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The Use of Articles with Names of PersonsСодержание книги
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§ 60. Generally no article is used with names of persons. e.g. There was a letter from Susan inviting me to a party. No article is used either if names of persons are modified by e.g. Young Jolyon, standing by the little piano, listened with his dim smile. When dear old Emily went back to town after staying with We find no article with names of members of a family, such e.g. "How nice that you've come!" she said. "Mother is still resting, but she will be down soon." § 61. However, both the definite and the indefinite articles 1) with a name in the plural to indicate the whole family, e.g. The Elliots were intelligent people. He didn't even know the Browns had a daughter. 2) with a name modified by a limiting attribute, e.g. Is he the Jones who is a writer? Now she was more like the Julia of their first years of marriage. 3) with a name modified by a descriptive attribute when the limi- e.g. a) A remarkable number of guests went without coffee be- b) He slapped him on. the shoulder, which startled and slight- The indefinite article is used: 1) to indicate that one member of a family is meant, e.g. I have often wondered if Arthur was really a Burton. 2) with a name modified by a descriptive attribute when it is e.g. He was met at the door by an angry Isabel, who demanded to Note 1. If a name is preceded by Mr, Mrs or Miss it may be used with the in- e.g. He was a lawyer, a Mr Reid from Melbourne. My landlady knocked at the door and said: "A Mr Parkis to see you," thus in- Note 2. Sometimes, owing to a change of meaning, names of persons become e.g. a) Lanny has sold them an especially fine Goya. There was a rack of books and among them he saw a Hemingway, Cristo." The Use of Articles with Geographic Names As there seems to be no principle underlying the difference in 1) Names of continents are used without any article, e.g. Eu- No article is used either when names of continents are modi- central, minor, south-west, south east, Latin, e.g. Northern Eu But we say the Arctic and the Antarctic (regions) meaning the 2) Names of countries (a), states or provinces (b), cities (c), e.g. a) France, Great Britain, China, Brazil, etc. b) California, Kashmir, Brittany, Katanga, etc. c) Moscow, Oslo, Rome, Delhi, etc. d) Brighton, Hastings, Tartu, etc. e) Grasmere, Patterdale, Appledore, etc. No article is used either when these nouns have such at- Some of these nouns, however, are traditionally used with the a) countries: the USA, the FRG, the Argentine (but: Argenti- a) the Pacific (ocean), the Atlantic (ocean), the Indian (ocean), b) the Baltic (sea), the Mediterranean (sea), the Black Sea, c) the Magellan Strait, the Bering Strait, the Torres Straits, rah, etc.; d) the English Channel; e) the Kiel Canal, the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.; f) the Volga, the Thames, the Nile, the Amazon, the Missi- g) the Leman, the Baikal, the Ontario, etc. But when names of lakes are preceded by the noun lake (which 4) Names of bays generally have no article, e.g. Hudson Bay, 5) Names of peninsulas have no article if the proper name is 6) Names of deserts are generally used with the definite arti- 7) Names of mountain chains (a) and groups of islands (b) are
a) the Rocky Mountains, the Andes, the Alps, the Pamirs, etc.; b) the Philippines, the Azores, the Bahamas, the East Indies, 8) Names of separate mountain peaks (a), separate islands (b) a) Elbrus, Mont Blanc, Everest, Vesuvius, etc.; b) Sicily, Cuba, Haiti, Cyprus, Newfoundland, Madagascar, etc.; c) Niagara Falls, etc. 9) Names of mountain passes are generally used with the defi- § 63. Geographic names that generally take no article may be 1) The definite article is found when there is a limiting at- e.g. In Ivanhoe Walter Scott described the England of the Middle 2) The indefinite article is found when a geographic name is e.g. The flier went on to say: "There will be a different Germany after the war. The Use of Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names § 64. This group of proper names includes names of various 1) Names of streets (a), parks (b) and squares (c) tend to be a) Oxford Street, Southampton Row, Kingsway, Pall Mall, Pic- But names of some streets are traditionally used with the defi- Note. Names of streets in foreign countries are sometimes used with the de- b) Hyde Park, Central Park, Memorial Park, Regent's Park, But: the Snowdonia National Park, the Botanical Gardens, etc. Note. Names of parks in foreign countries are often used with the definite article, e.g. the Gorki Park (in Moscow), the Tiergarten (in Berlin), etc. c) Trafalgar Square, Russel Square, Hyde Park Corner, Picca- Note. The definite article is used in the combinations: the University of Lon- 3) There is a growing tendency not to use any article with names of airports and railway stations, e.g. London Airport, Moscow Airport, Victoria Station, etc. 4) Names of theatres (a), museums (b), picture galleries (c), a) the Coliseum Theatre, the Opera House, the Bolshoi The- b) the British Museum, the Scottish National Museum, etc.; c) the National Gallery, the Tate {gallery), the Tretiakov Gal d) the Festival Hall, the Albert Hall, the Carnegie Hall, the e) the Empire, the Dominion, the Odeon, etc.;
