TEXT 22. Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned directly inside the engine itself. Most automobile engines work on a 4-stroke cycle. A cycle is one complete sequence of 4 strokes of the piston in the cylinder. The operating cycle of the four-stroke petrol engine includes: inlet stroke (intake valve opens), compression stroke (both valves closed), power stroke (both valves closed), exhaust stroke (exhaust valve is opened). To describe the complete cycle, let's assume that the piston is at the top of the stroke (top dead center) and the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed. When the piston moves down the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder. This is called the inlet (intake) stroke. On reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the piston begins to move upward into the closed upper part on the cylinder, (he inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed by the rising piston. This is called the compression stroke. As the piston again reaches the top dead center the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves being closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the both valves being closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the gases expand and great pressure makes the piston move back down the cylinder. This stroke is called the power stroke. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is released, and the piston again rises. It lets the burnt gas flow through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. This is called the exhaust stroke which completes the cycle. So the piston moves in the cylinder down (intake stroke), up (compression stroke), down (power stroke), up (exhaust stroke). The heat released by the fuel is transformed into work so that the reciprocating movement of the pistons is converted into rotary movement of a crankshaft by means of connecting rods.

1.intake - такт впуска

2.compression — такт сжатия

3. power — рабочий такт

4. exhaust — такт выхлопа

After you read

Questions

1. Why is the engine called the internal combustion engine?

2. What stroke is called the inlet one?

3. What is a compression stroke?

4. What takes place in the cylinder on power stroke?

5. What takes place on the exhaust stroke?

6. By means of what is the reciprocating movement of the pistons converted into rotary movement of a crankshaft?

Tasks

1. Finish the sentences choosing the appropriate form of ending.

1.The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned…

a)outside the engine;

b)inside the engine.

2.On the inlet stroke..............

a)the intake valve opens;

b)the intake valve is closed;

c)the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

3. On the compression stroke..........

a). the intake valve opens;

b).the intake valve is closed;

c).the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

4. On the power stroke......

a).the intake valve opens;

b)the intake valve is closed;

c)the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

5. On the exhaust stroke.........

a).the exhaust valve opens;

b).the intake valve is closed;

c).the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

2. Read the dialogue and play it in pairs.

DIALOGUE А

Tracing a Fault

Nick: Peter, I know you are a good driver. I would like you to have a look at my car.

Peter: What's wrong with your car?

N.: I don't know.

P.: Let me have a look. When did you have your plugs checked?

N.: Three days ago. I thought I had run out of fuel but the tank is half full.

P.: The carburetor is in order but the engine is misfiring. I guess the battery has run down. It needs recharging.

N.: Too bad.

P.: Don't get upset about it. It won't take you long to have your battery recharged.

N.: Do you really think so?

P.: I am sure of it. I advise you to have the engine greased.

N.: I'll follow your advice. Thank you, Peter.

P.: Don't mention it, Nick. I'm very sorry I couldn't help you.

N.: Well, you helped me to find the fault. Thanks a lot. Good-bye.

P.: See you later.

 

3. Translate the Russian sentences into English and play dialogues in pairs.

1. -Не знаю, что случилось с моей машиной.

-Let me trace the fault.

-Пожалуйста. Ты опытный водитель?

-Yes, I am. I have been driving а саг for fifteen years now. May be you have

run out of fuel?

-Бак почти полный.

-When did you have your plugs checked?

-Вчера. Карбюратор тоже в порядке.

-В таком случае давай поедем до ближайшей ремонтной станции.

-Good idea. They will have the car fixed.

2.- Когда тебе починили машину?

-Last month. The engine is in good condition now. It was well greased.

-Хорошо. Мне тоже надо чинить машину. Ослабли тормоза (The brakes

are slack.) Аккумулятор разрядился (The battery has run down.)

-It can be easily done.

-Я рад это слышать.

3.- Какую машину ты хочешь купить?

-I want a second-hand car. Could you help me?

-С большим удовольствием.

-I hear there are good cars on sale 42nd Street.

-Я знаю этот магазин. Давай поедем туда.

