Порівняння герундія і дієприкметника теперішнього часу.

Герундій

Дієприкметник теперішнього часу

1.Герундію може передувати прийменник: I am fond of reading. 2.Герундію може передувати присвійний відмінок іменника чи займенника: I like Victor’s (his) reading 3.Може вживатися у реченні у функції підмета, додатка, предикатива: Reading is my hobby. I like reading. My dream is reading this novel. 4.Вживається у функції означення чи обставини (герундію завжди передує прийменник): Before reading a book I take a copy – book to make notes. 5.Не вживається для утворювання групи тривалих часів.

1.Дієприкметнику прийменник не передує: He sat reading the book. 2.Дієприкметнику цей відмінок не передує: He sat reading Victor’s book. 3.Не вживається у цій функції.     4.Вживається у функції означення чи обставини: Reading a book I make notes. I like to work in the reading room.     5.Вживається для утворення групи тривалих часів: He is reading a book now.

 

Exercise 1. Translate into Ukrainian:

 

A

1. Repairing cars is his business. 2. It goes without saying. 3. Iron is found by digging in the earth. 4. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful. 5. She likes sitting in the sun. 6. It looks like raining. 7. My watch wants repairing. 8. Thank you for coming. 9. He talked without stopping. 10. I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening. 11. She enjoys living in a new house. 12. This little girl likes being read to. 13. Their wish is mastering the knowledge of English

 

B

1. Do you mind my asking you a difficult question? 2. Would you mind coming again in a day or two? 3. She could not help smiling. 4. I avoid speaking to them about that matter. 5. She denied having been at home that evening. 6. Excuse my leaving you at such a moment. 7. They went on talking. 8. Don’t be nervous! Stop biting your nails! 9. He postponed going to Kyiv as he fell ill.10. We are looking forward to seeing you again. 12. He did not approve of her drinking so much coffee. 13. All the happiness of my life depends on your loving me. 14. I don’t feel like seeing him. 15. I object to his borrowing money from you. 16. We were told about their having studied a number of problems connected with the development of radio electronics. 17. Many Universities have been established for training specialists for various branches of our national economy. 18. He had no chance of being offered that job.

 

C

1. My friends having decided to leave the city was very strange. 2. My father liked my having given up smoking. 3. He praised her having prepared this lesson so well. 4. Whatever you propose doing must be done quickly. 5. His knowing English well helped him in his work. 6. Her doing homework took her a lot of time. 7. After having repaired the motor we started. 8. I cannot tell him such a thing without being rude. 9. Before going home I talked it over with an engineer. 10. I remember having been asked about it. 11. He came without being invited. 12. She likes being stared at because she thinks she’s attractive.

 

Exercise 2. Paraphrase the sentences using Gerund with of and after.

E.g. 1) She thought she would go to the country.

She thought of going to the country.

2) When she had bought everything she needed, she went home.

After buying everything she needed, she went home.

1. I thought I would come and see you tomorrow. 2. He thought he would work in the library this evening. 3. She is thinking that she will go out to the country soon. 4. I thought I would go to the Zoo but I can’t. 5. After she took the child to the Kindergarten, she went to the library. 6. When he had made a thorough study of the subject, he found that it was very important. 7. After I had hesitated for some minutes I decided to buy a new hat. 8. When she had graduated from the university, she went to teach in her hometown. 9. When he had proved that his theory was correct, he started studying ways and means of improving the conditions of the work.

Exercise 3. Paraphrase the sentences using Gerunds with prepositions.

1.When they entered the house, they heard the last bell ringing (on). 2.Thank you that you invited me to the theatre (for). 3.The woman insisted that her husband should consult the doctor at once (on). 4.When he entered, she stood up and left the room, and even did not look at him (without). 5.You will never learn your mistakes if you do not write them out (without). 6.Thank you that you helped me (for). 7.When he reached his destination, he sent a telegram home to say that he had arrived safely (on). 8.The place looked so picturesque that he rejoiced at the thought that he would come to live there (of). 9.There was little hope that James would return on the same day (of).

Exercise 4. Open the brackets using Active and Passive Gerund.

