Define the forms given in bold type and say what they express: 1) facts, 2) commands and requests, 3) non-facts. 


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Define the forms given in bold type and say what they express: 1) facts, 2) commands and requests, 3) non-facts.



THE CATEGORY OF MOOD

NON-FINITE FORMS

 

 

Навчально-методичний посібник

з граматики англійської мови

для студентів ІІ курсу

 

 

Горлівка

 

 

УДК 101.1::316

ББК Ю87.633.3

The Verb: The Category of Mood. Non-finite Forms. Навчально-методичний посібник з граматики англійської мови для студентів ІІ курсу / Уклад. Т. І. Шавлюк. – Горлівка, 2012. – 96 с.

 

Навчально-методичний посібник містить теоретичний матеріал по вивченню непрямих способів та безособових форм дієслова в англійській мові і серію різноманітних вправ тренувального та комунікативного характеру, які можуть бути використані як під час аудиторних занять, так і для самостійної роботи. Окремі завдання посібника (Gap Filling, Matching, Correcting Mistakes, Multiple Choice) мають контролюючий характер, тому можуть бути рекомендовані як тести для перевірки розуміння теми.

Посібник можна використовувати як додатковий матеріал до базових підручників для студентів ІІ курсу.

 

Рецензент: докт. педаг. наук, проф. Я. М. Бельмаз

 

Затверджено на засіданні кафедри практики мовлення та інформаційних технологій ГДПІІМ (протокол №1 від 28.08. 2012)

 

ББК Ю87.655.3

The Category of Mood

Mood is a verbal category, which expresses the relation of the situation described in the sentence to reality from the speaker’s point of view.

According to professor A.I. Smirnitsky there are six moods in Modern English (we share this point of view, too): two direct moods – the indicative and the imperative, and four indirect (oblique) moods – the Subjunctive I and Subjunctive II, the Conditional and the Suppositional.

Direct Moods

The direct moods present actions or states as real facts, e.g.: We are students (the indicative), Give me the book (the imperative).

The Indicative Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a fact, as something which has occurred or is occurring at the moment of speaking or will occur in the future. It may denote actions with different time – reference and different aspective characteristics. Therefore the indicative mood has a wide variety of tense and aspect forms in the active and passive voice, e.g.:

Her clothes are always being ridiculed.

We went home early in the evening.

We shall have known each other for two years by the end of this year.

The Indicative Mood is also used to express a real condition, i. e. a condition the realization of which is considered possible.

If Catherine disobeys, she will be disinherited.

In the Imperative Mood the speaker urges the person addressed to perform an action. This may be expressed in the form of a command, a request, a warning, etc. As the imperative mood does not actually denote a specific action it has no tense category; the action always refers to the future. Aspect distinctions and voice distinctions are not characteristic of it, although forms such as, be writing, be warned sometimes occur.

The imperative mood form coincides with the plain stem of the verb, for example: Come here! Hurry! Leave the door open!

In forming the negative the auxiliary verb to do is always used, even with the verb to be, e. g.: Hush! Don’t make a noise! Don’t be angry!

The auxiliary verb to do may also be used in affirmative sentences to make the request more emphatic, e. g.: But now, do sing again to us. Do come and stay with us. Do tell me what he said.

A command or request addressed to the third person singular or plural is usually expressed with the help of the analytical form let… + infinitive. When the person addressed is denoted by a personal pronoun,itis used in the objective case, e. g.: Let the child go home at once! Let her translate the leading article.

With the first person plural the verb to let is used to express an exhortation to a joint action, for example: Let’s go and have some fresh coffee. Let us leave this place.

The subject of an imperative is seldom expressed unless it is emphatic. In Old English the pronoun – subject was generally placed after the verb. This word – order is still found in some set phrases, e. g.: Look you! Mind you! Go you!

In Modern English the subject expressed by the pronoun you is sometimes used to make a request or an order more emphatic. It is characteristic of colloquial speech, e. g.: I’ll drive and you sleep awhile. Never you mind what I came here for.

The imperative mood is used only in imperative sentences and can’t be used in questions.

Will you? very often follows the imperative. In such imperative sentences the order becomes modified by the addition of will you? into a kind of request, e. g.: Bring me my spectacles, will you? Just give me some money, will you?

Oblique (Indirect) Moods

The function of the oblique moods is to represent something in the speaker’s mind not as a real fact but as a wish, purpose, supposition, doubt or contradiction, problematic or contrary to fact. When the speaker expresses his wish by using one of the oblique moods, he merely communicates to the hearer what he considers desirable. This is the main difference between the oblique moods and the imperative. When using the imperative mood the speaker directly urges the person addressed to fulfill his order or request.

 

Be quiet! Here I want to produce an immediate effect, to bring about some actual changes in the existing state of things; I want a noisy person to become quiet as the result of my urging him to be so.
I wish you were quiet. Here I merely inform the hearer of what I consider desirable, indicating at the same time that my wish contradicts the actual state of things (= you are not quiet).
I wish it were spring all the year round. Here I communicate to the hearer a desire of mine which is a matter of mere imagination and can never be fulfilled.
It is impossible that he should have saidsuch a thing. Here I express my doubt with regard to his having said such a thing.
If itwere notsocold,Ishould goout. It is cold and I don’t go out; I only imagine the possibility of my going out if the weather were different from what it actually is.
It is necessary that you should go there. Here I make a statement of what I consider to be indispensable, leaving the question of its realization open.

