Put the questions to the underlined words.

1. I work at an office.

2. We usually have our English in the evening.

3. They speak English in class.

4. We write a lot of sentences on the blackboard. (2)

5. We are having a dictation. (2)

 

10. Communicative situations:

1. You run on to an old friend and have a talk with him (her) about common friends.

2. You introduce your new boyfriend to your sister.

3. You meet your pen-friend you have never seen; you introduce yourself.

 

Retell the text

TOPIC: MODERN TECHNOLOGIES

GRAMMAR: THE PRONOUN

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

complicated	складний
vice versa	навпаки
to invent	винаходити, створювати
boundless	безмежний
completely new branch	зовсім нова галузь
revolution in science	революція у науці
to require	вимагати
problems of exceptional importance	проблеми виняткової важливості
to remain unsolved	залишатися невирішеним
carry out	проводити
determine the sequence of operations	визначати ланцюг операцій
measuring instruments and controlling devices	вимірювальні пристрої та контролюючі прилади
man's labor	людська праця

2. Read and translate the text:

Modern technologies

Computers are well known to represent a completely new branch of science, the first of them having appeared less than 50 years ago. Although still new, these machines are already bringing about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics and automatic control.

The reason for this is in the fact that a mathematical formula can be found for almost of all scientific and technical problems. They can be solved without a computer but it would require millions of arithmetical operations. No wonder that many problems of exceptional importance remained unsolved for a long time, the volume of the calculations required being above human possibilities.

With a high speed electronic computer can carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in one second. A calculation, which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past, is now done in a few minutes or hours.

A number of various complicated problems have already been solved with the help of computers.

The principle of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. Numbers are represented as a sequence of such impulses, and a radio technical scheme counts them carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations.

If we introduce into the scheme first one number and then another, the result will yield the sum of these two numbers. Subtraction is reduced to the addition of negative numbers. Multiplication is done by repeated addition the necessary number of times, a division - by repeated subtraction.

Electronic machines work according to a program prepared in advance, which determines the sequence of operations. They have a very efficient electronic "memory" which stores the initial date, the intermediate numbers and final results as well as working demandsgiven to the machine.

The electronic machine can also be used for controlling automatic production. Signals given by measuring instruments and controlling devices into the machine which sends the necessary commands to the control panel according to the program.

This machine can also be used to make translations from one language into another by converting words into figures and vice versa.

All the instruments invented up to now have served to save man's labor. But it is electronic computers the importance of which cannot be underestimated, that come to the help of the human brain, thus opening up boundless possibilities.

 

3. Form the nouns from the verbs:

To arrange, to improve, to move, to achieve, to require, to measure, to appear, to assist, to resist, to acquaint, to exist, to depend, to differ, to insist, to mean, to begin, to broadcast, to build, to draw, to coat, to break, to pass, to use, to view, to listen, to fight, to dream, to found, to drive, to boil, to burn, to contain, to convert, to condense, to direct, to act, to create, to inspect, to investigate, to resist, to conduct, to compress, to react, to accelerate, to ventilate, to require, to attract, to reflect, to discuss, to express, to indicate, to insulate, to inform, to consider, to found, to combine, to examine, to continue, to convert, to divide, to explode, to decide, to conclude.

 

Group the following words according to similar meaning.

a terminal	real
permanent	quickly
to make smb. to do smth.	a ray
to guide	to break
rapidly	a contact
a shape	to force smb. to do smth.
to hold	a form
actual	to change
to disturb	to keep
to convert	to direct

5. Answer the following questions:

1. When did the first computers appear?

2. What is the reason for the computer revolution?

3. Why can an ordinary computer carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in a second?

4. How can computers be used for controlling automatic production?

5. What is the principal of computers?

6. Are computers useful in translation?

 

6. Give the antonyms:

Real, quickly, constant, direct, thick, cold, tough, effective, different, bright, to give, to solve.

7. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate pronoun:

I.

1. Computers are well known to represent a completely new branch of science, the first of... having appeared less than 50 years ago.

2. They can be solved without a computer but... would require millions of arithmetical operations.

3. If... introduce into scheme first one number and then another, the result will yield the sum of these two numbers.

4.... have a very efficient "memory" which stores the initial date, the intermediate numbers and final results as well as working demandsgiven to the machine.

 

II. Write new sentences using the structure – noun + of + possessive pronoun:

 

1. We meet one of your relations. We met a..............................

2. Henry borrowed one of my books. Henry..............................

3. Tom invited some of his friends to his flat. Tom...................

4. We had a dinner with some of our neighbours........................

5. Ann is in love with one of her colleagues................................

 

Make sentences from the words in brackets. Each time use my own/your own, etc.

I.

1. I don’t watch TV with the rest of my family.

(have/TV/in my bedroom).