1.He was always ready for (to help) people.2.He was very glad (to help) in his difficulty.3.On (to allow) to leave the room the children ran out into the yard and began (to play).4.In (to make) this experiment they came across some very interesting phenomena.5.David was tired of (to scold) all the time.6.The watch requires (to repair).7.The problem is not worth (to discuss).8.Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 9.She tried to avoid (to speak) to.10.The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to hospital.11.The child insisted on (to send) home at once.12.Do you mind his (to examine) by a heart specialist? 13.He showed no sign of (to recognize) me.14.I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment.15.The job is not worth (to take).16.After (to look) through and (to mark) the papers the teacher handed them back.17.After (to look) through and (to mark),the papers were handed back to the students.18.These clothes want (to wash).19.Excuse me for (to break) the cup.20.The cat was punished for (to break) your vase.21.The cat was afraid of (to punish) and hid itself under the sofa.22.I don’t remember ever (to meet) your sister.23.I don’t remember (to ask) this question by anybody.

 

Exercise 5. Finish the sentences using Gerund.

1.My doctor advised me to give up… 2.We had to put off… 3.That company specialize in… 4.I must apologize for… 5.I told him not to bother about… 6.The teacher decided against… 7.On…,he took off his hat. 8.After…,the customer left the shop without… 9.In spite of…,the swimmer succeeded in… 10.By…,the student improved his chances of… 11.She isn’t interested in… 12. We went straight home instead of… 13. I don’t feel like… 14. Do you think that this book is worth… 15. Do you mind… 16. He is tired of… 17. Thank you for… 18. He is interested on… 19. You can’t blame him for… 20. We all need more practice in… 21. Would you mind…? 22. We congratulated him on… 23. He has no intention of…

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

1. Немає сенсу купувати зараз бензин. 2. Мені подобається твоя ідея організувати вечірку. 3. Це варто зробити. 4. Він подякував мені за те, що я принесла цю газету. 5. Я втомився від того, що мені нічого робити. 6. Я наполягаю на тому. аби допомогти їй. 7. Припини плакати. 8. Ви не проти, якщо я прийду дещо пізніше? 9. Продовжуйте писати. 10. Я не можу не сміятися, коли дивлюсь на вас. 11. Вона боялася, що її накажуть. 12. Вона не заперечувала того, що не має часу. 13. Я наполягаю на тому, щоб побачити свого друга. 14. Мати не любить, коли ти так пізно повертаєшся додому. 15. Він розсміявся. 16. Продовжуйте дискутувати з цього питання. 17. Я не можу не думати про це увесь час. 18. Він припинив грати у футбол. 19. Дякую, що нагадали мені про це. 20. Він не любить, коли його хвалять. 21. Лектор продовжував говорити, хоча його ніхто не слухав.

 

Дієприкметник, герундій,

Віддієслівний іменник

Зверніть увагу на різні значення ing –форми:

У таких реченнях reading - дієприкметник. My brother is reading a book. You can see many people reading books. Reading his newspaper, the old man fell asleep.

У таких реченнях reading –герундій. Reading a good book gives me a lot of pleasure. It is no use reading these notes. I like reading a good book. I am thinking of reading a new book. I remember reading a very clever article.

Порівняйте ці два речення: My brother is reading a story.(дієприкметник) My dream is reading this story.(герундій)

Exercise 1. Place:

a) sentences in which ing form is Participle

b) sentences in which ing form is Gerund.

1. He was looking at the plane flying overhead. 2. Wishing to learn to skate, she bought herself a pair of skates. 3. Just imagine his coming first in the race! 4. The children were tired of running. 5. Being frightened by the dog, the cat climbed a high fence. 6. It is nо use going there now. 7. My greatest pleasure is traveling. 8. Growing tomatoes need a lot of sunshine. 9. Mary will stop for a few days at the seaside before going back home. 10. While translating the text, I looked up many words in the dictionary. 11. I usually help my mother by washing the dishes and doing the rooms. 12. Entering the room, I saw my friend, he came to see me. 13. Watching the playing kittens was great fun for the children.

Порівняйте герундій і віддієслівний імeнник

Reading a good book gives me a lot of pleasure. (герундій) The reading of a good book gives me a lot of pleasure.(віддієслівний іменник)

N.B. Віддієслівний іменник вживається з артиклем, має множину, a також може визначатися прикметником. Віддієслівний іменник не має часових форм, а також пасивного стану. На відмінок від герундія він не може мати після себе прямого додатку.