There are four oblique moods in Modern English, of which two are synthetical and two analytical.

The synthetical moods are: the Subjunctive I and the Subjunctive II.

The analytical moods are: the Conditional and the Suppositional.

 

Exercises:

THE SUBJUNCTIVE I MOOD

The Subjunctive I presents an action as hypothetical (problematic) but not as contradicting (contrary to) reality. It is used to express wish,necessity,demand,order,request,suggestion,purpose,concession and the like.

The Subjunctive I has only one form, which formally coincides with the infinitive without the particle “to”. It is used in affirmative and negative sentences. The negative particle “not” stands before the verb, e.g.: I insist (that) he come at once. I insist he not come.

The Subjunctive I is used both in independent sentences or clauses and subordinate clauses. In the first case it expresses:

a) wish, e.g. Long live sovereign Ukraine. Success attend you!

b) concession, e.g. So be it. Come what will.

c) requests or orders (with the subject of an action expressed by the pronouns “somebody”, “someone”, “everybody”), e.g. Somebody (someone) fetch a piece of chalk. Everybody leave the room.

d) imprecations, oaths, e.g. The devil take him!

The Subjunctive I is also used in so-called formulaic expressions, e.g. Suffice it to say…. Otherwise it is sometimes called the formulaic subjunctive.

The use of the Subjunctive I in the sub-clauses can be presented by the following scheme:

 

Types of Subclauses Examples
1. Subject clauses introduced by the anticipatory (introductory) “it” followed by: a) a compound nominal predicate expressed by a non – emotive (neutrally coloured) adjective, such as: necessary, important, imperative, etc. b) a predicate expressed by a verb in the passive voice   c) after the expressions “ It’s high time”, “It’s about time”, “It’s time”   It is necessary (that) he stay at home. It is important (that) you be on time. It is imperative (that) I talk to him.   It was decided that this committee be set up. It is requested (required) that nobody enter the room. It’s time we go.
2. Object clauses a) with the meaning of demand, order, advice, insistence, proposal, etc. introduced by the conjunction “that” b) with the meaning of fear introduced by the conjunction “lest”   I demand that John go there at once. We propose/recommend that Mr. Smith leave. The headmaster suggested that I join the drama club. They feared lestJohn miss the train. She worried lest there be something wrong with her health.
3. Predicative clauses with the meaning of demand, order, advice, proposal, wish, fear, insistence, etc. Our advice was that Henry agree to their proposal. The fear lest he disregard her request and bring unpleasant people with him almost drove her mad. Her wish was that she be told how to become young again.
4. Attributive appositive clauses. My strident demands that the film be kept safe were naturally ignored. The girl’s insistence that they give her another chance to improve was taken into consideration.
5. Adverbial clauses of purpose introduced by the conjunction “lest” We erected this memorial lestour children forget. Try to help him lest the failure discourage him.
6. Adverbial clauses of problematic (hypothetical) condition (very rare). If the plant be rare, its discovery gives me joy.
7. Adverbial clauses of problematic (hypothetical) concession (very rare). “…Our hearts must be hard, if they are not, we die, though we be alive.

The Subjunctive I is widely used in American English. In British English its use is regarded obsolete (archaic). Here it is used in high style: in slogans, proclamations, calls, also in some set (stereotyped) expressions. But lately a revival of the Subjunctive I has been observed in present – day English.

 

THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD

The Suppositional mood is formed with the form of the auxiliary “should” for all the persons of both numbers and the infinitive (analytical forms). It has two tenses – Present and Past. The Present Suppositional consists of “should” and a non-perfect infinitive, e.g. I should go, he should go, for example: I suggested we should meet here. The Past Suppositional consists of “should” and a perfect infinitive, e.g. I should have gone, he should have gone, for example: Maggie was frightened lest she should have been doing something wrong. The Suppositional Mood is most often used in the present tense, because demands, orders, requests, and the like refer to the present and future.

As to its meaning the Suppositional has much in common with the Subjunctive I. In the majority of the cases of its use it presents, like the Subjunctive I, actions which are hypothetical (problematic) but not contradicting reality. But unlike the Subjunctive I, the Suppositional Mood occurs only in subordinate clauses. The cases of the use of the Suppositional Mood side by side with the Subjunctive I are as follows:

 

