You (to make) a report by next Monday?

4. How many pages you (to read) by five o’clock tomorrow?

5. He (to do) all his preparations for the trip by the time they come.

 

9. Translate into English, using Future Perfect Tense:

1. Ми побудуємо багато очисних споруд до кінця наступного року.

2. Звичайно, до 10 години вона закінчить свою доповідь про доцільність

3. автоматизації в розвитку нашого суспільства.

4. Вони прочитають до кінця року три книжки англійською мовою про

найбільші ріки та озера.

5. Він завершить свою доповідь до першого грудня.

6. Я ще не написала твір на тему ”Флора і фауна-жертви забруднення”,але я напишу його до того, як ви прийдете.

 

10. Communicative situation:

1. Speak with your group-mate on the topic:” Nuclear energy and the environment”.

2. Make a short report on the topic:” Matter and its molecular and atomic constitution”.

 

Retell the text.

TOPIC: MECHANICS AND ITS ELEMENTS

GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

motion	-рух
rectilinear	-прямий
curvilinear	-кривий
traverse	-перетинати
equal rate	-однаковий темп швидкісті
Uniform motion	-постійний рух
uniformly retarded	-постійно сповільнений
uniformly accelerated	-постійно прискорений
terrestrial	-земний
equilibrium	-рівновага

2. Read and translate the text:

Mechanics and its elements

Mechanics is the sciences about motion and forces. The motion of a body occurs in space, space being one of the fundamental elements in mechanics. Time is likewise such an element in mechanics.

Every point of a moving body describes a path of definite form relative to a basic system; this path is called a trajectory. A trajectory may be either of straight or curved lines, in accordance with which the motion of a point is then described either as rectilinear or curvilinear. A moving point traverses a definite distance, the length of which as covered in a definite interval of time will depend upon the speed of the moving point. If the point travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, its speed will be constant and its motion is then called uniform. In other cases the motion is called non-uniform or variable.

If speed changes at an equal rate in equal intervals of time the motion is called either uniformly accelerated or uniformly retarded, change in speed being called acceleration.

In investigating mechanical motion of bodies and their state of rest, another quantity is met with which determines the action of one body upon another; that quantity is called force.

Mechanics also treats of terrestrial bodies in a state of equilibrium. Here we seek the conditions under which forces acting on a body are brought into equilibrium.

That part of kinetics dealing with equilibrium of forces and the consequent state of rest of a body is known as statics, the investigation of motion of bodies under the action of forces applied to them constitutes another branch of kinetics called dynamics.

Statics dealing with the equilibrium of forces, the laws of composition of forces are of primary importance in statics.

3. Define the suffixes and translate the words into Ukrainian:

Mechanical, deformation, instance, mechanics, interaction, magnitude,equilibrium, condition, importance, important, resistance, attraction, friction, variety.

 

4. Give the synonyms for the following words:

Earth, road, thanks to, hence, instance, strength, illustration, power, differ, to remove, significant.

 

5. Give antonyms to the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

Rectilinear, under, unequal, without, unnecessary, to be insignificant, never, impossible, unimportant, small, light.

 

6. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Механіка це наука про рух і сили.

2. Динаміка вивчає рух тіл під діянням прикладенних до них сил.

3. Статика – розділ механіки, який вивчає рівновагу сил.

4. Траекторія – лінія, яку описує рухома точка.

5. Рухи точки розділяються на прямолінійні і кріволінійні в залежності від вигляду траекторії.

 

7. Answer the following questions:

1. What does mechanics study?

2. Can you give any examples of mechanical phenomena?

3. What is a force in mechanics?

4. What does statics deal with?

5. What is of primary importance in statics?

6. Are the force of gravity and the force of friction important factors in equilibrium of forces?

7. What does dynamics deal with?

 

8. Put the following sentences into interrogative and negative forms as it is in the example:

We have been learning English for two years.

Have you been learning English for two years?

You have not been learning English for two years.

1. They have been living here for two years.

2. She has been working in the library for an hour.

3. He has bee waiting for him since two o’clock.

4. He has been waiting for her for three hours.

 

9. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

1. He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest.

2. They (to work) in the reading-room for already three hours.

3. She (to play volley-ball) since breakfast time.

4. I (to live) in St.Petersburg since 1990.

5. We (to read) for already two hours

6. He (to write) books since he was a young man.

7. Wake up! You (to sleep) for ten hours already.

 

10. Communicative situations:

1. Make a short report on the topic: “The science of mechanics”.

2. Make up a dialogue On the topic: “Fundamental elements of mechanics”.

 

Retell the text.