f) the National Liberal Club, the Rotary Club, etc.; g) the Ambassador Hotel, the Continental Hotel, the Savoy, etc. But in newspaper announcements and advertisements the arti- 5) Names of ships and boats are used with the definite article, 6) Names of newspapers and magazines are generally used 7) The use of articles with names of separate buildings varies
8) Names of territories consisting of a word combination in 9) Names of months (a) and the days of the week (b) are used without any article, e.g. a) January, February, March, etc. b) Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc. Compare, however: We met on Friday ('Мы встретились в однажды в пятницу'). 10) Names of state institutions, organizations and political parties are used with the definite article, e.g. the Liberal Party the National Trust, the Church, the London City Council, etc. But: 11) Names of languages are used without any article unless Note. Note the phrases: Translated from the German and What is the French 12) We find the definite article with names of some gram- The Place of Articles § 65. The article is generally placed before the noun with e.g. I was silent for a moment. Then I thought of the children. If the noun is modified by an attribute (or attributes) placed e.g. She had a pair of the most intelligent bright brown eyes Robert had ever seen. § 66. Yet there arc a few attributes in English which affect 1) The indefinite article is placed after an adjective if that ad- e.g. We most of us hesitate to make so complete a statement. 2) The indefinite article is placed after the attributive phrase e.g. It was too much of a temptation for George to resist saying it. 3) The place of the indefinite article is optional if the adjec- e.g. He seems quite a decent fellow. He made rather a surprising remark. But also: It's a quite fundamental disagreement. 4) The indefinite article is placed after such and the ex- e.g. "I never heard of such a thing," she said. 5) The indefinite article is placed after many (and in that case e.g. He told me this many a time. I have heard many a young girl say that. 6) The definite article follows both, all and double, e.g. She was ill all the time she was abroad. It is noteworthy that the use of the definite article after both e.g. Both (the) men were talking in low voices. The use of the definite article after the pronoun all is deter- e.g. All children have to go to school one day. All the children of the boarding school were in bed. Note. Note that when both is part of the correlative conjunction both... and, ei- e.g. He was both a scrupulous and a kind-hearted man. 7) The definite and the indefinite articles follow half and e.g. Half the men were too tired to go. Note 1. Note the difference in meaning between twice followed by the definite Note 2. Half may serve as the first component of a compound noun. In this ADJECTIVES § 1. Adjectives are words expressing properties and char- Grammatically, four features are generally considered to be 1) their syntactic function of attribute, 2) their syntactic function of predicative, 3) their taking of adverbial modifiers of degree (e.g. very), 4) their only grammatical category — the degrees of com- However, not all adjectives possess all of the four features. Furthermore, there are adjectives that function both attribu- Formation of Adjectives § 2. Many adjectives are formed from other parts of speech by -able: comfortable, preferable, reliable -ive: attractive, expensive, talkative In English there is also a large number of adjectives ending in e.g. His answer was (very) surprising. Such adjectives are former ing-forms which have become ad- jectivized, i.e. they have, partly or completely, lost their verbal e.g. Mike made an interesting report. I should say it was the most interesting film of the year. He felt (very) disappointed when nobody answered his call. Sometimes it is the context that helps to understand whether I don't like her. (adj.) Cf. She is calculating. Don t disturb her. (verb) to find her at home, (adj.) They were relieved by the officer on duty, (verb) Sometimes the difference between the adjective and the verbal e.g. His words were alarming his parents. Similarly, the verbal force is explicit for the participle when a e.g. The black man was offended by the policeman. (For more of this see "Verbs", §§ 227, 245). Classification of Adjectives § 3. The actual application of adjectives is often, explicitly or I. As has been said in § 1, most adjectives can be used both at- Besides, there are adjectives that can be used only attributively. To this group belong: 1) intensifying adjectives: a) emphasizers (giving a general heightening effect): a clear b) amplifiers (denoting a high or extreme degree): a complete c) downtoners (having a lowering effect): a slight misun-
