Порядок слов в специальном вопросе

1) вопросительное слово (what, where, who, when, how и т.д.),

2) вспомогательный глагол (модальный, глагол-связка),

3) подлежащее,

4) смысловой глагол,

5) дополнения,

6) обстоятельства (места, времени, образа действия и т.д.).

В специальных вопросах, обращенных к подлежащему в Present и Past Indefinite, не употребляется вспомогательный глагол do (did) и сохраняется прямой порядок слов:

Who wants to go to the cinema? Who lives in this house?

3. Альтернативный вопрос

Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:

Do you like coffee or tea? — Вы любите кофе или чай?

Альтернативный вопрос начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса.

4. Разделительный вопрос (Tail Question)

Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть — это повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное), вторая, отделенная запятой от первой — краткий вопрос (tail — «хвостик»):

You are a pupil, aren't you? — Вы ученик, не правда ли?

Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй — отрицание. Если в повествовательной части — отрицание, то во второй части, как правило, — утверждение:

You are a student, aren't you?

You don't go to school every day, do you?

 

Exercise 2.10. Read and translate into English:

 

1. She is a student.

— Is she a student?

— Yes, she is. / No, she isn't.

2. He speaks English well.

— Does he speak English well?

— Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

3. They have many books.

— Have they many books?

— Yes, they have. / No, they haven't.

4. The weather was fine yesterday.

— Was the weather fine yesterday?

— Yes, it was. / No, it wasn't.

5. We saw a new film yesterday.

— Did we see a new film yesterday?

— Yes, we did. / No, we didn't.

6. You can read well.

— Can you read well?

— Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

7. There will be five lessons tomorrow.

— Will there be five lessons tomorrow?

—Yes, there will. / No, there will not (won't).

 

Exercise 2.11. Put questions to the following sentences:

1. There is a book on the table. 2. He must work hard today. 3. We are leaving for Moscow next week. 4. We were reading the whole evening. 5. They don't go to work on Sunday. 6. It is not cold today. 7. Ann has already begun to read a new book. 8. We learn English at school. 9. They will show you how to get there. 10. They finished the translation before the end of the lesson. 11. I didn't feel well that evening. 12. It wasn't difficult to do this task.

 

Exercise 2.12. Read and translate the sentences:

1. Our family lives in a three-room flat.

— Does your family live in a three-room flat or in a house?

— It lives in a three-room flat.

2. They went to the same school.

— Did they go to the same school or to different schools?

— They went to the same school.

3. He will read this book tomorrow.

— Will he read this text tomorrow or next week?

— He will read it tomorrow.

4. They are playing chess now.

— Are they playing chess or cards now?

— They are playing chess.

5. Our teacher has told us to write.

— Has our teacher told us to write or to read?

— He has told us to write.

 

Exercise 2.13. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Вам нравится больше английский язык или французский?

2. Он живет в Ростове или в области?

3. Она его младшая или старшая сестра?

4. Студенты уже сдали экзамены или нет?

5. Петровы поедут летом на юг или на север?

6. Ваш друг учится в академии или в университете?

7. Он знает ее лучше или вы?

 

Exercise 2.14. Write down alternative questions to the following sentences:

1. Our teacher knows several foreign languages. 2. He has graduated from our University last year. 3. We shall go to Samara next week. 4. They are working in our garden. 5. I have just read this book. 6. I took this book from my friend. 7. He likes reading books. 8. She has many relatives abroad. 9. They were in many countries. 10. Russia is the largest country in the world.

 

UNIT 3

MY ACADEMY

I. Гласные звуки [а:], [Ù], дифтонги [eэ], [ei].

II. Text A: «My Academy»,

Text В: «Moscow Slate University».

III. §1. Безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения.

§2. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение по и их производные.

 

Гласный звук [а:]

При произнесении английского гласного [а:] рот открыт почти как для русского звука, но язык отодвигается дальше назад и книзу и лежит плоско. Кончик языка оттянут от нижних зубов. Губы не растянуты и не выдвинуты вперед.

Гласный звук [Ù]

При произнесении краткого гласного [Ù], губы немножко растянуты, язык отодвинут назад, несколько глубже, чем для русского звука [а]. Кончик языка находится у нижних зубов, напоминает русский звук [а] в словах камыш, сады, валы.