Types of Subclauses Examples
1. Subject clauses after the principal clauses denoting subjective appraisal of the action or situation described in the subordinate clause. The subject of such principal clauses is usually expressed by the pronoun “it”, the predicate is: a)compound nominal and includes adjectives and nouns with modal meaning: neutrally coloured, such as: necessary, important, essential, imperative, etc. – in this case the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I:     It is necessary (that) we (should) be present. It is important (that) you (should) help your friend. It is imperative (that) you (should) keep the engagements.  
emotionally coloured – adjectives and nouns giving estimation of the action or situation described in the subordinate clause from the speaker’s point of view such as: desirable, advisable, natural, surprising, strange, curious, doubtful, cruel; It’s a pity; It’s a shame, etc. – in this case only the Suppositional Mood Present or Past is used:[1] It is cruel that I should make him suffer. It is funny that we should have forgotten all about it. It’s a shame that she should prompt me every time I start to speak. It’s a pity that we should have quarrelled  
b) expressed by a verb in the passive voice – in this case the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I: It was decided that all the students (should) prepare Home – Reading reports. It is requested (required) that the meeting (should) not be cancelled.
c) after the expressions “ It’s high time”, “It’s about time”, “It’s time” – the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I (and the Subjunctive II) It’s time we (should) go/went to bed. It’s high time he (should) be/were more serious.
2. Object clauses a) with the meaning of demand, order, advice, insistence, proposal, etc. introduced by the conjunction “that” – the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I.   He insisted that the young actress (should) star in the play in the coming season. He requested that she (should) partner him. We ask that you (should) listen to our convincing arguments.
b) with the meaning of fear (to fear, to be afraid, to be anxious, to be in terror, to tremble, to dread, etc.) introduced by the conjunction “lest” – the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I. [2] They passengers were terrified lesttheship (should) catch fire. She worried lest Jane should have caught a cold in the open car.
c) with the meaning of astonishment, regret, satisfaction (to be astonished, to be pleased, to be sorry, etc.) – only the Suppositional Mood is used here, they all being emotive phrases. I’ m astonished that she should have said so. I was pleased that she should like the book. I ’m sorry you shouldn’t have liked the play.
d) after the structures: to think it necessary to believe it advisable to consider it important to find it desirable to feel it strange, etc. – the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I. I find it natural that she should want to be a teacher. They consider it understandable that he should have left without saying good-bye.
3. Predicative clauses with the meaning of demand, order, advice, proposal, wish, fear, insistence, etc. – the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I. His suggestion was that their plan (should) be turned down. Her fear waslest he should have changed his mind. Her wish was that everything (should) be cleared up before the meeting.
4. Attributive appositive clauses – the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I. Your advice that he (should) wait till next week is reasonable. Our fear lesthe should have given away our secret was great.
5. Adverbial clauses of purpose introduced by the conjunction “lest” – the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I.[3] The girl whispered these words lest somebody (should) overhear her. She opens the window lest it (should) be stuffy in the room.
6. Adverbial clauses of problematic (hypothetical) condition[4] - the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I. If you should meet him, give him my best regards. If you should find another way out, will you inform me?
7. Adverbial clauses of problematic (hypothetical) concession – the Suppositional Mood is used side by side with the Subjunctive I. Though it (should) rain, we shall have to go. Whatever he (should) say, I will not change my decision.

Note 1: Rather many scholars don’t recognize the Suppositional Mood (N. Kobrina, L. Barkhudarov, M. Blokh and others). In particular, M. Blokh regards the combinations “should + Infinitive” of this kind as modal equivalents of the subjunctive mood.

Note 2: There is a point of view that the Suppositional Mood is more typical of British English and the Subjunctive I of American English, though in both variants the indirect moods are mostly used in formal style. In conversational English (both BE and AE) other structures may be used:

She advises him to change the job.

He proposed the government to hold an inquiry.

It’s essential for every student to have equal chances. [5]

 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE II MOOD

The Subjunctive II Mood presents an action or state as unreal, contradicting reality. It has two tenses: Present and Past. The Present formally coincides with the Past non-Perfect of the Indicative Mood (the peculiarity is that the form WERE is used for both singular and plural): were, came, went, etc. In other terminology it is sometimes called the Non – Factual (Unreal) Past Simple. The Past Subjunctive II Mood formally coincides with the Past Perfect Indicative: had been, had come, had gone, etc. It is otherwise termed the Non – Factual (Unreal) Past Perfect. The present of the Subjunctive II is used when the time of the action (state), which is imaginary, is simultaneous with the moment of speech, e.g. “ If only he were here now! “ or follows it, e.g. “ I wish he came tomorrow ”. The Past of the Subjunctive II expresses an imaginary action (state) which precedes the moment of speech, e.g. “ If only he had been here then!She looked as if she had been ill for long.

The Subjunctive II is used both in independent sentences (clauses) and sub-clauses. In the first case it denotes:

a) wish (in sentences beginning with “oh, if” and “if only”, e.g. If I were well now! If only I ’d listened to my parents.

b) advice (in the set expressions “had better (best)”, e.g. “ You had better go home and get your supper, Gertrude ”. She ’d better not go home alone so late.

c) choice, preference (in the set expressions “would rather (sooner)”, “had rather”, e.g. Which would you rather do, go to the cinema or stay at home? I ’d raher not answer this personal question.

The Subjunctive II in subclauses can be presented by the scheme:

 

Types of clauses Examples
1. Subject clauses after the expressions “it’s time”, “it’s high time”, “it’s about time”. It’s high time we went.It’s time she didn’t confuse our names.
2. Object clauses after expressions of wish.[6] I wish I were a bird. I wish he hadn’t quarreled with his parents. “I wish this voyage would never end,” Dana murmured.
3. Object clauses after the expression “would rather”. I ’d rather you did the washing up. I ’d rather she hadn’t accepted that offer.
4. Clauses introduced by the conjunctions “as if”, “as though”: a) predicative – after the link-verbs to be, to seem, to look, to feel, to sound, to taste, to smell, etc.   b) comparative   c) attributive appositive       It isn’t as if you were fifteen. She felt as though she were being followed. It smelt as if something had been burnt in the kitchen. “You look at me as if I were talking about nonsense”. He spoke English fluently as though it had been his mother tongue since childhood. He had a feeling as if his wife were in danger. She had a look as though she had been starving for a long time.
5. Clauses of unreal condition.[7] If John were here, he would know. (pattern I) Had you listened to me, you would not be in such a trouble now. (pattern II)[8], [9]
6. Clauses of unreal concession introduced by the conjunctions “even if”, “eventhough”. Even if he were here, he wouldn’t help us. Even though he had proposed, she wouldn’t have become his wife. She disliked him at that time.