2. Jack and Jill are fed up with working for other people. (want/start/business)

3. Henry is extremely rich.

(have/private jet)

4. The Isle of Man is an island off the coast of Britain. It is completely independent.

(have/parliament and laws)

II. Complete the sentences using on my own/by myself etc.

 

1. I’m glad I live with other people. I wouldn’t like to live on....................

2. The box was too heavy for me to lift by...................................................

3. I went over to talk to Tim at the party because he was by........................

4. Very young children should not be allowed to go swimming by..............

5. We had no help decorating our flat. We did it completely on...................

 

 

9. Translate into English:

1. Відкрийте свої зошити.

2. Що його зазвичай вивчають студенти?

3. Скажи їй, щоб вона негайно взяла свої черевики і винесла їх з кімнати в коридор.

4. Не впускай свого собаку в будинок, він дуже брудний.

5. Професор дав нам новий матеріал, щоб ми його добре вивчили.

6. Не відчиняйте свої вікна взимку, ви можете захворіти.

7. Я прибрав усю кімнату сам, а моя сестра помила посуд.

 

10. Communicative situations:

1. Give a piece of advice on how to learn English.

2. Advertise the language you are studying now. Why do you study it?

3. Speak on:

a) the importance of English;

b) how to use a dictionary;

 

TOPIC: LASERS

GRAMMAR: DEGREES OF COMPARISON

 

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

monochromatic	монохроматичний
coherent	когерентний
that is all the peaks coinciding	тобто вci гребні збираються
to diverge	розходитися (про промінь)
frequency	частота
to be augmented	тут - збільшуватись
ground state	звичайний стан
avalanche effect	"ефект лавини"
two photons resulting then go on to double	в наслідок цього два фотони продовжують подвоюватися

2. Read and translate the text:

Lasers

A device that has received a great deal of publicity is the laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). This device produces a beam of light composed of waves that are both monochromatic(all of one wavelength) and coherent(all in the same phase - that is all the peaks coinciding).These properties enable the beam to be used as a source of considerable energy at a sharply defined point, for welding, eye surgery, and similar applications. Because the beam is also extremely parallel, divergingvery much less than ordinary light, it is used in space communications-a laser beam that has traveled the quarter of a million miles to the moon is still narrow enough to be useful.

The principle on which the laser works derives from an earlier device called the maser, which operates at microwave frequencies rather than optical frequencies. This principle is based on simulated emission that is, the emission of a photon by an atom in an excited state as the result of the impact of a photon from outside of exactly equal energy. In this way the stimulating photon is augmented by the photon from the excited atom.

Thus if an atom in a substance is excited it will emit a photon to bring it back to the ground state, if it is stimulated (hit) by a photon containing energy, equal to the difference between the excited and ground states. If a high proportion of the atoms in a substance is pumped to an excited state there is an avalanche effect.A stimulating photon from outside is doubled the first time it hits an excited atom, the two photons resulting then go on to double again by impacts with other excited atoms, and so on. All the photons have exactly equal energy, and are therefore associated with waves of identical wavelength.

A laser consists of a solid or gaseous active medium in which the majority of the atoms can be pumped to an excited state by exposing them to electromagnetic radiation of a different frequency to the stimulating frequency. The active medium consist of (or in the case of a gas is contained in) a transparent cylinder which acts as a resonant cavity-the stimulated waves of the same frequency making repeated passages up and down the cylinder. One end of the cylinder has a reflecting surface, and the other has a partially reflecting surface through which the laser beam emerges.

In a ruby laser, for example, the electrons in the chromium atoms of a cylindrical ruby crystal are pumped to an excited level by radiation from a flash tube, thus producing a pulsed beam. Continuous wave lasers can also be made using mixtures of inert gases.

 

3. Form the adjectives and the adverbs from the following words:

Adjectives: atom, electron, magnet, cosmos, realist, universe, culture, spectrum, electric,to attract, decision, to conduct, to act,to vary, to change, to approach, to achieve, to suit, to compare, to convert, compress, exhaust, success, doubt, use, wonder, peace, beauty, help, doubt, change, home, meaning; sun, hill, rain, wind, to continue, to vary, danger.

 

Adverbs: extreme, initial, perfect, final, excellent, rough, instant, swift, equal, simultaneous, comparative, exact, large, hard, high, short.

 

4. Arrange the following words according to the similar meaning:

Tremendous, predominance, use, various, a real number of, different, advantage, satellite, great, sputnik, application, of late, powerful, recently, a lot of, strong; to detect, decrease, to reduce, to spread, to resist, to propagate, to investigate, to extend, to record, to study, to increase, to catch.

5. Arrange the following words according to opposite meaning:

Inside, low, strong, vast, outside, narrow, high, weak, many, enhance, few, reduce.

 

6. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the principle of laser operation?

2. What is the principle of the laser based on?

3. Where can laser be used?

4. Why is laser used in space communications?

5. When can an avalanche effect be expected?

6. What does the laser consist of?

7. What is the function of a transparent cylinder in the active medium?

 

7. Complete the sentences using the comparatives of the words in bolds:

I.