Дифтонг [eэ]. Ядро звука — гласный похожий на русский звук в слове это. Скольжение происходит в направлении нейтрального гласного с оттенком звука.

Дифтонг [ei]. Дифтонг, ядром которого является гласный, а скольжение происходит в направлении гласного. Произнося дифтонг необходимо следить за тем, чтобы ядро не было таким широким, как русский гласный [э], а второй элемент не превращался в русский звук [й].

trust — last	care — dare — rare	date — may — pay
car — far — bar	fare — fair — hair	lay — hay — Ray
half — calf — bath	pain — name — day	part — park — fart
cart — barter — shark	tape — hate — bate	tub — mud
spark — bath — mark	mate — plate — Kate	must — sum
park — raft — plant	late — fate — rate	humble — tumble
mare — air — pair	brave — maple — main	sun — hunt

 

Text A: «ANN'S ACADEMY»

Hello again! Now let me tell you about my Polytechnical Academy. I am really glad that I study here. It is one of the finest country's higher educational institutions. Many famous people have graduated from my Academy, and not only engineers or scientists, but many outstanding writers, actors, showmen and politicians. Studying at our Academy gives a solid background in all spheres of knowledge and prepares for practical work.

Our Academy is quite large and old. It was founded in the 19^th century by the famous Russian inventor Vladimir Komarov. First, it was a small department of a large University, but later it was rearranged into an independent institution. Nowadays it is a large school where more than 5,000 students are currently enrolled. About 3,000 are full-time students, like me, and the rest are part time-students. There are also about 150 graduate students. They conduct independent research work and have pedagogical practice.

The course of study at my academy lasts five years. There are many faculties in my academy. Here are some of them: the faculty of industrial automation and robotics, the faculty of plastics, the faculty of machine tools and the faculty of metalworking.

Our academy is large and we have several buildings. One of the buildings is for lectures and seminars only. There are many large halls there so that students of 3-4 groups together can fit in there. And that is more than 100 people. The acoustics [э'ku:stiks] in such large halls is very good but sometimes it is very noisy when students chat during the lecture.

We have two laboratory buildings which are equipped with up-to-date equipment and there students can carry on lab works and conduct various experiments. Many students from my group do their own research work.

There are several cafes at the academy. My favourite one is situated in a separate one-storeyed building and people say that this is the oldest canteen or student's cafe. The food there is tasty and very affordable.

There are also several dormitories or hostel buildings where students from other cities live. But you know already that I don't live in a dormitory — I rent an apartment.

 

currently — в настоящее время

to be enrolled — числиться в списках студентов

full-time students — студенты дневного отделения

part time-students — студенты вечернего отделения

to conduct — проводить

course of study — курс обучения

industrial automation — промышленная автоматика

robotics — робототехника

plastics — пластмассы

machine-tools — станки

metalworking — металлообработка

figure [f'igэ] — фигура, цифра

noisy — шумный

to chat — беседовать, болтать

to be equipped with — быть оборудованным

up-to-date equipment — современное оборудование

carry on — проводить

research work — исследовательская работа

one-storeyed — одноэтажное

tasty ['teisti] — вкусный

affordable — доступная (to afford — позволять)

 

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY

classroom — класс, аудитория

lecture hall — лекционный зал

laboratory — лаборатория

gym (gymnasium) — спортзал

semester (term) — семестр

school year — учебный год

course of studies — курс обучения

academy — академия

university — университет

institute — институт

faculty, college, department — факультет (ex. College of physics — факультет физики)

department, chair of... — кафедра

head of the department, chief of the department, chair (man, woman) — зав. кафедрой

substitute — заместитель

teaching instructor (TI) — преподаватель

professor — профессор

dean — декан

Rector — ректор

teaching staff, faculty members — преподавательский состав

full-time student — студент(ка) дневного отделения

part-time student — студент(ка) «вечерник»

student of distant education — студент(ка) «заочник»

student of preparatory courses — слушатель подкурсов, «подкурсник» undergraduate student — студент 1-4(5) курсов

graduate student — студент 5-6 курсов (магистрант, аспирант)

 

Exercise 3.1. Tell about:

a) your secondary school (college)

b) the faculty of your university

c) your favourite teacher at school.

 

Exercise 3.2. Do you know?

1) When was your University or Academy established?

2) Who was the first Rector?

3) Were there any famous a) scientists, engineers b) politicians c) artists among the graduates of your Institute?