 

THE CONDITIONAL MOOD

 

The Conditional Mood presents an action as a consequence of an unreal condition expressed or implied.

The Conditional Mood has two tenses – Present and Past. The Present Conditional formally coincides with the Future non-Perfect in the Past: I should go, he (she, it) would go. We should go, they would go and is consequently called the Non – Factual (unreal) Future Simple in the Past. The Past Conditional formally coincides with the Future Perfect in the Past: I should have gone, he (she, it) would have gone. We should have gone, they would have gone and is otherwise termed the Non – Factual (unreal) Future Perfect in the Past. The rules of the use of tenses here are the same as those of the use of tenses of the Subjunctive II.

TO BE REMINDED: The tendency is very strong to use “would” in the first person too, e.g.: I would go. But the use of “should” instead of “would” is a bad mistake.

The Conditional Mood is used both in independent clauses and complex sentences. In the first case it is used in simple sentences:

a) with an implied condition, e.g.: “Miss Dombey Florence! I would die to help you”. I would never have thought so.

b) containing “but for”, e.g.: But for my splitting headache I would gladly join you. He would have been there still but for his marriage. Usually “but for” opens the sentence.

c) containing “otherwise/or”, e. g.: He had some spelling mistakes in his test, otherwise he would have got a top mark. The cake has burnt, or it would be delicious.

d) with the subject expressed by an infinitival phrase, e. g.: To be late for the class would be outrageous. To have refused then would have meant to offend the hostess.

In complex sentences the Conditional Mood is used in the main clauses with a sub-clause of unreal condition and unreal concession, e. g.: If he hadn’t left her alone in the street, she wouldn’t have got into a trouble. Even though you were the only girl on the Earth, I wouldn’t marry you.

Check Yourself

a) Fill in the blanks with “would rather” or “had better” according to the sense.

1. You ______ not annoy him with your silly questions. He is worked up as it is. 2. I do like the place, I really do. But it seems I ______ not go. The climate disagrees with me. 3. She ______ go there by plane. She says she’ll save at least two days this way. 4. “Did you reserve seats on the train?” “No.” “You ______ do it if you want a comfortable journey.” 5. I told him he ______ control his temper if he was really interested in keeping the job. 6. He ______ die than give up the idea. There is no way of talking him out of it. 7. We ______ put off our trip till we are certain about the reservations. 8. Where ______ you ______ put up: at a hotel or your friend’s? 9. It’s not a matter of money with her. Her tastes never change. She ______ have plain food than the elaborate menu of the hotel restaurant.

b) Give sentences illustrating:

a) a piece of advice;

b) a present unreal wish;

c) an imprecation;

d) “but for” in the past context;

e) choice, preference;

f) a past unreal wish;

g) “otherwise” in the present context;

h) subject expressed by the infinitive.

c) Define the form of the Oblique Mood in the following sentences and comment on their meaning.

1. If only I could bring down the fever! 2. But for his being busy he would go to the cinema with us. 3. To marry somebody so much beneath him would be absurd for him. 4. Be yours a happy life! 5. I’m sure he hated the sight of that man, otherwise he would have stayed. 6. Oh, if she hadn’t been in bad humour the night before! 7. You had better give up your bad habits and begin a new life! 8. It’s a pity he didn’t enter the medical college five years ago. He would have made a good doctor. 9. I’d rather not speak louder. I have a sore throat. 10. But for the dog the children would have wandered around the forest for a long time.

In Complex Sentences

Subject Clauses

Object Clauses

Contrast wishes with facts.

e. g.: I wish I weren’t so old but I am.

1. I wish I earned more _______________.

2. If only I had followed your advice ________________.

3. If only I had a better typewriter ________________.

4. I wish I were a film star ____________.

5. I wish he had left earlier _______________.

6. I wish it would rain tomorrow ________________.

7. I wish my husband didn’t criticize me all the time _______________.

8. I wish I had long hair ___________________.

9. If only she loved me ___________________.

10. My parents wish I wouldn’t marry Alex _______________.

11. If only she had had more time _______________.

12. I wish your aunt Daphne didn’t come to visit us so often __________________.

13. She wished she remembered their anniversary ____________________.

14. If only the police had arrived in time ____________________.

15. I wish I had been wearing my black suit at the party _________________.

13. Express your wishes for the future. Use sentences with would – clauses for not very hopeful wishes.

e. g.: You are going on a trip to France and you really want your classmates to join you: I wish you would go on a trip to France with me.