-Good idea. If I choose a car there, I won't have to bother any more.

-Совершенно верно.

4. Read the dialogue and speak what it is all about.

DIALOGUE В

At the Repairing Shop

Client: Good afternoon! Can you help me? There is something wrong with

the engine.

Master: Hi! What is wrong with it?

С.: I don't know. It wouldn't start. Maybe the pistons and valves are in disorder.

M.: Let's have a look! Well, they are quite right.

C.: And what about the crankshaft, or electric spark plugs. I know absolutely nothing about the operating cycle of the engine. Just a moment. Don't worry! We shall check up all units and how they work together.

Some time later

M.: My God! There is no petrol in the tank. How can you move drive?

C.: Really? Oh, I have forgotten to fill in the tank! I beg your pardon to

trouble you!

M.: No trouble, at all. You are welcome!

 

5. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Двигатель внутреннего сгорания так назван потому, что топливо сгорает непосредственно в двигателе.

2. Цикл – это одна полная последовательность четырех ударов поршня в цилиндре.

3. Операционный цикл включает в себя: такт впуска, ход сжатия, рабочий ход и такт выпуска.

4. Когда поршень опускается, впускной клапан открывается, чтобы впустить заряд топлива в цилиндр.

 

Before you start

Work in groups and discuss the questions.

1. What is chassis?

2. What is it used for?

 

TEXT 23. Chassis

Part I

The main units of the chassis are: the power transmission, the running gear and the steering mechanism. The power transmission includes the whole mechanism between the engine and the rear wheels. This entire mechanism consists of the clutch, gearbox, propeller (cardan) shaft, rear axle, final drive and differential and axle shafts. At the front end of the car is the engine. On the back of it is the flywheel. Behind the flywheel is the clutch. The clutch is a friction device connecting the engine with the gears of the gearbox. The main function of the gearbox is to change the speed of the car. The power is always transmitted by the cardan shaft to the live back axle. The final drive reduces the high speed of the engine to the low speed of the driving wheels. The differential enables the driving wheels to turn at different speeds which is necessary when turning the car. The foundation of the automobile is the frame to which different chassis units are attached. The rear axle is capable of moving up and down about the frame. The rear axle is an important part of the transmission. It carries the greater portion of the weight of the car.

The steering mechanism is designed for changing the direction of the car.

The brakes are used for stopping the car, for decreasing its speed and for holding the car position.

 

After you read

Questions

1.What main units does the chassis consist of?

2.Where is the engine located?

3.Where is the flywheel fixed?

4.Where is the clutch placed?

5.What is the gearbox designed for?

6.By what shaft is the power transmitted to the back axle?

7.What does the rear axle do?

8. What is the function of the differential?

9. What purpose is the steering system designed for?

10. What is the function of the brakes?

 

Tasks

1. Translate sentences into Russian, pay attention to Complex Subject.

1.Transmission, running gear and steering mechanism are known to be the main units of the chassis.

2.The clutch is known to connect the engine with the driving wheels of the car.

3.The gearbox is known to change the speed of the car.

4.The steering mechanism is known to change the direction of the car.

5.Brakes are considered to be one of the most important mechanisms of the car.

2. Match the words from the left column with their meanings on the right.

1.differential	a)mechanism used to increase the speed of the car
2.steering wheel	b)wheel used to turn the direction of the car
3.clutch	c)mechanism used to transmit power to the back axle
4.rear axle	d)instrument used to measure the speed of the car
5.steering system	e)mechanism that slows or stops the car
6.speedometer	f)mechanism used to guide the car
7.brakes	g)mechanism used to engage or disengage the engine with gearbox
8.gearbox	h)mechanism used to carry the greater portion of the car weight
9.cardan shaft	i)mechanism used to turn the wheels at different speeds

3. Read the dialogue and play it in pairs.

DIALOGUE

Transmission Mechanism

Teacher: Let's speak about the transmission mechanism. What main units does the transmission include?

Student: The transmission is the entire mechanism between the engine and the rear wheels. It includes the clutch, gearbox, cardan shaft, rear axle, final drive and differential.