4) How many people are currently enrolled?

5) What is the most popular faculty in your Academy?

 

Exercise 3.3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements:

a) Larger schools are better than smaller ones.

b) It is impossible to enter the university if you haven't attended preparatory courses.

c) The best professors are the oldest ones.

d) It is better to live in a dormitory or student hostel than to rent an apartment.

e) Professors always know more than students and teaching instructors.

 

Text B: «MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY»

Moscow State University is the oldest, autonomous, self-governing and state-supported institution of higher learning, founded in 1755 by the scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Located in Moscow, the university is composed of faculties of biology, chemistry, computational mathematics and cybernetics, economics, foreign languages, fundamental medicine, geography, geology, history, journalism, law, mechanics and mathematics, physics, psychology, sociology, and soil sciences, as well as an institute of Asian and African Studies. Several museums, colleges, and a number of institutes are affiliated with Moscow University, and a preparatory faculty teaches Russian language and other subjects to foreign students.

Except for the science faculties and some of the arts faculties — which are situated in south-western Moscow — the remainder of the faculties are located in the older university buildings in the centre of the city. A diploma in a given field of study is awarded after five or five and a half years of study. After three additional years and the completion of a thesis, the kandidat nauk degree is awarded. The highest degree, the Doctor of Sciences, may be attained upon completion of a thesis based on independent research.

 

GRAMMAR

А) Безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения.

Английские предложения отличаются от русских тем, что в них всегда есть подлежащее и сказуемое. Поэтому в безличных предложениях, когда нет подлежащего, используется в качестве формального подлежащего местоимение it.

It is cold today. Сегодня холодно.

Как видим, безличные предложения такого типа состоят из местоимения it, которое не переводится, глагола-связки в нужном по смыслу времени и именной части сказуемого, выраженного чаще всего именем прилагательным. Именная часть может быть также выражена именем существительным или именем числительным.

It's nice to meet you. Приятно познакомиться.

It is nine o'clock now. Сейчас девять часов.

Очень часто безличные предложения описывают явление природы, состояние погоды, обозначают время, расстояние.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы безличных предложений образуются по тем же правилам, что и вопросительные и отрицательные формы предложений с именным составным сказуемым.

Is it cold? — Холодно?

Wasn't it interesting? — Разве это не было интересно?

Частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.

 

Exercise 3.4. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Сегодня холодно. 2. Идет снег целый день. 3. Сейчас утро. 4. Было приятно познакомиться с вашим другом. 5. Поздно. Пора спать. 6. Разве это не смешно? 7. Сейчас уже 10 часов утра. 8. На улице холодно? 9. Сейчас ранняя весна, но уже тепло. 10. Это далеко отсюда?

 

В) Неопределенные местоимения some. any. отрицательное местоимение по и их производные.

Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения.

В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:

Give me something to read, please. I met him somewhere before.

В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:

Have you seen him anywhere? Is there anything I can do for you?

В отрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные:

I cannot find this book anywhere.

либо отрицательное местоимение по

There is nobody in that room. There isn't anybody in that room.

Различия между местоимениями any и some — в степени неопределенности, поэтому иногда местоимение any можно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях:

You can find this book anywhere. — Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.

 

Exercise 3.5. Make 16 pronouns and translate them:

Образец: some + body = somebody — кто-то, кто-нибудь

some body

any one

no thing

every where

 

Exercise 3.6. Insert somebody, anybody, nobody or everybody:

l. The question was so difficult that... could answer it. 2.... left his bag in our classroom yesterday. 3. Has... in this group got a dictionary? 4. I am afraid there is... in the office now. It is too late. 5.... knows that water is necessary for plants. 6. Is there... here who knows English? 7. You must find... who can help you. 6.... knew anything about our home task. 9.... can answer this question. It is very easy. 10. There is... in the next room. I don't know him. 11. Please tell us the story,... knows it. 12. Is there... in my group who lives in the hostel? 13. Has... here got a red pencil?

