Text 7. The Idea of the Energy-Momentum Method

 

The setting of the energy-momentum method is that of a mechanical system with symmetry with a configuration space Q and phase space T* Q and a symmetry group G acting, with a standard momentum map J: T*Q → g *, where g * is the Lie algebra of G. Of course, one gets the Lie–Poisson case when Q = G.

The rough idea for the energy momentum method is first to formulate the problem directly on the unreduced space. Here, relative equilibria as­sociated with a Lie algebra element ξ are critical points of the augmented Hamiltonian . The idea is now to compute the second vari­ation of H_ξ at a relative equilibrium z_e with momentum value μ_e subject to the constraint J = μ_e and on a space transverse to the action of G _{μ e}, the subgroup of G that leaves μ_e fixed. Although the augmented Hamiltonian plays the role of H + C in the Arnold method, notice that Casimir functions are not required to carry out the calculations.

The surprising thing is that the second variation of H_ξ at the relative equilibrium can be arranged to be block diagonal, using splittings that are based on the mechanical connection, while at the same time, the symplectic structure also has a simple block structure, so that the linearized equations are put into a useful canonical form. Even in the Lie–Poisson setting, this leads to situations in which one gets much simpler second variations. This block diagonal structure is what gives the method its computational power.

The general theory for carrying out this procedure was developed in Simo, Posbergh, and Marsden [1990, 1991] and Simo, Lewis, and Marsden [1991]. An exposition of the method may be found, along with additional references, in Marsden [1992]. It is of interest to extend this to the singular case, which is the subject of ongoing work; see Ortega and Ratiu [1997, 1998] and references therein.

The energy-momentum method may also be usefully formulated in the Lagrangian setting, which is very convenient for the calculations in many examples. The general theory for this was developed in Lewis [1992] and Wang and Krishnaprasad [1992]. This Lagrangian setting is closely related to the general theory of Lagrangian reduction. In this context one reduces variational principles rather than symplectic and Poisson structures, and for the case of reducing the tangent bundle of a Lie group, this leads to the Euler–Poincaré equations rather than the Lie–Poisson equations.

 

Слова к тексту

 

setting	[´setıŋ]	установка, регулирование, настройка, затвердевание
configuration	[kən,fıgjə´reı∫n]	конфигурация
symmetry	[´sımıtrı]	симметрия
momentum (pl momenta)	[məυ´mentəm], [məυ´mentə]	количество движения
map	[mæp]	отображение
rough	[rΛf]	необработанный, приблизительный
formulate	[´fכ:mjυleıt]	формулировать
unreduced	[,Λnrı´dju:st]	нередуцированный, не сокращенный
relative	[´relətıv]	относительный
associate	[ə´səυ∫ıeıt]	ассоциировать
augmented	[כ:g´mentıd]	пополненный, расширенный
Hamiltonian	[,hæmıl´təυnıən]	гамильтониан, функция Гамильтона
compute	[kəm´pju:t]	подсчитывать, считать, вычислять
value	[´vælju:]	значение, величина
subject (to)	[´sΛbdζekt]	подлежащий
constraint	[kən´streınt]	ограничение, условие
transverse	[´trænzvз:s]	поперечный
subgroup	[´sΛbgru:p]	подгруппа
although	[כ:l´ðəυ]	хотя
require	[rı´kwaıə]	требовать
carry out	[´kærı ´aυt]	проводить, выполнять
calculation	[,kælkjυ´leı∫n]	расчет, вычисление
surprising	[sə´praızıŋ]	неожиданный, удивительный
arrange	[ə´reındζ]	размещать, располагать, упорядочивать
block	[blכk]	блок, блочный
splitting	[´splıtıŋ]	расщепление, раскалывание, разложение
base	[beıs]	базировать, основывать
connection	[kə´nek∫n]	связь, соединение
symplectic	[sım´plektık]	симплектический
linearized	[,lınıə´raızd]	линеаризованный
canonical	[kə´nכnıkl]	канонический
computational	[,kכmpju:´teı∫ ə n ə l]	вычислительный
power	[´paυə]	сила
procedure	[prəυ´si:dζə]	процедура
exposition	[,ekspə´zı∫n]	описание, изложение
along with	[ə´lכŋ wıð]	вместе с
additional	[ə´dı∫n ə l]	дополнительный
reference	[´refrəns]	ссылка
extend	[ık´stend]	распространять
singular	[´sıŋgjυlə]	особый
subject	[´sΛbdζekt]	тема, предмет
ongoing	[´כn,gəυıŋ]	текущий, продолжающийся
therein	[,ðeər´ın]	там, в нём и т. д.
usefully	[´ju:sflı]	успешно
convenient	[kən´vi:nıənt]	удобный, подходящий, пригодный
closely	[´kləυslı]	близко, тесно
be related	[´bi: rı´leıtıd]	быть связанным
reduction	[rı´dΛk∫ ə n]	приведение, сокращение, преобразование, редукция
reduce	[rı´dju:s]	преобразовывать, уменьшать, сокращать, редуцировать
variational	[,veərı´eı∫ ə nl]	вариационный
rather	[´r a:ðə]	более вероятно, предпочтительно
tangent	[´tændζənt]	касательный, касательная, тангенс
bundle	[´bΛndl]	связка; расслоение, пучок; расслоенное пространство

 

 

Letters and Sounds