T.: What does the clutch connect?

S.: The clutch connects the engine with the gearbox.

T.: And what does the gearbox do?

S.: The gearbox changes the speed of the car.

T.: What does the differential enable?

S.: The differential enables the driving wheels to move at different speeds when turning the car.

T.: For what purpose is the steering system used?

S.: The steering system is used for changing the direction of the car movement.

T.: And what is the function of the brakes?

S.: Brakes are used to slow or stop the car.

T.: That's right. You know the subject very well.

 

4. Translate the text into Russian using the dictionary.

Basic Troubles of Transmission Mechanism

The transmission of the engine torque to the driving wheels of the mitomobile must be smooth. There should be no vibration in the op- c ration of transmission mechanism within the range of travelling speeds. The indications of malfunctions in the transmission mechanism components are as follows:

1.incomplete disengagement of the clutch;

2.difficult engagement or self-demeshing of gears;

3.run out and vibration of the cardan-drive shaft.

What to do in these cases:

1.Check the free travel of the clutch pedal and adjust it.

2.Check the oil level in the gearbox housing and wash breather channel.

3.Check to see that all the fastening bolts are securely tightened and that

the trunnion crosses fit properly the bearings, and the bearings, in turn,

the universal-joint forks.

 

5. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Основными узлами шасси являются: трансмиссия, ходовая часть и рулевой механизм.

2) Радиатор расположен в передней части автомобиля.

3) Маховик крепится на задней части двигателя.

4) Сцепление соединяет двигатель с коробкой передач.

5) Коробка передач предназначена для изменения скорости движения автомобиля.

6) Усилие передается карданным валом.

7) Главная передача снижает высокие обороты двигателя до невысоких оборотов ведущих колес.

8) Дифференциал позволяет ведущим колесам вращаться с разной скоростью при повороте автомобиля.

9) Рулевой механизм предназначен для изменения направления движения автомобиля.

10) Тормоза используются для остановки или снижения скорости автомобиля.

 

Part II

Steering system

То guide the car, it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels so that the car can be pointed in the direction the driver wants to go. The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for this purpose. The front wheels are on pivots so they can be swung to the left or right. They are attached by steering knuckle arms to the rods. The tie-rods are, in turn, attached (o (he pitman arm. When the steering wheel is turned, gearing in the steering gear assembly causes the pitman arm to turn to the left or right. This

movement is carried by the tie-rods to the steering knucle arms, and wheels, musing them to turn to the left or right.

The steering system incorporates: the steering wheel and column, steering gear, pitman arm, steering knuckle arm, front axle, steering knuckle pivot, tie-rods.

There are several different manual steering gears in current use, such as the rack and pinion type and the recirculating ball type. The rack and pinion steering gear is widely used. Another manual steering gear which is popular in imported cars is the worm and sector type. The steering wheel and column are the source of injury to the driver, air bags and other devices being developed now to save the life of a driver. Energy-absorbing columns must stop the steering wheel and column from being pushed to the rear as the front of the car is crushed in an impact.

Energy-absorbing columns must also provide the driver with a tolerable impact as he moves forward and strikes the wheel with his chest.

1.steering wheel – рулевое колесо

2.steering column, steering mast— рулевая колонка

3.sleering gear – рулевой механизм

4. sleering arm, steering lever,(steering) pitman arm — рулевая сошка

5.steering knuckle — поворотная цапфа, поворотный кулак

6. sleering knuckle lever, steering knuckle arm — рычаг поворотного кулака

7. single tie-rod – неразрезная поперечная рулевая тяга

8. steering knuckle lever, steering knuckle arm — рычаг поворотного кулака

9. drag link, steering gear connecting rod, steering drag rod — продольная рулевая тяга

After you read

Questions

1.What mechanism is necessary to guide the car?

2.How is the steering wheel connected to the front wheels?

3.Why can the front wheels be swung to the left or to the right?

4.What does the manual steering system incorporate?

5.What types of manual steering gears in use do you know?