 

Exercise 3.7. Translate into English:

1. Тут есть кто-нибудь? 2. В саду никого нет. 3. В нашей комнате есть кто-нибудь? 4. В классе есть кто-то. 5. Там никого нет. 6. В саду есть кто-нибудь? 7. На столе есть что-нибудь? — Нет, там ничего нет. 8. В сум­ке что-то есть. 9. В этой книге есть что-нибудь интересное? 10. На стене есть какие-нибудь картины? — Да, там есть несколько. 11. В кабинете директора есть кто-нибудь? — Нет, там никого нет. 12. В нашей библиотеке есть какие-то книги на английском языке. 13. В вашей библиотеке есть какие-нибудь книги на английском языке? 14. Мой друг не хочет мне ничего сказать. 15. Я хочу провести летние каникулы где-нибудь на берегу Черного моря. 16. Если вы голодны, поищите что-нибудь в холодильнике. 17. Расскажите нам все о вашем путешествии. 18. Никто нигде не помог ему.

 

UNIT 4

MY HOME TOWN

I. Гласные звуки [u:], [u].

II. Text A: «Sochi».

Text B: «Rostov-on-Don».

II1.§1. Местоимения little и few и местоименные выражения a little и a few.

§2. Оборот there is / there are.

 

Гласный звук [u:]

При произнесении долгого гласного звука [u:] губы напряжены и сильно округлены, но гораздо меньше выдвинуты вперед, чем при русском звуке [у]: moon. На письме передается буквосочетанием двойное О, за исключением случаев перед буквой k.

Например: soon — скоро, вскоре, moon — луна

Исключение: book — книга (краткое и)

Гласный звук [u]

При произнесении краткого гласного звука [u] губы заметно округлены, но не выдвинуты вперед, язык оттянут назад, но несколько меньше, чем для и: (u долгого). Звук напоминает безударный русский звук [у] в словах пустой, тупой, произнесенный без выдвижения губ вперед:

hook — крюк, look — взгляд

Запомните слова, в которых в качестве исключения произносится [u]: put — класть, pull — тянуть, push — толкать, full — полный

 

too — tooth — food boot — fool — foot soon — spoon — tooth boot — mood — shook

fool — pool — hook fool — too — book cook — boot — loop foot — cool — mood

pull (тянуть) — pool (бассейн) tool (инструмент) — full (полный)

 

Text A: «SOCHI»

«Big Sochi — the best place on the Earth!»

Hello, everyone! Here is Ann Sokolova again. This time I'll tell you about my lovely hometown — Sochi. I am sure everyone knows where Sochi is. For those who are not really sure I remind that it is situated on the Black Sea coast about 1500 km south from Moscow.

But what makes this city so special? Sochi is called the city of three seasons because there's no winter here. As we usually say, «the golden autumn slowly turns into the early spring.» When golden leaves slowly fall down on the earth the first flowers begin to blossom. Sochi is the only northern subtropical city in Russia. One can bathe in the Black Sea from May till October because the water of the Black Sea is still warm. The water of the Black Sea contains many chemical substances such as iodine, chlorine, bromine, sulphates, carbonates, sodium, potassium, etc. All of them react with your body and make you healthier. There are many mineral water springs in Sochi and its area.

Have you ever heard the name Big Sochi? Sochi is one of the most stretched cities along the sea coast — it is 148 km long! Small towns and cities Adler, Khosta, Kudepsta, Dagomys and Lazarevskoye belong to Big Sochi!

The history of this area goes back to the ancient times. One can call this area «the Cradle of Mankind». People came here from the Asia Minor 400-350 thousand years ago. There are more than 150 historical places of interest in the area. Here the camps and caves of prehistoric people have been found.

The dolmens — massive prehistoric grave structures from the 2nd thousand B.C. are the features of the Bronze era. The most ancient five-stone dolmens are found in the Sochi area. Travellers of the 19th century called dolmens «the houses of the giants» because each grave stone weighs from 500 to 3000 kg. It is still uncertain what technical developments made it possible to construct such structures.

The rich lands of Caucasus always attracted invad­ers: Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Genuese, Turks.

In the VI^th century B.C. the Black Sea coast attracted Greek colonists, who have based a number of trade-settlements, such as Dioscuria (modern city of Sukhumi), Pitiunt (Pitsunda), Triglif (Gagra).

Christian religion was brought over from the Byzantynne three centuries earlier than to Russia. In the end of X^th — beginning of the XI^th centuries A.D. the first known Christian constructions were built in Loo, Galitsino and Veseloye.

