Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to

 

1 a) Can and could are used to ask for permission in the present. May is also used but it’s quite formal: Could / Can I call you back? May I use your phone, please?

b) When talking about whether something is (isn’t) permitted we use can / can't and be (not) allowed to: Passengers arenotallowedto smoke during take-off. You can leave your letter at the reception.

2 To talk about permission in the past we use could / couldn't and was / were not allowed to.

We werenotallowedto ask any questions.

3 When talking about permission with future and perfect forms be allowed to is used:

He will notbeallowedto invest in this business.

Ex.1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of can, could, may, be able to, be allowed to:

 

1 When I pass my driving test, I ______ hire a car. 2 When he first came to London, he ____ read English but he (negative) _____ speak. 3 When we were in the old office, we ______ access all the files. 4 This sweater was priced at $ 50, but I _______ get a discount because of this little mark on the sleeve. 5 Students _______ bring notes into the exam tomorrow. 6 My sister never ________ to travel alone. 7 _____ I send him a message? He is at the meeting at the moment. 8 ______ you phone the boss today? 9 He _______ solve this problem yet. 10 "May I borrow your car? – No, you _______." 11 Who _______ appoint the receivers to find someone to rescue the company? 12 _______ he pay off the debts of the company? 13 I've been looking for your papers but I ______ find them yet. 14 If he doesn't tell me what his problem is, I ______ (negative) help him. 15 She ______ to raise money for her failing company.

 

Ex.2. Translate into English:

 

1 Я б з задоволенням прийняв ваше запрошення, але я не можу відмінити свою зустріч. 2 Якщо він щось вирішив, то ніхто не може на нього вплинути. 3 Я дуже ціную вашу допомогу. Я знав, що я можу довіряти вам. 4 Чи можу я сказати йому всю правду? Я впевнений, що він нічого не знає про важкий фінансовий стан компанії. 5 Коли я там працював, тільки головний менеджер міг підписувати такі документи. 6 Працівникам нашої компанії не дозволяється палити в офісах. 7 Тільки суд може призначити ліквідаторів неплатоспроможної компанії. 8 Ця компанія на межі банкрутства; їй не дозволяється працювати з клієнтами. 9 Ви можете залишити всю інформацію у секретаря. 10 Їм не дозволили відстрочити платежі. 11 Якщо ви зможете врятувати цю компанію, ви отримаєте подяку від президента. 12 Якщо вони не зможуть розрахуватися з боргами протягом місяця, їх оголосять банкрутами.

 

Ex.3. Complete these sentences using could (not), was (not) / were (not) able to:

 

1 My eyes hurt and I ………………… read very fast. 2 When Mary was young, she was a very good secretary. She ………………. type 70 words per minute. 3 The file was damaged but he ……………………… save a copy. 4 I didn’t have any paper left to print it out, but I ……………………. get some in the next office room. 5 It was difficult to find her but I …………………………… do it. 6 Karen looked through the document carefully once more and this time she ………….…… see a mistake. 7 The presentation failed but fortunately we …………………. rescue the project.

 

Ex.4. Complete these sentences using can / can’t / could / couldn’t + the verb from the list:

see, fax, speak, take, make, sleep

 

1 I’m sorry, but we ……………….……. you the papers today. 2 I ……….…….…….. a call last night because my mobile was out of order. 3 She’ll get the job because she …………………….. four languages. 4 I was tired but I ……………………….. 5 I like this hotel room. You …………………. the mountains from the window. 6 In our company you ………………………. a two-week holiday at Christmas.

 

Export and Import

 

visible exports (imports) invisible exports (imports) freight borrow (v) trade surplus trade deficit

експорт (імпорт) товарів невидимий експорт (імпорт) фрахт, перевезення вантажу позичати (у когось - from) надлишок торгового балансу дефіцит торгового балансу

earn (v) purchase (v) the IMF exceed (v) surplus foreign currency

заробляти купувати МВФ перевищувати надлишок іноземна валюта

 

Exporting and importing are two aspects of foreign trade.

Exports are goods and services produced in one country but sold in another. Trade in goods is known as visible exports and trade in services is known as invisible exports. Exports are important because they allow a country to earn foreign exchange which can be used for buying imports from abroad.

Imports are those goods and services which are consumed in one country but which have been purchased from another country. Imports of goods such as food, raw materials, or manufactured goods are known as visible imports; imports of services such as insurance, tourism, freight are known as invisible imports.

Imports are paid for by foreign currency earned by exporters, or by borrowing from foreign governments and agencies like the International Monetary Fund.

If exports exceed imports there is a trade surplus. If imports exceed exports there is a trade deficit.

1 What are the principal aspects of foreign trade? 2 What are exports? 3 What are imports? 4 What do we call visible exports? 5 What do we call invisible exports? 6 Why are exports important? 7 What are imports? 8 What is known as visible imports (invisible imports)? 9 What are imports paid for by? 10 What is a trade surplus? 11 When do we speak about a trade deficit?

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

 

foreign exchange exceed buy important goods freight

 

transported goods merchandise significant purchase surpass foreign currency

 

2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct defi-nition:1) an item, a service, an idea that is sent from one country to another to be sold; 2) an item, a service, an idea that is brought into one country from another; 3) goods, as opposed to services, that are sold to other countries; 4) services such as banking, insurance and tourism that are brought from other countries; 5) an agency of the

United Nations that lends money to encourage trade and economic development in poor countries; 6) a situation where a country exports more goods than it imports; 7) condition in which there are more goods imported than exported; 8) the transport of goods by sea or air.

 

3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

 

Exporting; imports; restrictions; import; invisible exports; visible import; imported; exports; exceeded; purchased.

 

1 She... a new car. 2 Sales of the new product... our estimates.3 Canada... wheat in great quantities. 4 This wine is... from France. 5 Foreign technology is a significant.... 6 This country.... luxury items to Northern Europe. 7 Tourism is the most important part of the Cypriot.... 8 Sixty percent of the goods they... come from Asia. 9 Sometimes governments put... on foreign trade. 10 This... company will be 100 years old next year.

 

4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (2), in, at (2), by (3), on (2), for, through, to)

 

A country spends money... goods it imports and gains money... its exports.

Valuable though foreign trade is... keeping domestic prices down... creating competition... home and providing large markets abroad, governments may have to put restrictions... it, which they usually do... subjecting imports... customs duties or... restricting some types... exports.

Customs authorities must make sure that imported goods are not sold... a lower price than that... their country... origin.

 

5 Translate into English:

 

1 Міжнародна торгівля – це основний фактор розвитку співробітництва між різними країнами світу. 2 Експорт та імпорт важливі аспекти міжнародної торгівлі. 3 Експортування – це продаж товарів та послуг в іншу країну. 4 Імпортування - це купівля товарів та послуг в іншій країні. 5 Купівля послуг, таких як страхування, туризм, перевезення вантажу – це невидимий імпорт. 6 Експортери заробляють валюту, якою країна розраховується за імпортні товари. 7 Якщо експорт перевищує імпорт, існує надлишок торгового балансу. 8 Якщо імпорт перевищує експорт, ми говоримо про дефіцит торгового балансу. 9 Експорт товарів – пріоритетний напрям розвитку зовнішньої торгівлі будь-якої країни. 10 Економіка кожної країни значною мірою залежить від зовнішньої торгівлі.