Tasks

1. Translate into Russian, pay attention to gerund.

1.То guide the car it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels.

2.The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for turning the car in the direction the driver wants to go.

3.Without using the steering system the car moves only in the direct position.

4.Manufacturers can use rack and pinion type steering gear without choosing another type because "rack and pinion" type steering is very dependable.

5.Energy-absorbing columns must stop the steering wheel from being pushed to the rear when the front of the car is damaged in an impact.

2. Translate the text without using a dictionary.

То turn the car you must have some means of turning the front wheels. For this purpose the steering wheel and steering column are linked to the front wheels. The front wheels are on pivots and can be swung to the left or to the right. When the driver turns the steering wheel and column the front wheels (being on pivots) attached by the steering knuckle arms to the lie rods are also turned.

3. Translate the text, using a dictionary.

 

Troubles of Steering Gear Components

Steering gear and linkage may have the following basic troubles:

excessive steering-wheel free play, bending of steering rod, oil leakage from the steering-gear case, disadjustment of steering gear.

What to do

1.Check the steering-wheel free play and steering gear performance while the car is running.

2.Check the steering-gear case for oil leakage by visual inspection.

3.Adjust the steering gear. Steering gear of the worm and roller type is adjusted by end playing in the steering worm shaft bearings.

 

4. Finish sentences choosing the appropriate form of ending from the right column.

1.The front wheels are on pivots so...	a. by the tie-rods.
2.When the steering wheel is turned...	b. rack and pinion type, recirculating ball type, warm and sector type.
3.The steering wheel is linked.	c. gearing in the steering system causes the pitman arm to turn.
4.Most manufacturers use...	d. rack and pinion type.
5.Steering gear may be...	e. they can be swung to the left or right.
6.Steering knuckle arms and wheels are turned...	f. by gears and levers to the front wheels.

 

5. Read the dialogue and make tasks given below.

DIALOGUE

Stas: Look here. I have some troubles with the steering system.

Vlad: What troubles?

S.: The first is excessive free play of the steering wheel.

V.: You should check free play of the steering wheel and steering gear performance.

S.: The second problem is oil leakage from the steering gear case.

V.: Check the steering gear case for oil leakage visually. Anything else?

S.: Sure. It is disadjustment of the steering gear. And I don't know what to do.

V.: You see, in this case it is better for you to go to a repairing shop.

Good specialists should do this job.

S.: Thank you very much.

V.: Not at all.

Notes:

look here — послушай;

troubles — неисправности, неполадки;

excessive free play — чрезмерный свободный ход;

check — проверять;

performance — работа, характеристики;

steering gear case — картер коробки передач,

anything else — что еще

in this case — в этом случае.

 

6. Play the dialogue in pairs.

 

7. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Для управления автомобилем необходима система рулевого управления.

2.Рулевое управление включает в себя: рулевое колесо и рулевую колонку, зубчатое соединение, рулевую сошку, рычаги поворотного кулака и шарнирные соединения, рычаги и поперечные тяги.

3.Существуют различные типы рулевых механизмов, а именно: реечно-шестеренчатый тип, механизм с шаровой гайкой, механизм с червяком и сектором.

4.Когда водитель поворачивает руль влево или вправо, то рулевой механизм заставляет рулевую сошку поворачиваться влево или вправо. Это движение передается поперечными тягами к рычагам поворотных кулаков и к колесам, заставляя их поворачиваться влево или вправо.

 

Part III

Brakes

Brakes are used to slow or stop the car where it is necessary. It is one of the most important mechanisms of the car as upon its proper performance the safety of passengers depends. Car brakes can be divided into two types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes. The drum type may be either a band brake or a shoe brake. Depending on their functions, the automobile has foot brakes and hand brakes (parking brakes). According to their mode of operation, the brakes are classified as: mechanical brakes, hydraulic brakes, airbrakes, electric brakes. Brakes are controlled by the brake pedal. Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. This system consists of a master cylinder mounted on the car frame and wheel cylinders. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, it forces the piston to move in the master cylinder and brake fluid is delivered from 11 to the wheel cylinders. The piston movement causes brake shoes to move and the brakes are applied (the brake shoes are pressed against the brake drums). The air brake uses compressed air to apply the braking force to the brake shoes. Electric brakes use electromagnets to provide the braking effort against the brake shoes. Formerly brakes were applied only to the two rear wheels, but now all cars are equipped with all-wheels brakes. Today many improvements are being made in brakes.