During the XVIII^th-XIX^th centuries Russia conducted long wars with Turkey for the exit to the Black Sea. In 1829, after the end of Russian-Turkish war, by the peace treaty the Black Sea coast of Caucasus, from the mouth of the Kuban river up to a fort St.Nicholas (to the south of modern city Poti), has departed to Russia.

Symbol of the victory of the Russian weapon in the war of 1829 is the monument near modern hotel «Lenin­grad» — «Anchor and Cannon».

The end of Russian-Turkish war has not solved all the problems of strengthening of Russia on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea coastal line consisting of 17 forts was created with this purpose.

On April 21st, 1838 a small wooden fortress was es­tablished in the Sochi river area to protect this land from local tribes. It was named Alexandria in honour of emperess Alexandra. It was renamed one year later, on May 18, 1839 and became Navaginskoye. But in 1854, because of the beginning of the Crimean war, the fortress was destroyed by Russian army. Russians left this area. Only 10 years later, on March 25th, 1864 the new for­tress named Dakhovskiy was established on the place of the Navaginskiy fortress.

In 1896 by the decision of the Tsarist government for­tress Dakhovskiy was renamed in the settlement of Sochi, after the name of the river Sochi.

In the end of XIX^th century the Black Sea coast was intensively occupied by the immigrants from central parts of Russia, Moldova, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, Georgia and Armenians and Greeks from Turkey. The Sochi district becomes multinational area of Russian Empire.

In Soviet times Sochi was a quickly developing port, industrial and resort city on the Black Sea. The fast de­velopment of the city and construction of modern houses was due to Joseph Stalin's sympathy to this place. Many streets in the center of Sochi look like the center of Mos­cow built in 30s and 50s.

Until now the favourite residence of Russian Presidents was Bocharov creek (ручей). Ski resorts of Krasnaya polyana, warm blue waters of Black Sea, luxurious tennis courts create irresistable atmosphere around the place.

I guess, I have taken a lot of your attention already. You know yourself what a popular resort is Sochi nowa­days. Just buy the ticket and have your suitcases packed!

 

to remind — напоминать

to turn into — прeвращаться (во что-либо)

blossom — цвести

chemical substances — химические вещества

iodine — йод

chlorine — хлор

bromine — бром

sulphate сульфат

carbonates — карбонаты

sodium — натрий

potassium — калий

to be stretched — быть вытянутым

events — события, мероприятия

«the Cradle of Mankind» — «колыбель человечества»

B.C. (Before Christ) — до н.э.

Asia Minor — п-ов Малая Азия

camp — лагерь

cave [keiv] — пещера

Bronze era — бронзовый век

pre-historic — доисторический

grave structures — могильники

dolmens — дольмены

features — особенности

to weigh — весить

uncertain — неопреленный

construct — возводить, строить

attract — привлекать

invader — захватчик

trade-settlements — торговые поселения, фактории

Byzantynne — Византия

A.D. — (Anno Domini) — нашей эры (н.э.)

to conduct — проводить

exit — выход

peace treaty ['tri:ti] — мирный договор

mouth of the river — устье реки

weapon — оружие

anchor — якорь

cannon — пушка

purpose — цель

fortress — форт, укрепление

in honour of emperess Alexandra — в честь импе­ратрицы Александры

to be occupied — быть занятым, заселен­ным

due to — благодаря (кому-либо, чему-либо)

luxurious — роскошный

irresistible — неотразимый

 

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:

village — село, деревня

cossack's settlement — казачья станица

town — небольшой город

suburbs — пригороды

city — крупный город

center of the region — районный центр

capital of the republic — столица республики

capital of the federal district — столица федераль­ного округа

ancient history — древняя история

medieval history — средневековая история

Dark Ages — средние века

Tsarist's Russia — царская Россия

Great October revolution — Великая октябрьская революция

Great Patriotic War — Великая Отечественная война

WWII (World War II) — вторая мировая война

soviet times — советские времена

former USSR — бывший СССР

c) historical center — исторический центр

cultural center — культурный центр

trade center — торговый центр

transport center — транспортный центр

 

Exercise 4.1. Translate into English:

1. Мой родной город был основан во время царство­вания Николая I.

2. Первое укрепление на месте современного Сочи было названо в честь императрицы Александры.

3. Во время Великой отечественной войны немец­кие войска дважды захватывали наш город.

4. Владимир — один из древнейших русских городов.