1. You don’t like going to football matches alone. You want your best friend to go with you, though he may refuse as he is sitting up for his exams: ___________

2. You are expecting a letter and you want the postman to come earlier today though you’re not sure he will: _______________

3. You think your father is looking too hard. You want to tell him to go to hospital although he probably won’t listen to you: ___________________

4. You have written a letter of complaint to the garage. You want them to give an answer as quickly as possible, but they probably won’t: ______________

5. You are not very hopeful, but you want your older brother to join the party: _______________

6. You would like to dine out today and you want your friend to come with you: ______________

7. You are going to have a great sea voyage and you really want your classmates to accompany you: ____________________

14. Imagine you’re very unhappy about your roommate. Complain about your roommate’s bad habits using wish – sentences with would or wouldn’t.

e. g.: He/she keeps coming in so late. – I wish she wouldn’t come in so late. o r I wish she would come in earlier. o r I wish she would stop coming in so late.

1. He/she is impolite to your friends. 2. He/she makes a lot of noise in the morning. 3. He/she uses up all the hot water in the shower. 4. He/she stays in the bathroom too long. 5. He/she doesn’t write down phone messages. 6. He/she smokes cigarettes. 7. He/she leaves dirty clothes in the living room. 8. He/she doesn’t clean up the kitchen. 9. He/she doesn’t buy his/her own food. 10. He/she talks on the phone for hours. 11. He/she doesn’t turn the lights off. 12. He/she argues all the time. 13. He/she asks silly questions.

Read the story.

The Story of Hamlet

Hamlet was the Prince of Denmark. His father died and his mother, Gertrude, soon married his uncle Claudius. Because Claudius had married the Queen, he became King of Denmark. The ghost of Hamlet's father comes to Hamlet and says that Claudius killed him. At first Hamlet wants to kill his uncle Claudius. But he is very indecisive and doesn't do it. He tells some actors to act out the murder of his father. The actors act out the murder and everyone can see from Claudius's face that he really is the murderer. But still Hamlet does nothing. Hamlet is losing interest in his girlfriend Ophelia. Ophelia's father Polonius is a bit of a fool who keeps giving everybody advice they do not want. One day Hamlet is talking to Gertrude and he hears a noise behind a curtain. He takes out his sword and kills the man behind the curtain. It is Polonius. Ophelia goes mad. Hamlet gets into a swordfight with Laertes, Ophelia's brother. During the swordfight Hamlet is killed.

Mixed Conditional Forms

30. Rewrite the pairs of sentences as one sentence only. Begin each one with If. Make sure that you change the form of each conditional clause so that it is clear whether the cause or the result are in the past or the present.

Model:

Past Cause: The driver tried to kill the examiner.

Present Consequence: He is in prison now.

If the driver hadn’t tried to kill the examiner, he wouldn’t be in prison now.

1. The driver failed his exam yesterday. He is very angry now.

2. It rained very hard last night. The streets are wet now.

3. Bill is such a terrible driver. That’s why he has had so many accidents.

4. People drive too fast. That’s why there have been so many accidents lately.

5. We didn’t have enough rain last winter. That’s why there is a water shortage now.

31. State in which sentences the condition is real and in which it is unreal. Translate into English using the forms of the Indicative or the Oblique Mood.

1. Если вы вчера были на футбольном матче, вы видели лучших футболистов «Шахтера».

2. Если бы вы вчера были на футбольном матче, вы узнали бы имена лучших футболистов.

3. Я была бы очень рада, если бы вы пришли на следующий футбольный матч. Я буду очень рада, если вы увлечетесь футболом.

4. Если вы любили математику в детстве, почему вы сейчас не занимаетесь ею?

5. Если бы вы любили математику, вы бы больше ею занимались.

6. Вы давно побывали бы на этой выставке картин, если бы интересовались искусством.

7. Советую вам поторопиться, если вы еще не побывали на этой выставке: она скоро закроется.

8. Если бы вы были свободны завтра, я с удовольствием пошла бы с вами на эту выставку.

9. Вы не можете судить об этом художнике, если не побывали на последней выставке его картин.

32. Use the proper mood forms, translating into English the following complex sentences with adverbial clauses of real, unreal, and hypothetic condition.

Model: a) I shall be glad if John comes again;

b) I should be /have been / glad if John came /had come again;

c) If John should come again, I shall be glad.

1. Ми відразу ж увімкнемо телевізор, якщо ти закінчиш роботу. 2. Якщо ти не поквапишся, то запізнишся на потяг. 3. Якщо Мартін поводив себе незграбно, Руф намагалася виправити його манери. 4. Якби я був на вашому місці, я поводив би себе обережніше. 5. Якщо вам доведеться зустріти Дейва знов, постарайтеся не помітити його. 6. Якби Лео був розумнішим, він не зробив би таку дурість. 7. Якби ви виконали усі приписання лікаря, ви давно б видужали. 8. Якщо ви там бували, ви знаєте які там мальовничі місця. 9. Якби Марка не запросили учора на вечірку, він сидів би зараз із нами. 10. Якби трапилось так, що я побачив її знов, я б знав, що робити. 11. Коли Морган не хворів, він регулярно відвідував заняття. 12. Якби я був драматургом, я написав би дивовижну п’єсу про сімейне життя. 13. Якщо почнеться дощ, ми залишимося вдома. 14. Було б краще, якби ви прийняли наше запропонування. 15. Чи ви зробили б це, якби я прохала? 16. Якби учора у нас не було багажу, ми змогли б дійти до станції пішки. 17. Куди б ти пішов, якби не йшов дощ? 18. Посидь із Тимом. Якщо він раптом попросить що – небудь, скажи мені. 19. Я б ніколи не подумав, що це можливо, якби не побачив цього на власні очі. 20. Мені б п’єса сподобалась більш, якби вона не була такою довгою.

