Complete the following, using the correct form of a verbal (Gerund, Participle or Infinitive).

Dora got into the train. It was now very full indeed and people were sitting four a side. Before (sit down) she inspected herself quickly in the mirror. She looked good in spite of (not sleep). She turned towards her seat. A large elderly lady moved a little (make room). (It was a devilish hot day.) She thought that she was lucky (have a seat) and with a certain satisfaction watched the corridor (fill) with people who had no seats.

Another elderly lady, (make one’s way) through the crowd reached the door of Dora’s carriage and addressed her neighbour, “Ah, there you are, dear, I thought you were nearer the front.” They looked at each other rather sadly. The (stand) lady had her feet (catch) in the luggage. They began a conversation about how they had never seen the train so full.

Dora stopped (listen), (strike) by a terrible thought. She ought to give up her seat. She refused to believe the thought but it came back. There was no doubt about it. The elderly lady who was standing looked very weak indeed, and it was only proper that Dora, who was young and healthy, should give her seat to the lady who could then sit next to her friend. Dora felt the blood (rush) to her face. She sat still (think over) the matter. There was no point in (be hasty). It was possible of course that while clearly (understand) that she ought to give up her seat she might nevertheless simply not do so out of pure selfishness. On the other side of the (stand) lady a man was sitting. He was reading his newspaper and didn’t seem (think) about his duty. There was another aspect to the matter. She had taken the trouble of (arrive) early, and surely ought (reward) for this. Though perhaps the two ladies had arrived as early as they could? There was no (know). But in any case there was an elementary justice in the first comers (have) their seats. She thought of her state of mind as neurotic. She decided not to give up her seat.

She got up and said to the lady ”Do sit down here, please. I’m not going far, and I’d much rather (stand)”

“How very kind of you!” said the lady. “Now I can seat next to my friend. I have a seat of my own further down, you know. Perhaps we can just exchange seats? Do let me (help) you (move) your luggage.” The train began (move).

On (reach) the other carriage Dora at once saw an empty corner seat by the window. The elderly lady departed and Dora settled down.

(From “The Bell” by Iris Murdoch, adapted)

Finish each of the following sentences so that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the one printed before it.

1 They thought she was the best candidate for the job.

She was felt…………………………………………………………………………

2 The fact that he had been to prison counted against him.

His……………………………………………………………………………………

3 The gardener will water the plants while I am away.

I’ve arranged for……………………………………………………………………..

4 They didn’t think that he was intending to stay long.

He……………………………………………………………………………………

5 He wished that the holidays would arrive.

He longed…………………………………………………………………………….

6 Her advice was that I should be more careful.

She…………………………………………………………………………………

7 They now believe that the cause of the problem was lack of communication.

Lack of communication……………………………………………………………...

8 It’s inconceivable that he would consent to do such a thing.

His……………………………………………………………………………………

Multiple Choice

1. Paula has given up (smoke).

a) to smoke

b) smoking

c) having smoked

d) smoke

2. I promised (come) in time.

a) to come

b) having come

c) come

d) to be coming

3. I saw him yesterday. He seems (lose) weight.

a) losing

b) to have lost

c) to lose

d) to have been losing

4. Let me (carry) your bag.

a) to carry

b) carrying

c) carry

d) having carried

5. I don’t enjoy (dance) very much.

a) to dance

b) dance

c) dancing

d) having danced

6. It was so funny. I couldn’t help (laugh).

a) laughing

b) laugh

c) to laugh

d) being laughed

7. Would you mind (close) the door, please?

a) close

b) closing

c) to close

d) closed

8. I’d prefer (get) a taxi.

a) getting

b) get

c) to get

d) having got

9. He is very good at (learn) languages.

a) to learn

b) learn

c) being learnt

d) learning

10. Nick is used to (live) alone.

a) live

b) having lived

c) to be living

d) living

11. John insisted on (pay) for the meal.

a) to pay

b) having paid

c) paying

d) being paid

12. It’s no use (worry) about it.

a) worrying

b) to worry

c) to have worried

d) worry

13. I had difficulty (get) a permission.

a) to get

b) having got

c) got

d) getting

14. Let’s go to the pool (have) a swim.

a) to have

b) having

c) had

d) having had

15. Tom was surprised (see) you last week.

a) seeing

b) to see

c) having seen

d) see

16. I prevented them from (make) the same mistake.

a) make

b) to make

c) having made

d) making

17. Did you notice anyone (go out)?

a) to go out

b) go out

c) going out

d) to have gone out

18. (Finish) her work, she came home.

a) finished

b) having finished

c) to finish

d) to have finished

19. She denied (go) there.

a) to go

b) to have gone

c) to have been going

d) going

20. He pretended (listen) attentively.

a) to listen

b) listening

c) to be listening

d) having listened

21. Do you know how (get) to Nick’s house?

a) getting

b) get

c) having got

d) to get

22. Ann was made (open) her suitcase.

a) open

b) opening

c) having opened

d) to open

23. I remember (lock) the door.

a) locking

b) to lock

c) having locked

d) to be locking

24. – The car won’t start.