5. Мягкий климат и плодородные земли всегда при­влекали захватчиков на берега Кубани.

6. Великий русский изобретатель Владимир Кома­ров жил и работал в нашем городе.

7. Современный Новороссийск — это крупнейший портовый город на побережье Черного моря.

8. Наш город является одновременно крупным ин­дустриальным и историческим центром региона.

 

Exercise 4.2. Answer the following questions:

1. Do you study in your hometown or you just live here while studying?

2. Do you like the city where you study? Why and why not?

3. Do you know the history of your hometown?

4. When was your hometown founded?

5. Do you know any famous people who were born in your hometown?

6. What are the places of interest in your hometown?

7. What is your favourite place in your hometown?

 

Exercise 4.3. Derive the adjective (прилагательное) from the noun (существительное):

• history — historical

• military — ………………………… • culture — ………………………… • science — ………………………… • industry — …………………………

• trade — ………………………… • agriculture — ………………………… • administration — ………………………… • politics — …………………………

 

Text B: «ROSTOV-ON-DON»

Rostov-on-Don, the capital of the Southern federal district and Rostov region, is a comparatively young city. Not so long ago Rostovites celebrated its 250^th an­niversary. The city was founded in 1749 when a cus­tom-house on the Temernik river was set up. Accord­ing to a legend, Tsar Peter the First tried the water from a spring when he stopped on the right bank of the Don on his way to Azov. He was so pleased with the taste of water that he called the spring «Bogaty istochnik» — Rich spring. The name of the spring gave the name to the street. The water is being bottled now and sold all over the country.

But only years later, after the death of Tsar Peter I, under the rule of Katherine II a fortress was built here. The main purpose of the fortress was to support the customs effectively operating in this trade and trans­port active region. The fortress was named after Dimitry Rostovsky, the Archbishop of Rostov the Great. The town grew later on, round the walls of the fortress and it was also called «Rostov which lies on the river Don».

Rostov is situated on the right bank of the river Don, not far from the Sea of Azov. Due to its geographical position the city grew rapidly.

After the hard years of the Civil War Rostovites re­stored the ruined economy of the region.

During the World War II Rostov was occupied by the Germans twice. They destroyed almost all the city. Nowadays Rostov is the largest city in the South of the coun­try. It's a big sea and river port and an important rail­way junction. Rostov is called «The Gateway to the Cau­casus».

The main branch of industry is agricultural machine building. «Rostselmash» is a giant machine building plant producing a lot of agricultural machines. Facto­ries of Rostov produce champagne, cigarettes, musical instruments which are well-known abroad. There is also a big helicopter plant in Rostov.

Rostov is the cultural centre of the Rostov region. There are many educational establishments in Rostov in­cluding the Rostov State University founded in Warsaw in 1815. There are six theatres in Rostov (Gorky Drama Theatre, Philharmonic, Puppet Theatre, Theatre of Mu­sical Comedy, Theatre of Young Spectators and Musical Theatre).

There are two museums (Local Lore Museum, Fine Arts Museum), eight stadiums, several Palaces of Cul­ture, a lot of cinemas, libraries, parks and gardens.

Rostov is famous for many prominent people who lived here.

The city is very green. There are a lot of parks in the city. In summer you can see a lot of people on the beach on the left bank of the Don river.

General understanding:

1. What is the status of Rostov-on-Don now?

2. Is Rostov-on-Don an old city?

3. What role did Peter the Great play in the history of Rostov-on-Don?

4. Why did Peter the Great call the spring «rich».

5. When was the first fortress built? How was it called?

 

GRAMMAR

§1. Местоимения little и few и местоименные вы­ражения a little и a few.

Местоимение little и местоименное выражение a little употребляются с неисчисляемыми существи­тельными, местоимение few и местоименное выраже­ние a few — с исчисляемыми:

Give me a little water, please. There is little milk in the bottle.

I have a few friends in Minsk I've got only few pencils in the box.

Местоимения few и little означают «мало», а место­именные выражения a few и a little — «немного».

Much (много) употребляется с неисчисляемыми су­ществительными, many (много) — с исчисляемыми.