33. Use the proper mood forms translating into English the following complex sentences with adverbial clauses of real, unreal and hypothetical condition.

1. Я буду радий, якщо Філ прийде. 2. Я був би радий, якщо Філ прийшов би тепер. 3. Якщо б Філ не прийшов учора, я був би щасливий. 4. Трапиться Філу прийти до нас знову, ми зустрінемо його тепло. 5. Якщо б мене запросили на виставку знову, я пішов би не вагаючись. 6. Якщо б автомобіль не їхав з такою швидкістю, нещасного випадку не відбулося б. 7. Якщо Кейт прийде, запроси її почекати. 8. Якщо дощ не припиниться, ми не підемо на риболовлю. 9. Трапиться вам помилитися знову, все буде зіпсовано. 10. Якщо б у мене не було дикого головного болю учора, я почував би себе краще тепер. 11. Якщо б тротуар не був таким слизьким, я не упав би. 12. Якщо б телефон не полагодили учора, я б з тобою не розмовляв тепер. 13. Якщо мені доведеться мати справу з цим тяжким ящиком знов, я попрошу вас допомогти. 14. Я міг би спробувати знайти втрату тепер, якщо б світив місяць. 15. Якщо б Марта могла побачити мене учора, вона була б приголомшена. 16. Якщо б Сільвія тобі подобалась, ти б не образив її так сильно. 17. Я почував би себе нещасним, якщо б не розумів Вікторію. 18. Припустимо, ми були б вільні сьогодні увечері, куди б ми пішли? 19. Якими б ми були щасливими тепер, якщо б Джека не посадили. 20. Я би приїхав до тебе, якщо б знав, що знайду вихід із становища.

34. Raymond is talking to his doctor. Match the half sentences 1 to 5 with the half sentences (a) to (e) to make five correct sentences.

1. If I don’t get better, … A It is always too heavy for me.
2. Whenever I go up the stairs quickly … B I have to stop half-way and have a rest.
3. If I went to bed late every night, … C I would understand why I’m always tired.
4. When I try to lift anything … D I feel sick.
5. If I eat fried or rich food, … E I’ll have to stop going to work.

35. Complete these sentences about an office using the verbs in brackets and will or would where necessary. More than one answer is sometimes possible.

1. If Mr Bowen _______ (call back), tell him that I _________ (fax) the letter to him.

2. I _________ (buy) a bigger office block if I _________ (own) Mr Bowen’s company. But I don’t own it.

3. The goods are here. If we ___________ (send) them tomorrow, they __________ (arrive) early next week. But if we ____________ (send) them today, they ___________ (get) there on Monday.

4. The sales staff _________ (earn) more, if we ___________ (pay) them a bonus every time they ______________ (make) a large sale, but we don’t do that.

5. When the buyer from Derhams __________ (phone), Mr Prothero _________ (speak) to him.

6. If Mr Rogerson __________ (ask) you, please tell him that I _________ (not/be) there until tomorrow.

7. If you _________ (finish) typing those letters, Jim, please _________ (not/sit) there doing nothing.

8. We ________ (use) the computer more if we ________________ (not/have) such an old one.

Check Yourself

1. Read the story and render it in English:

Молодий чоловік дуже поспішав. Він застрибнув у таксі і прокричав водієві: «Їдь дуже швидко!»

Вони обминали кути на великій швидкості та випадково запобігали сутичок. Після приблизно десяти хвилин такої шаленої їзди молодий чоловік подумав: «Вже час нам приїхати». Коли він подивився у вікно, то був дуже здивований: «В мене таке відчуття, ніби я ніколи не бачив цієї частини міста раніше,» промовив він до себе. «Куди ви їдете?» запитав він водія. «Вам краще не обманювати мене, та сказати одразу.» «Але я не знаю,» відповів водій. «Якщо б ви мені сказали, куди вас відвезти, я б зараз їхав у цьому напрямку.» І молодий чоловік зрозумів, що трапилось. «Бідний я, бідний,» подумав він. «Як я жалкую, що не сказав йому, куди їхати. А зараз здається, що я спізнився на мій поїзд та спізнююся на своє власне весілля.»

The Suppositional Mood

The Subjunctive I Mood

Translate into English.

1) Странно, что вас никто не видел. 2) Как неприятно, что они опоздали на поезд. 3) Не удивительно, что он так думает. 4) Понятно, что она этого не хочет. 5) Не может быть, чтобы эксперимент удался. 6) Как жаль, что вы сегодня заняты. 7) Неужели сеанс уже начался? 8) Вполне естественно, что она этого хотела. 9) Со­мнительно, чтобы он это сделал сам. 10) Было очень неприятно, что последний поезд уже ушел. 11) Невероятно, чтобы он проболел неделю, и никто об этом не знал. 12) Было вполне понятно, что это ей нравилось. 13) Было вполне понятно, что это ей не понравилось. 14) Сомнительно, чтобы вода в озере была соленой. 15) Не удивительно, что они решили разбить лагерь у озера.