TOPIC: METALS

GRAMMER: SEQUENCE OF TENSES

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

bond	-зв’язок
to distinguish	-визначати
properties	-властивості
boron	-бор
semi-metal	-напівметал
abundant	-чисельний
to constitute	-складати
allotrope	-алотроп
lustrous	-блискучий
ductile	-пластичний
malleable	-ковкий, в’язкий
valence bands	-валентні зв’язки
reflectiveness	-здатність відбивати
outermost	-найдальший
nuclei	-ядра
alkali	-луг
anodizing	-анодування

2. Read and translate the text:

Metals

In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms ions (cations) and has metallic bonds, and metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions (cations) in a cloud of electrons. The metals are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionisation and bonding properties, along with the metalloids and nonmetals.

On the periodic table, a diagonal line drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po) separates the metals from the nonmetals. Elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semi-metals; elements to the lower left are metals; elements to the upper right are nonmetals.Nonmetal elements are more abundant in nature than are metallic elements, but metals in fact constitute most of the periodic table. Some well-known metals are aluminium, copper, gold, iron, lead, silver, titanium, uranium, and zinc.The allotropes of metals tend to be lustrous, ductile, malleable, and good conductors, while nonmetals generally speaking are brittle (for solid nonmetals), lack luster, and are insulators.

A more modern definition of metals is that they have overlapping conductance and valence bands in their electronic structure. This definition opens up the category for metallic polymers and other organic metals, which have been made by researchers and employed in high-tech devices. These synthetic materials often have the characteristic silvery-grey reflectiveness of elemental metals. The properties of conductivity are mainly because each atom exerts only a loose hold on its outermost electrons (valence electrons); thus, the valence electrons form a sort of sea around the close-packed metal nucleii cations.

Most metals are chemically unstable, reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over varying timescales (e.g., iron rusts over years, potassium burns in seconds). The alkali metals react quickest followed by the alkaline earth metals, found in the leftmost two groups of the periodic table. The transition metals take much longer to oxidise (e.g. iron, copper, zinc, nickel). Others, like palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere at all. Some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which cannot be penetrated by further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity for many decades (e.g. aluminium, some steels, titanium).

Painting or anodising metals are good ways to prevent their corrosion. An alloy is a mixture with metallic properties that contains at least one metal element. Examples of alloys are steel (iron and carbon), brass (copper and zinc), bronze (copper and tin), and duralumin (aluminium and copper). Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as jet engines, may contain more than ten elements.

Traditionally, metals have certain characteristic physical properties: they are usually shiny (they have "lustre"), have a high density, are ductile and malleable, usually have a high melting point, are usually hard, and conduct electricity and heat well. However, this is mainly because the low density, soft, low melting point metals happen to be reactive and we rarely encounter them in their elemental, metallic form. Metals are also sonorous, which means that they conduct sound well. The oxides of metals are basic; those of nonmetals are acidic. In the specialised usage of astronomy and astrophysics, the term "metal" is often used to refer to any element other than hydrogen or helium.

 

3. Fill in the blanks with the proper articles:

1. In chemistry, … metal (Greek: Metallon) is … element that readily forms ions (cations) and has metallic bonds.

2. On … periodic table, … diagonal line drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po) separates … metals from … nonmetals.

3. … more modern definition of metals is that they have overlapping conductance and valence bands in their electronic structure.

4. … alkali metals react quickest followed by … alkaline earth metals, found in … leftmost two groups of … periodic table.

 

4. Make up sentences using the following words:

1. to, transition, metals, take, The, much, longer, oxidise.

2. properties, An, alloy, a, mixture, contains, with, metallic, one, that, at, least, metal, element, is.

3. elements, more, in, nature, than, Nonmetal, are, metallic, elements, are, abundant.

4. alloys, Examples, of, steel, brass, and, bronze, duralumin, are.

5. that, are, sonorous, which, they, also, conduct, sound, well, Metals, means.

 

5. Make up dialogues using the following word-combinations:

1. Let’s, why not, a good idea, I’d like to, I always wanted to, perfectly, thanks, I don’t mind to, I’m afraid I can’t.

2. Shall we go to the welding exhibition?

3. Will you go with me?

4. I don’t feel like going now.

5. We can study a very interesting material there.

6. Are you interested in metals and welding?

 

Metals	are	elements that readily forms ions. also sonorous. chemically unstable.
Alloys	mixtures that contain at least one metal element.
Non-metals	more abundant in nature.
Allotropes	lustrous, ductile, malleable.