1. You are making too much noise. Can you be a bit…………………………..? (quite)

2. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was ……………………………….(crowded)

3. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be much…………………(expensive)

4. You look …………………………………………………...Have you lost weight? (thin)

5. You are late, I expected you to be here …………………………………………...(early)

 

II. Complete the sentences using the comparatives of the words in brackets + than:

 

1. Sorry I’m late. It took me ………..to get here ……………..I expected. (long)

2. Health and happiness are ………………………………… money. (important)

3. I like the countryside. It’s …………………and…………………living in a town. (healthy\peaceful)

4. She looks about 20, but in fact she’s much ……………………she looks. (old)

5. The problem is not complicated. It’s ………………………you think. (simple)

8. Complete the sentences with superlatives and a proper preposition:

I.

1. It’s a very cheap restaurant. It’s ……………………………………………………….the town.

2. It was a very happy day. It was …………………………………………………………my life.

3. She is a very intelligent student. She’s ………………………………………………..the school.

4. It’s a very valuable painting. It ……………………………………………………….the gallery.

 

II. Complete each sentence using these words: better, worse, further, older, elder. Use than where necessary:

1. We complained about the food in our hotel. But instead of improving, it got …………………………

2. Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do ……………………………………………………this.

3. Ann’s younger sister is still at school. Her……………………………………………sister is a nurse.

4. Is Jim younger than Tom? No, he is……………………………………………………………………

5. You are standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit………………………………………away?

Translate into English.

1. Цей хлопець найвищій у класі.

2. Ви знаєте найстарішу людину на землі?

3. Яку їжу ви любите більш за все?

4. Вона знає англійську краще за свого брата.

5. Він на два роки старший за свого найкращого друга.

6. У тебе найгірша контрольна робота з усієї групи.

7. Чим більше ви займаєтесь спортом, тим здоровішими будите.

8. Найважливіше у житті – знати чого ви хочете.

9. Ця вправа найскладніша для мене.

10. Мені здається, що ця картина найбільш незвичайна.

 

10. Communicative situations:

1. Tell your friend about yourself.

2. Describe your family to your new friend.

3. Show a friend your family album and answer his entire questions.

 

Retell the text.

 

 

TOPIC: METERS

GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

important	важливий
to take into consideration	брати до уваги
a circuit	ланцюг
to measure current and voltage	вимірювати струм і напругу
the value of current	сила струму
to read off the amperes and volts	зчитувати показники амперметру і вольтметру
DC	постійний струм
the angle of rotation	кут обертання
armature coil	обмотка ротора
a coil	котушка
galvanometer	гальванометр
a device	пристрій
to send through	проходити крізь
deflection	відхилення
resistance	опір
ammeter	амперметр
voltmeter	вольтметр
positive terminal	позитивна клема

 

2. Read and translate the text:

Meters

One of important things that an engineer should take into consideration is "how much". How much current is this circuit carrying? What is value of voltage in the circuit? What is value of resistance?Infact, to measure the current and the voltage is not difficult at all. One should connect an ammeter or a voltmeterto the circuit and read off the amperes and volts.

The ammeter is used to measure the value of current. When the ammeter is used, the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it. One should take into consideration that the positive terminal of the meter is connected to the positive terminal of the source, the negative terminal - to the negative terminal of the source.

The ammeter should be connected in series. The readings on the scale show the measured value.

Common ammeters for direct current measurements are the ammeters of the magneto-electric system. In an ammeter of this type an armature coil rotates between the poles of a permanent magnet; but the coil turns only through a small angle. The greater the current in the coil, the greater is the force, and, therefore, greater the angle of rotation of the armature. The deflectionis measured by means of a pointer connected to the armature and the scale of the meter reads directly in amperes.

When the currents to be measured a very small, one should use a galvanometer. Some galvanometers detect and measure currents as small as 10" of an ampere per 1 mm of scale.

A voltmeter is a device to be used for measuring the potential difference between any two points in a circuit. The voltmeter has armatures that move when an electric current is sent through their coils. The deflection, like that of an ammeter, is proportional to the current flowing through the armature coil.

A voltmeter must have a very high resistance since it passes only very small currents, which will not disturb the rest of the circuit. An ammeter, on the other hand, must have a low resistance, since all the current must pass through it. In actual use the ammeter is placed in series with that part of the circuit where the voltage is to be measured.

In addition to instruments for measuring current and voltage, there are also devices for measuring electric power and energy.

 

3. Form the adjectives from the following words:

Period, meter, atmosphere, physics, nature, experiment, mathematics,value, change, measure, compare,import, resist,differ, insist,effect, act,help, wonder, use, power,base, help, power, motion, weight.

 

4. Give the synonyms:

Important, usage, power, motion, valuable, type, to detect, to disturb, to place, changeable, experiment, method, device.

 

5. Give the antonyms:

Natural, difficult, to connect, to open, positive, high, receive, long-range, to increase.

 

6. Answer the following questions:

1. Is it difficult to measure current and voltage?

2. What is ammeter used for?

3. What do the readings on the scale of the ammeter show?

4. What is the principle of operation of the ammeter?

5. When should a galvanometer be used?

6. What device is used to measure a difference between any points in a circuit?

7. Why must a voltmeter have a very high resistance?