GRAMMAR: The Gerund – Герундій

 

1. The gerund has the following forms:

 

	Active	Passive
Simple	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

 

2. We use the gerund:

 

* as the subject of a sentence: Exporting will be our main objective next year.

* as the object of a sentence: I've always enjoyed reading.

* after certain verbs:

 

admit, mind, appreciate, avoid, consider, can't stand, can't help, delay, enjoy, finish, imagine, involve, postpone, propose, risk, stop, suggest

 

The manager proposed changing the name of the company.

 

• after prepositions:

 

after, before, by, when, while, without

 

The company launched this product without doing the necessary research.

 

• after verbs and expressions followed by prepositions:

 

be interested in, be good at, be fond of, be for / against, be used to, instead of, feel like, think of / about, look forward to, succeed in, approve of, insist on, object to

 

I'm interestedin learning more about this technology.

 

• after expressions like: it's no use, it's not worth, it's no good: Nouse asking him. He won't tell the truth.

 

Ex.1. Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund form. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1 Stop............... (argue) and start............... (work). 2 The boss is against............... (make) any complaints. 3 I’m thinking of............... (retire) and............... (go) to Canada. 4 If he puts his money into that business he risks............... (lose) everything. 5 If a thing is worth............... (do) at all it is worth............... (do) well. 6 He hates............... (borrow) money. 7 I can't stand their (waste) so much time. 8 I thanked him for............... (solve) the problem quickly. 9 I suggest............... (postpone) the meeting. 10 It's no good............... (complain). Nothing can be done. 11 I can't help............... (think) about the interview. 12 We avoid............... (keep) late hours. Our working day begins very early. 13 The secretary admitted............... (steal) the money. 14 I believe he’s capable of............... (solve) this problem.

Ex.2. Finish these sentences using a gerund:

1 My favourite activity is.........................................................................................

2 He can't stand........................................................................................

3 He is good at.....................................................................................................

4 Some people just can't help.....................................................................................................

5 We are used to.....................................................................................................

6 I’m interested in.....................................................................................................

7 This company is worth.....................................................................................................

8 The customer wants to know who was responsible for................................................................................

9 I feel like.....................................................................................................

10 He admitted.....................................................................................................

11 I’m thinking of.....................................................................................................

12........................................................................................ was the key to the company's success.

13 It's no use.....................................................................................................

14 Avoid....................................................................................................................

Ex.3. Complete these sentences using the gerund form of one of the verbs below:

give, get, make, have, lose, help, work, discuss, get, worry, meet, analyse, cry, buy, reduce

1 He is interested in............... the shares of this company. 2 It's no use............... over spilt milk. 3 This job involves............... our international transactions. 4 We are looking forward to............... the new Sales Manager. 5 It isn't worth............... about it. 6 You risk............... bad results. 7 As we don't agree about company policy we avoid............... this subject. 8 We don't mind............... overtime, if it helps the company. 9 You mustn't insist on............... him. He doesn't want it. 10 By delaying we risk............... this contract. 11 I can't imagine not............... a computer in my office. 12 He apologized for …............ this serious mistake. 13 He is very pleased with............... the job he wanted. 14 It's no good............... her advice - she never listens. 15 Overstaffing should be solved by............... the workforce.

 

(12) GRAMMAR: The Participle – Дієприкметник

 

1. The participle has the following forms:		Active	Passive
Present (Participle I)	writing	being written
Perfect (Participle I)	having written	having been written
Past (Participle II)	–	written

 

2. Participles can be used like:

a) verb forms with the auxiliaries be and have (to make continuous, perfect and passive verb forms):

He was answering questions when I came in. He has forgotten my name.

You'll be informed soon.

b) adjectives: Your offer seems exciting. The office window is broken.

c) adverbs: She ran screaming out of the room.

d) clauses: Havingspent all his money, he asked his father to help him.

Being unable to help, we gave her some food.

3. The structure object + participle (clause) is used after verbs оf sensation (e.g. see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell) and some other verbs (e.g. find, get, have, make): I found himspeaking toa customer.

I saw yoursecretarysending a fax toour business partner. You ought to get yourcarrepaired.

 

Ex.1. Use Participle I and Participle II to open the brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

(A) 1 We spent about an hour ………………… (take) our papers to the office. 2 Generally ………………… (speak), this problem is rather difficult. 3 (Work) …………………… a year in Germany he returned to Ukraine. 4 He sat in his arm-chair …………………… (smoke) a cigar. 5 Our new manager is that young man.................. (wear) glasses. 6 (Say) …………………… this, he left the room. 7 (Be) …………………… busy, he postponed his trip to Italy. 8 I stood …………………… (watch) the people entering the office. 9 He went to work,............. ….....… (leave) the letter on the table. 10 The conference …………...….. (take) place at the university is devoted to ecological problems. 11 While …………………… (wait) for you I’ve translated this article.

(B) 1 She entered the room ………………… (accompany) by her superiors. 2 My boss looked ……………..... (worry). 3 The letter will lose its importance if ………………… (not deliver) immediately. 4 (Press)..........…… for time, he couldn't even phone his wife. 5 She’ll certainly help if ………………… (ask). 6 When ……………

(invite) he always takes part in our discussions. 7 The problems …………………........... (discuss) were of great importance. 8 Those …………..….....…… (interview) will start training next week. 9 The ……..….…… (lose) document was found at last. 10 The secretary didn't even look at me as if too …….......…… (occupy) with what she was writing. 11 I’m going to have my car …….….......…… (repair) next week. 12 In Turkey your coat should be ………...….....…… (button) when you are with superiors. 13 Don't expect …….………..…… (write) contracts in most Moslem countries.

Ex.2. Use the correct form of the Participle to open the brackets:

1 When ……………… (pay) by cheque, you must show a bank card. 2 (Know) ……………… that he was in trouble, I offered to help him. 3 (Find) ……………… nobody in the office, I left. 4 (Write) ……………… in very bad handwriting, the message was difficult to read. 5 Time ……………… (permit), we’ll stay for a few days in London. 6 The solution ……………… (adopt) was welcomed by our manager. 7 All things.................... …… (consider), there’s little hope of his arrival. 8 I was driving a car …………… (lend) me by my close friend. 9 The required sum of money ……………… (save up), I could buy a new computer. 10 We found her............... (work) in the office. 11 I heard them ……………… (argue) again. 12 (Hope) ……………… to find the lost letter, he searched everywhere. 13 (Think) ……………… he had made a mistake somewhere, the accountant went through his calculations again. 14 When ……………… (ask) to help them she refused without hesitating.