6. Make up sentences:

 

7. Answer the following questions:

1. What is metal in chemistry?

2. Is the metals one of the three groups of elements?

3. What is the place of metalloids on the periodic table?

4. What metals are the most well known?

5. Does the modern definition of metals open up the category for metallic polymers and other organic metals?

6. Are painting and anodising good ways to prevent metal corrosion?

7. What is sonority?

8. The oxides of metals are basic, aren’t they?

9. Are the oxides of nonmetals acidic or basic?

10. Where is the term “metal” often used to refer to any element other than hydrogen or helium?

8. Put the infinitives in brackets into the right tense according to the rules of Sequence of Tenses:

1. We have heard that this lecture (to be) very interesting.

2. My sister told me that in an hour she (to go) to the institute.

3. I thought he (to see) this new film.

4. I didn’t know that the conference (to start) at 5 o’clock.

5. She told us that the new words (to be + to give) before every new text.

6. My friend said that he (to like) mathematics and physics best of all.

7. The teacher said that the lesson (to begin) in a minute.

 

 

9. Translate into English:

1. I noticed(що вона дивиться на мене).

2. We knew(що вона не повернеться).

3. My mother said (що вона просто не знає що робити).

4. My only hope is(що хтось знайшов мої ключі та залишив їх унизу).

5. Then you’ll be sorry(що не розмовляєте французькою).

6. He asked me(що я буду робити в неділю).

7. It became quite evident(що сталося щось погане).

8. The room was in darkness(Хтось вимкнув світло.).

9. The interesting point was(що ніхто не бачив машину).

10. He promised (що все буде зроблено).

 

10. Choose the topic and write a short composition:

1. “What are metals?”

2. “Non-metals, alloys and allotropes”.

TOPIC: ALBERT EINSTEIN

GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

honorary member	-почесний член
at rest	-у стані спокою
in motion	-у русі
to appear to be stationary	-здаватися нерухомим
at the same time	-водночас
all over the world	-в усьому світі
slowly but surely	-поволі, але впевненно
that is	-тобто
vice versa	-навпаки
to take part in	-брати участь у
to be over	-закінчуватись
relativity	-відносність
observer	-спостерігач
contribution	-внесок

2. Read and translate the text:

 

Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)

Scientists highly appreciated Einstein’s contribution to physics and mathematics. In 1922 he was elected foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his outstanding scientific merits. In 1927 he was elected honorary member of the USSR academy of Sciences.

His Theory was published in 1905. Einstein declared there was nothing absolutely at rest on the Earth or anywhere in the whole Universe. Everything is in motion from atoms to stars.

When one is on a moving train, the seats of passengers appear to be stationary, while trees appear to fly past the windows. A boy standing near the railway sees the train flying by while the trees stand motionless. As the train speeds on, the Earth goes round the Sun.

At the same time, the Earth, the Sun and the whole Solar System move together in the direction of a distant star. If a man could stand on the sun and look through a telescope, he would see the Earth and the train moving below.

Another observer on the nearest star, which is so far that it takes four years for its light to reach us, would four years later see the Sun, the Earth and the moving train flying along together through the space. All these motions of the train, the Earth and the Sun are relative to the position of the observer. In such a Universe, where all is in motion and nothing fixed, everything is “relative”, depending on the circumstances under which it is observed. In this changing Universe only light always has the same speed. And more: the speed of light is the only constant quality.

And what about relativity of time? Newton had taught time was absolute. The world changes but time goes on and on unchanged. Einstein gives us a new picture. Time and space change relative to the position and speed of the observer. If we could travel with a speed close to the speed of light our clocks would slow down and show time different from the time on the Earth. Not only clocks, but also our pulses, even the electrons inside the atom would move slower and slower.

The mass or weight of a body also depends on how fast the body is moving. As it moves faster and faster, it grows heavier and heavier.

Einstein gave an entirely new idea of the world we live in. All over the world scientists read the work with great surprise. In those days Einstein was an unknown patent-office clerk in Bern. His fame grew slowly but surely. He was invited to work as a professor first in Prague and then in Zurich. In 1913 he was invited to the Academy of Sciences in Berlin. For his great contribution to theoretical physics he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921.

In 1913 Hitler became dictator in Germany. Einstein’s house was destroyed. His books on relativity were burned in the streets, but at that time Einstein was already in America, where he lived for 22 years, that is, the rest of his lifetime. His statement that energy can be turned into matter, and vice versa opened the way for research on atomic energy. Einstein took part in the construction of the most terrible weapon – atomic bomb. When the war was partially over, atomic bombs were dropped on Japan. Many scientists, including Einstein, felt responsible for the tragedy and protested against the use of atomic energy for destruction.

Einstein was a talented man, a great thinker. His ideas completely changed physics and produced a revolution in natural science of the twentieth century.