Revision Exercises

1. Complete the following sentences using the suggested word combinations, analyze the type of the subordinate clause and the mood used:

Model:

to take smb. to the pictures

1. They are out. It looks as if he … had taken her to the pictures. (a predicative clause, the past subjunctive II)

2. It was arranged that I … should take her to the pictures. (a subject clause, the present suppositional)

3. I came home earlier than usual so that I … might take her to the pictures. (an adverbial clause of purpose, a modal phrase)

4. She suggested that I … should take her to the pictures. (an object clause, the present suppositional)

5. What of it if she did not like the film? It’s not as if you … had taken her to the pictures. (a predicative clause, the past subjunctive II)

6. I wish you … took me to the pictures. (an object clause, the present subjunctive II)

7. Her only wish was that he … should take her to the pictures. (a predicative clause, the present suppositional)

a) to do the shopping

1. I’m so busy today. I wish I ….2. The ice – box is full. It looks as if mother …. 3. She positively insisted that we …. 4. When she saw the parcels heaped on the kitchen table she feared that/lest her husband …. 5. She did not mind their critical remarks. It was not as if she herself …. 6. It was arranged that I … while they went to the beach. 7. The arrangement was that her sister …. 8. She did not approve of the arrangement that her elder daughter …. 9. He gave her half of what was left of the money so that she ….

b) to have a bite

1. It will be arranged that every child …. 2. Someone suggested that each child …. 3. She wished she …. 4. I won’t give you any money lest you … before lunch. 5. She felt hungry. It was not as if she … like all the other children. 6. Here, take some change so that you …. 7. I did not like the arrangement that they … instead of a sit down meal. 8. She felt no fear that/lest the children … instead of the regular school – lunch. 9. Isn’t it time we all …? 10. She won’t be pleased that you … with the money she gave you.

c) to do the washing up

1. Mother insisted that we ….2. The arrangement was that each Sunday we …. 3. He behaved as if he … all his life. 4. There’s not so much as a single cup in the sink. It looks as somebody …. 5. I don’t see why you should interfere, it’s not as if you …. 6. She put on a kind of striped pinafore over her party dress so that …. 7. The party was over and she had only one wish that somebody …. 8. It was necessary that Mary …. 9. Looking at the pile of dirty dishes in the sink she wished she … before going out. 10. She feared that/lest her mother – in – law … and should complain about it for days.

Find mistakes if any.

1. She was angry with him; otherwise she wouldn’t say such offending words.

2. I would came at once if you were really ill.

3. Even if her things were packed, she couldn’t have been in time for the train.

4. But for Dick’s bad manners he wouldn’t have produced an unfavourable impression.

5. I need his help. Oh, that he had come soon.

6. Have a talk with a lawyer. He will help you. In your place I would’ve consulted him.

7. I’m so much obliged to your father. If it hadn’t been he I’d never had caught up with the group.

8. Oh, if they had offer an extra ticket!

9. Did he stay in bed? – Yes, he did. And what if he didn’t? – He wouldn’t have had complications now.

10. It’s high time her ring me up.

11. Mary brought her little son to the picnic but I wish she didn’t.

12. I’d rather you hadn’t scold me.

13. It was such a nice pair of shoes. Oh, if I had money with me!

14. I wish there were more bananas here. Could you go and buy some?

15. You’d better not to wait here.

16. If it hadn’t been the darkness, he wouldn’t have stumbled.

17. It looks as if he had worked for the whole day and is too tired now.

18. It was high time she had known his telephone number.

19. Did Jim learn to play a musical instrument? – No, but I wish he did.

Correct mistakes if any.

1. If I was you I will done it at once.

2. Oh, if I did know it yesterday.

3. I had to help her; otherwise she wouldn’t be able to went upstairs.

4. She has better learned this poem for the next lesson.

5. It’s time that we could met him at the station,

6. She will speak to you as though she know nothing.

7. No matter how old you would be, you will always look great.

8. That girl look as if she is ten years old.

9. If he wouldn’t left her alone, she wouldn’t be taken to hospital.

10. Sam ordered than John will come.

11. But for the wind the weather were nice.

12. John look as if he is offended.

13. We feared lest our friends were late.

14. I wished I knew that before I got involved.

15. She much rather you have stayed.

16. Do it at once lest she will change her mind.

17. I’m astonished that she should has say so.

18. Her only fear is lest there is something wrong with the child health.

19. I’m afraid lest it will be too late.

20. He was pleased that she liked his book.

THE VERBALS

THE VERBIDS

The verb has finite and non-finite forms (verbals/ verbids). The verbals, unlike the finite forms of the verb, do not express person, number or mood. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence.

Like the finite forms of the verb the verbals have tense and voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ greatly from those of the finite verb.

There are 3 verbals in English: the participle, the gerund and the infinitive.

In Ukrainian we also have three non-finite forms of the verb but they do not fully coincide with those in the English language (дієприкметник, дієприслівник, інфінитив).

The Simple Verbal Predicate

The simple verbal predicate is expressed by a notional verb in one of its finite forms in:

the Tense – Present, Past or Future;

Aspect – Common (Non-Continuous) or Continuous;

Correlation – Non-Perfect or Perfect;

Voice – Active or Passive;

Mood – Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive I, Subjunctive II, Conditional or Suppositional.