 

After you read

Questions

1. What is the function of the brakes?

2. What types are brakes divided into?

3. What brakes do you know according to their mode of operation?

4. What braking systems are used today?

5. By what are brakes controlled?

6. When are brakes applied?

Tasks

1. Find English equivalents of following Russian terms in the text and write them down.

Тормоза, безопасность пассажиров зависит от правильной работы тормозов, барабанные тормоза, дисковые тормоза, тормоза с усилителем, гидравлический привод тормозов, жидкость под давлением, тормоза срабатывают, тормозное усилие, нажать на тормозную педаль.

2. Match the words from the left column with their Russian meanings on the right.

1.performance	a. зависеть от
2.the safety of passengers	b. барабанные тормоза
3.to depend upon	c. тормоза срабатывают
4.namely	d. тормоза с гидравлическим приводом
5.drum brakes	e. работа (действие)
6.disc brakes	f. именно
7.brakes are applied	g. тормоза с усилителем
8.hydraulic assisted brakes	h. под давлением
9.power assisted brakes	I. нажать на тормозную педаль
10.to press down on the brake	j. дисковые тормоза
11.under pressure	k. безопасность пассажиров

3. Match the sentence from the left column with the ending on the right.

Подберите из правой колонки соответствующее окончание для предложений из левой колонки.

1.Brakes are used for... a. disc brakes and drum brakes

2.Brakes are one of... b. the driver pushes down on the pedal

3. Вrakes may be of 2 types:... c. the brake pedal

4. Brakes are applied by d. stopping the car

5. Brakes are applied when e. the most important mechanism of the car

4. Read the dialogue and make tasks given below.

DIALOGUE

Alex: Why are brakes used?

Boris: They are used to stop or to slow the car.

A.: Well, it is one of the most important mechanisms of the car, isn't it?

B.:Of course, the safety of the passengers depends upon their proper performance.

A.:What types of brakes are used today?

B.:Drum brakes, disk brakes and others.

A.:And in what way are they applied?

B.:They are applied by the brake pedal. When the driver pushes down on the pedal they are applied.

A.:Thank you. It was very nice of you to tell me this information.

B.:Don't mention it. I was glad to serve you.

5. Speak in English what it is all about in the dialogue.

6. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Troubles in Braking System

The basic troubles of the braking system are as follows:

1. poor braking action;

2. sticking brake shoes which would not return to the initial position after a brake pedal is released;

3. non-uniform braking of the left and the right wheels on a common axle;

4. leakage of brake fluid and air leakage in the hydraulic brake;

5. poor air tightness of the pneumatic brake control.

What to do:

1. Check the action of the foot and hand brakes and leak proofness of the brake hoses connections, components of the hydraulic and pneumatic controls of the brakes, as well as of the vacuum- power system.

2. Inspect the friction linings, wheel-brake springs, master and wheel cylinders of the hydraulic brake and the air compressor of the pneumatic brake using a test manometer to check it.

7. Translate sentences into English.

1.Тормоза используются для замедления движения или остановки

автомобиля.

2.В зависимости от привода тормоза классифицируют на механические, гидравлические, пневматические и электрические.

3.Тормоза управляются тормозной педалью.

4. Тормоза срабатывают, когда водитель нажимает на тормозную педаль (тормозные колодки прижимаются к тормозным барабанам).

5.В пневматических тормозах для создания тормозного усилия используется сжатый воздух.

6.В электрических тормозах для создания тормозного усилия используется электромагнит.

7.В современных автомобилях используются тормоза с приводом на все колеса

 

Before you start

Work in groups and discuss the question.