 

Exercise 4.4. Insert much, many, little, a little, few, a few:

1. I'd like to say... words about my travelling. 2. She gave him... water to wash his hands and face. 3. He had... English books at home, so he had to go to the library. 4. After the lesson everybody felt... tired. 5. Let's stay here... longer. I like it here. 6. There were... new words in the text and Peter spent... time learning them. 7. There was... sugar in the bowl, and we had to put... sugar there. 8. My mother knows German... and she can help you with the translation of this text. 10. When we walked... farther down the road we met another group of pupils. 11. Have you got... time before the lesson?

 

Exercise 4.5. Translate into English:

Много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много мела, много снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много сахара, много чая, много лимонов, много мяса, много комнат, много учи­телей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц, мно­го машин.

 

Exercise 4.6. Insert much or many:

1. Please don't ask me... questions. 2. How... money have you got? 3.1 never eat... bread with soup. 4. Why did you eat so... ice-cream? 5. She wrote us... letters from the country. 6.... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 7.... in this work was too difficult for me. 8. He spent... time writing his composition in Literature. 9. There were... plates on the table. 10. Thank you very...! 11.... of my friends are preparing for their entrance examinations now. 12. I don't like... sugar in my tea.

 

Exercise 4.7. Translate into English:

1. В стакане есть немного молока. 2. В тетради ос­талось мало чистых страниц. 3. У тебя много кофе? — Нет, очень мало. 4. Немногие из англичан говорят по-русски. 5. У них здесь очень мало друзей. 6. У него очень мало времени для чтения. 7. У Петра много рус­ских книг и мало английских книг. 8. У меня есть немного времени вечером, чтобы закончить эту работу. 9. Я провожу много времени в библиотеке, потому что я готовлюсь к экзаменам.

 

§2. Оборот there is / there are.

Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета в опреде­ленном месте или в определенное время. Формы про­шедшего и будущего времени: there was, there were и there will be.

There are some pictures on the wall. На стене не­сколько картин.

There was nobody in the room. В комнате никого не было.

Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа суще­ствительного, следующего сразу за ним:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.

There are two armchairs and a chair in the room. Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом

Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons tomorrow?

Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?

Разделительный вопрос. There are some pupils in the classroom, aren't there?

 

Exercise 4.8. Insert to be in the right form:

1.There... a telegram on the table. 2.... there any tel­egrams from Moscow? Yes, there... some. 3.... there... a flight for Moscow tomorrow? Yes, there.... 4. There... much snow last winter. 5.There... a lot of stars and planets in space. 6.... there... a lift in your future house? Yes, there....... 7. Some years ago there... many old houses in our street. 8.... there any lectures yesterday? No, there... 9.... there a lamp over the table? Yes, there.... 10.... there any interesting stories in this book? 11.... there a test last lesson? No, there.... 12. Soon there...... a new film on.

 

Exercise 4.9. Translate the following sentences and put general questions to them:

1. There are some new pupils in our group. 2. There is no book on the table. 3. There were many old houses in our street. 4. There are 4 seasons in a year. 5. There will be a conference next week. 6. There are many large cities in our country. 7. There was nobody in the room. 8. There are 7 days in a week. 9. There is something on the shelf. 10. There are many places of interest in London. 11. There are many beautiful flowers in our garden. 12. There was much work last week.

 

Exercise 4.10. Rewrite the following sentences in Past Indefinite and Future Indefinite, translate them into Russian:

1. There is much snow in winter. 2. There are 4 thea­tres in our city. 3. There is no lift in our house. 4. There are many new books in our library. 5. There is little milk in the bottle. 6. There are 3 rooms in our flat. 7. There is a map on the wall.

 

UNIT 5

RUSSIA IS MY HOMELAND

I. Гласные звуки [o:], [o], дифтонг [эu].

II. Text A: «The Russian Federation», Text B: «Moscow».

III. §1. Времена английского глагола,

§2. Правильные и неправильные глаголы.

 

Гласный звук [o:] — долгий гласный. Для того, что­бы правильно произнести звук, следует придать орга­нам речи положение, как при произнесении звука [а:], затем значительно округлить губы и несколько выд­винуть их вперед.

Гласный звук [o]. Для того, чтобы произнести, сле­дует исходить из положения органов речи при произ­несении звука [а:], затем слегка округлить губы и про­изнести краткий звук [э].

Дифтонг [эu]. Звук представляет собой нечто сред­нее между русскими звуками [о] и [э]. Губы при про­изнесении начала этого дифтонга слегка растянуты и округлены. Скольжение происходит в направлении гласного [u].