– Try (turn) the key.

a) to turn

b) turning

c) to be turning

d) turn

25. The coat is dirty. It needs (clean).

a) to clean

b) to have been cleaned

c) cleaning

d) cleaned

26. I wouldn’t like (be) a dentist.

a) be

b) being

c) to be

d) to have been

27. I bought a new car instead of (fly) to Africa.

a) to fly

b) fly

c) having flown

d) flying

28. I’m looking forward to (see) you again.

a) to see

b) to have seen

c) seeing

d) seen

29. He doesn’t approve of (drink) hot beverages.

a) to drink

b) to be drinking

c) drinking

d) having drunk

30. She was busy (work) in the garden.

a) working

b) to work

c) to be working

d) having worked

Literature

1. Allsop J. Student’s English Grammar. – New York, 1992.

2. Chalker S. Current English Grammar. – London, 1990.

3. Close R. A Reference Grammar for Students of English – Longman, 1975.

4. Ganshina M. and Vasilevskaya N. An English Grammar. – M., 1954.

5. Єфімов Л. П. До перекладу синтаксичних конструкцій сучасної української мови англійською з використанням форм умовного способу. – Горлівка, 1997.

6. Зыкова О. А. и др. Английский язик для студентов языковых вузов. – Киев, 2002.

7. Kaushanskaya V. L. An English Grammar. – M., 2000.

8. Kobrina N. A. et al. An English Grammar. Morphology. – St. Petersburg, 2000.

9. Krylova I. P., Gordon E. M. A Grammar of Present –day English: Practical Course. – M., 1999.

10. Крылова И. П. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка. – М., 1978.

11. Крутиков Ю. А. и др. Упражнения по грамматике современного английского языка. – М., 1971

12. Natanzon E. A. Practical English Grammar by Correspondence. – M., 1973

13. Swan M. Practical English Usage. – Oxford, 1980.

14. Swan M., Walter C. How English Works. – Oxford, 1997.

15. Терентьев П. В. Косвенные наклонения в современном английском языке. – Горловка, 1996.

16. Туголукова Г. И, Голубева Л. К. и др. Неличные формы глагола. Практикум по грамматике английского языка. – М., 2004.

16. Vince M. et al. Advanced Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary. – Oxford, 2003.

17. Шевцова С. В. и др. Учебник английского языка для II курса. – М., 1984.

18. Черноватий Л. М. та ін. Практична граматика англійської мови з вправами. – Вінниця, 2005.

19. Ягодникова О.Г., Дрига Л.П., Шамрай Л.А., Батурина Е.А. Грамматика английского глагола в таблицах. Неличные формы глагола в таблицах. – К., 1989.

 

 

[1] If the principal clause expresses possibility (It is probable, possible, likely) may(might) + infinitive is used, e. g.: It is likely the weather may change. It is possible the key may be lost.

In negative and interrogative sentences, however, should + infinitive is used, e. g,: It is not possible that he should have guessed it. Is it possible that he should refuse to come?

[2] If a phrase denoting fear is followed by an object clause introduced by the conjunction “that” or asyndetically, a modal phrase is used in the subordinate clause may/might/can/could + infinitive. The choice of may/can or might/could depends on the tense of the verb in the main clause, e. g.: They trembled (that) they might/could be discovered. She is uneasy (that) the timetable can/may have been changed because of the professor’s illness.

[3] After the conjunctions that, so that, in order that, so the modal phrases are used may/might/can/could + infinitive, e. g.: I tell you this so that you may/can understand the situation. She left the lamp on the window – sill so that he could/might see it from afar.

[4] Conditional clauses of this type are sometimes joined to the main clause asyndetically, by means of inversion, e. g.: Should he ask for references, tell him to apply to me. Should anything change, you will return home.

[5] Л. М. Черноватий, В. І. Карабан, І. Ю. Набокова, В. О. Дмитренко, О. В. Ребрій, С. Г. Мащенко. Практична граматика англійської мови з вправами. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2005.

[6] To make the sentence more emphatic you can use the modal verb would + infinitive after an expression of wish but only if the subjects in both clauses are different and if the wish refers to the present and the future.

E. g. I wish you would go there at once. I wish you would not interfere. Such wishes are emotional but not very hopeful.

[7] The modal verbs can, may, will are freely used in the Subjunctive II Mood to express unreality in conditional, object and concessional clauses, e. g.: If she would help us, we would sooner be free. I wish I could have translated this article without a dictionary. Even though he might be tired, we should continue our work.

[8] The actions in the main and subordinate clauses may have different time – reference, if the sense of the clauses requires it. Sentences of this kind are said to have split condition. The unreal condition may refer to the past and the consequence - to the present or future, e. g.: If we hadn’t been such fools, we should all still be together. How much better I could write now if in my youth I had had the advantage of sensible advice!(patternIII)

The condition may refer to no particular time, and the consequence may refer to the past. She wouldn’t have told me her story if she disliked me. John wouldn’t have lost the key unless he were so absent – minded. (pattern IV)

[9] Adverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were and could are often introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion, e. g.: Were I Prime – minister, I should spend more money on education. Had he got a message, he would have letus know. Mary would indeed have been very grateful to Miss Dunstable, could she have known all that lady did for her.