2) restrictive adjectives (which restrict the reference to the 3) adjectives related to adverbial expressions: a former friend 4) adjectives formed from nouns: a criminal lawyer, an atomic Adjectives that can be used only predicatively are fewer in {un)well; ablaze, afloat, afraid, aghast, alight, alike, alive, alone, II. Adjectives are generally stative (see also "Verbs", § 2). dynamic adjectives differ in some ways, e.g. the link-verb to be in e.g. He is being careful. She is being vulgar. Be careful! Don't be vulgar! Stative adjectives do not admit of such forms (e.g. *He is be- To the group of dynamic adjectives belong: adorable, am- e.g. I'm sure Nick will understand that it's only for his own good that you're being so unkind. In those days a woman did not contradict a man's opinion III. Adjectives are also distinguished as gradable and non- be modified by adverbs of degree and themselves change for de- e.g. Your niece is so (very, extremely, too) young. The positive form Is the plain stem of an adjective (e.g. There are two methods of forming the comparative and the su- The first method is used for: a) monosyllabic adjectives, e.g. new — newer — newest bright — brighter — brightest b) disyllabic adjectives ending in -er, ow, -y, or -le, e.g. clever — cleverer — cleverest narrow — narrower — narrowest c) disyllabic adjectives with the stress on the second syllable, e.g. polite — politer — politest complete — completer — completest d) a few frequently used disyllabic adjectives, e.g. common — commoner — commonest The following spelling rules should be observed in forming the a) adjectives ending in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y e.g. heavy — heavier — heaviest But adjectives ending in -y preceded by a vowel, remain un- b) monosyllabic adjectives with a short vowel double their fi- e.g. big ~ bigger — biggest thin — thinner — thinnest But monosyllabic adjectives ending in a double consonant, re- e.g. thick — thicker — thickest c) adjectives with a mute -e at the end, add only -r and -st, The second method is used for: a) most disyllabic adjectives, e.g. careful — more careful — most careful b) adjectives of more than two syllables, e.g. personal — more personal — most personal c) adjectives formed from participles and ing-forms, e.g. tired — more tired —- most tired interesting — more interesting — most interesting d) adjectives used only predicatively, e.g. afraid — more afraid The superlative degree of predicative adjectives in (d) is hard-ly ever used in English. Note. Care should be taken to remember that most when used before an adjec- e.g. He was a most interesting man. A few adjectives have irregular forms for the degrees of com- good — better — best further — furthest (for time and distance) late — later — latest (for time) old — older — oldest (for age) elder — eldest (for seniority rather than age; used only attrib- Non-gradable adjectives, on account of their meaning, do not The comparative degree is used when there are two objects, people. He found the work easier than he had expected. The superlative degree is used when an object, an action or a me the greatest picture of modern times. expressed: a) comparison of equality (as... as), e.g. The boy was as sly as a monkey. When he had left Paris, it was as cold as in winter there. b) comparison of inequality (not so... as, not as... as), You are not as nice as people think. c) comparison of superiority (...-er than, -est of/in/ever), e.g. He looked younger than his years. "You're much more interested in my dresses than my dress- To my mind the most interesting thing in art is the personal- d) comparison of inferiority (less... than), e) comparison of parallel increase or decrease (the... the,...-er as), e.g. The longer I think of his proposal the less I like it. § 5. Note the following set phrases which contain the cora- a) a change for the better (for the worse) — перемена к луч- b) so much the better (the worse) — тем лучше (хуже), e.g. If he will help us, so much the better. If he doesn't work, so much the worse for him. c) to be the worse for — делать что-то еще хуже, еще больше, d) none the worse for — хуже не станет (не стало) от..., e.g. You'll be non the worse for having her to help you. e) if the worst comes to the worst — в худшем случае, e.g. If the worst comes to the worst, I can always go back home to my parents. f) to go from bad to worse — становиться все хуже и хуже, h) at (the) best — в лучшем случае, e.g. She cannot get away from her home for long. At (the) best
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