1. What can a computer do in a private car?

TEXT 24. Using a computer

Ever since the car was first invented, a breaker point ignition has been used to transform battery voltage into 20,000 volts to fire the spark plugs. With government intervention and regulation, more advanced system was needed. This system had to meet emission control levels, gas mileage, and provide a smooth and continuous operation. The answer was found in an on-board computer system.

The computer mounted on modern cars has two components. One is the hardware and the other is the software. The computer hardware on an automobile uses a Central Processing Unit (CPU), which, when made in an integrated circuit, is referred I о as a microprocessor. The integrated circuit (IС) combines transistors, diodes, and capacitors, which are placed on a tiny chip of semiconductor material that is smaller and thinner that an eraser on a pencil. The material used most of the time is silicon. Silicon, like any semiconductor, does not conduct electricity until voltage, a magnetic field, heat, or light is directed to the semiconductor. A program instructs the microprocessor what to do. The computer software on a car carries a program. The program tells the computer what to do, and when to do it in a specific sequence. The program is stored in a permanent memory, which is referred to as Read Only Memory (ROM).The computer knows only what is placed in its memory. There is another variation, which is called the Programmable

Read Only Memory (PROM), which can be readily, removed and replaced, while the ROM cannot. This makes it less expensive if the memory becomes defective. Only the PROM has to be replaced, not the entire microprocessor. The microprocessor contains a ROM (or PROM) and a RAM. RAM stands for Randon Access Memory, which can be accessed without going through a specific sequence. The technician interfaces with the RAM whenever trouble codes are accessed. Not all computerized ignition systems have trouble codes, however. Some computers have the ability to learn. This is referred to as an adaptive memory. When a value falls outside of a specified limit, due to engine wear, the adaptive memory makes a slight adjustment in the program to compensate. The car must be driven from 20 to 30 miles, as it takes the computer this long to learn. Any time that power is disconnected from the computer, it will have to relearn everything.

 

After you read

Questions

1.How many components has the computer on modern cars? What are they?

2.How do we call the computer hardware on the automobile?

3.What does an integrated circuit combine?

4.What material is used in the integrated circuit? Why?

5.What does the computer software do?

6.Why is the computer used on board the car?

7.What does the program tell to the computer?

8.Where is the program stored?

9.What is ROM?

10.What is PROM?

11.What is RAM?

 

Tasks

1. Read the dialogue and make tasks given below.

DIALOGUE

Anton: What is the purpose of using computers on board the car?

Vlad: You see. As I know computer is used to advance the engine operation as well as the performance of other units.

A.: What components does the on-board computer consist of?

V.: It consists of two components. One is the hardware and the other is the software.

A.: What is hardware?

V.: The computer hardware uses a Central Processing Unit (CPU) which is referred to as a microprocessor.

A.: What is software?

V.: The computer software on a car carries a program. The program tells the computer what to do and when to do it.

A.: And where is the program stored?

V.: It is stored in a permanent memory which is called Read Only Memory (ROM).

A.: And what is Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)? What is the difference between ROM and PROM?

V.: In case the memory becomes defective PROM can be readily removed and replaced, while ROM cannot.

A.: And what is RAM?

V.: RAM is Random Access Memory (main memory), which can be accessed without going through a specific sequence. The technician interfaces with RAM whenever trouble codes are accessed.

A.: Thanks a lot for your explanation.

V.: You are welcome. See you later.

A.: Goodbye.

 

2. Play the dialogue in pairs.

 

3. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Многие современные автомобили оборудованы бортовыми компьютерными системами для лучшей работы автомобиля.

2.Программа такого компьютера имеет только два запоминающих устройства: постоянную память (ПЗУ) и оперативную память (ОЗУ).

3.Компьютерная программа сообщает компьютеру, что надо делать и когда необходимо выполнить данное действие в соответствующей последовательности.

4.Программа хранится в постоянной памяти компьютера.

5.Микропроцессор содержит в себе постоянную и оперативную память.

6. Некоторые компьютеры обладают способностью запоминать (заучивать). Это относится к адаптивной памяти.

 

 

Before you start

Work in groups and discuss the question.

1. Can you imagine your life without a computer?