The infinitive functions as part of a simple verbal predicate in analytical forms:

The day will be bright and sunny. Do you intend to come back? We didn’t find anybody in the house.Will it have been finished by Monday?

To have

to let + bare Inf.

To bid

Here we find the Objective Infinitive Construction only if the object is expressed by a noun denoting a lifeless thing or when the infinitive is passive. This restriction does not apply to the verbs to suffer, to have.

Mr. Merdle ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning.

She … had never allowed the name of John Gordon to pass her lips.

He ordered the room to be aired.

The doctor ordered the patient to be ready for the operation. = to be prepared (by the nurse)

The teacher asked the books to be brought.

s uffer + Obj. Inf. C = неохоче дозволити, дозволити (з важким серцем)

not suffer + Obj. Inf. C = не допустити

not have + Obj. Inf. C =не допустити

Mr. Dombey suffered Florence to play with Paul.

She suffered Mr. Franklin to lead her back into the room.

Miss Jemima could not suffer Becky to leave the Academy without a present.

#I won’t have you speak like it, dear Tess.

7. After verbs denoting compulsion

to make + bare inf. примусити

to cause примусити, віддати розпорядження

to get – добитися

to have + bare inf. примусити,веліти, щоб

to induceзмусити

to force - примусити

to urge – примусити, спонукати, переконувати.

Light steps in the gravel made him turn his head.

The noise caused her to awake.

She caused a telegram to be sent to him.

I cannot get her to finish her lessons.

Mr. Dalrymple had the dragman bring in the soap.

We urged him to take steps.

I wish I could bring you to see my point.

I cannot bring myself to believe.

The teacher had the pupil fetch some chalk.

8. After certain verbs requiring a prepositional object: t o count (up)on, to rely (up)on, to look for, to listen to, to wait for: I rely on you to come in time. Can’t I count upon you to help me?

The gerund, however, is also possible here, e.g.: I rely on your coming in lime.

After the verb to listen to the Infinitive is used without the particle “to”.

He was listening attentively to the chairman speak.

 

 

The For – to – Infinitive Construction

 

In the for – to – infinitive construction the infinitive (usually an infinitival phrase) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case introduced by the preposition “for”.

The construction is used where the doer of the action (or the hearer of the state), expressed by the infinitive, is different from that of the finite verb (the predicate).

 

The doer of the action of the finite verb and of the infinitive is the same.   The doer of the action of the finite verb and of the infinitive is not the same.
We are sorry to leave the seaside so soon. We are sorry for you to leave the seaside very soon.
I have closed the window not to catch cold. I have closed the window for her not to catch cold.
He longed to see the truth. He longed for me to see the truth.
All I want is to get out of here for good. All I want is for Jack to get out of here for good.

In translating this construction into Ukrainian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used:

He longed for me to see the truth.

Він дуже хотів, щоб я дізнався правди.

The construction can have different functions in the sentence. It can be:

1. Complex subject (often introduced by the introductory “it”): For me to hear him was disturbing. It was difficult for him to do anything else.

Exceptions:

The for-to-infinitive construction cannot be used after:

nice

kind

It’s sensible of somebody to do something з вашого боку …

silly

stupid

It’s nice of you to help him. – Мило з вашого боку, що ви допомогли йому.

2. Complex predicative. In this function the construction is usually used with the link-verb “to be”: That was for him to find out. What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.

3. Complex object. The construction functions as object of both verbs and adjectives:

a) She watched for the door to open. He asked for the papers to be brought.

b) His family were anxious for him to do something. I’m so glad for you to have come at last.

Complex object may also be introduced by the formal “it”: I think it necessary for you to take a taxi. I believe it best for you to stay here. Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell the truth.

4. Complex attribute: There was no need for him to be economical. There’s nobody here for me to play with. Where is there for me to go?

5. Complex adverbial modifier of purpose: She paused for him to continue. He stepped aside for me to pass.

6. Complex adverbial modifier of result/consequence:

easy

too old for somebody to do something

young

 

easy

old enough for somebody to do something

young

He spoke loud enough for her to hear.

The wall was too high for anything to be visible.

Exercises:

1. Insert the infinitive with the particle “to” before it where necessary:

1. She began (to talk) of Moscow. 2. I don’t want them (to think) you in the wrong. 3. It was a command from her mother, and there was nothing for her (to do) but (to obey) it. 4. You must (to take) care not (to offend) her. 5. I’d rather not (to go) home that way. 6. “I think we’d better (to go) and (to get) dry,” he said. 7. I stood by the door and watched him (to take) the drinks over to Wells. 8. “Do you want (to write)?” – “Of course.” – “Then why not (to write) it?” 9. It heartened Mary (to hear) him (to speak) so lightly. 10. How dare you (to interfere) with my private concerns? No, don’t speak. Don’t try (to excuse) yourself. 11. Liza felt herself (to grow) red to the tips of her toes. 12. I had not seen Jimmie (to lose) his temper before. 13. Mrs. Carey rose (to help) her (to lay) the cloth. 14. Why not (to make) him a doctor like his father? 15. He would never cease (to regret) his lost opportunities. 16. I want (to begin) (to earn) my corn. 17. I used (to spend) a lot of time in Robinson’s rooms. 18. He never let himself (to b



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