E.g. They started the loading of the ship. (віддієслівний іменник)

They started loading the ship. (герундій)

Exercise 2. Place:

a) sentences in which ing is Gerund

b) sentences in which ing is a Verbal Noun.

1. The singing of those songs impressed me greatly. 2. Your having written is really no excuse for your not coming on the day fixed. 3. Such doings can hardly be explained. 4. The motor was carefully examined before starting. 5. I am very pleased to meet you after hearing so much about you. 6. Your hair wants cutting. 7. I shall look forward to seeing you again. 8. It was no use talking about it any longer. 9. Sleeping is necessary. 10. The building of this house will cost much money. 11. But you don’t mind being asked to help us, do you? 12. Are you dressed for going out? 13. We took part in the sittings of the committee. 14. I was awakened by their loud talking.

Умовний стан

(Conditionals)

В англійській мові слід розрізняти три типи умовних речень:

1 Тип. Умовні підрядні речення першого типу виражають реальні умови в минулому, теперішньому і майбутньому часі для реальних дій чи фактів, виражених у головному реченні:

 

We bought stamps if we went to the post –office.	Ми купували марки, якщо ми ходили на пошту
We buy stamps if we go to the post-office.	Ми купуємо марки, якщо ходимо на пошту
We shall buy stamps if we go to the post-office.	Ми купимо марки, якщо підемо на пошту

 

В умовних реченнях після if,when, before, after, as soon as, till(until) тощо, замість Future Indefenite використовується Present Indefenite.

As soon as I come home,I shall begin to work.

 

Також вводяться unless, provided(that), as(so) long as, supposing, in case + дієслово.

Рrovided (that) you keep very still, nobody will notice you.

 

2 Тип. Умовні підрядні речення другого типу виражають неймовірні або малоймовірні припущення, які відносяться лише до теперішнього або майбутнього часу:

 

We should buy stamps if we went to the post-office(today or tomorrow). N.B.Дієслово “to be” має одну форму “were”.

Ми купили б марки, якби пішли на пошту (сьогодні або завтра) (Тобто тут є ще припущення, що ми можемо придбати марки

 

У головному реченні вживаються допоміжні дієслова should, would і інфінітив дієслова, а в підрядному реченні-форма, яка збігається з формою минулого простого часу.

 

3 Тип. Умовні підрядні речення третього типу виражають нереальні умови для дій, виражених у головному реченні, оскільки стосуються минулого часу і тому не можуть бути виконані:

 

We should have brought stamps if we had gone to the post-office yesterday.

Ми придбали б марки, якби ми вчора пішли на пошту (надій на те, що ми придбаємо марки, вже немає).

 

У головному реченні вживаються допоміжні дієслова should, would і перфектний інфінітив, а в підрядному реченні - форма, яка збігається з формою минулого перфектного часу.

 

 

If – конструкція може використовуватись як для вираження реальної,так і нереальної умови.

Wish – конструкція може використовуватися тільки для вираження нереальної умови(2,3 тип).

 

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the sentences in all types of conditionals:

E.g. If you (to be) free,I (to come) to see you.

If you are free,I shall come to see you.

If you were free,I should come to see you.

If you had been free,I should have come to see you.

 

If I (to see) her,I (to be) glad.

If I see her,I shall be glad.

If I saw her,I should be glad.

If I had seen her,I should have been glad.

 

1. If my friend (to come) to see me,I (to be) very glad.

2. If mother (to buy) a cake,we (to have) a nice tea party.

3. If we (to receive) a telegram from him,we (not to worry).

4. If you not (to work) systematically,you (to fail) at the examination.

5. If you (to be) busy,I (to leave) you alone.

6. If I (to get) a ticket,I (to go) to the philharmonic.

7. If my father (to return) early,we (to watch) TV together.

8. If she (to know) English,she (to try) to enter the university.

Exercise 2. Make up 1 type conditionals and translate.

If I

live in the south, come home late, live in the country, receive his letter, see my friend, lose my money, go to the wood, fall ill, find my book,

I shall

bathe every day. go to bed at once. often go to the wood. gather many mushrooms. ask his advice. be very glad. go to the doctor. be very happy. be very sorry.

Exercise 3. Make up 2,3 types of Conditionals.

I wish I were   If I were	in the south at home in the country in the wood at the camp   a scientist a poet a sailor a composer a writer a spaceman	I should	fly to other planets. bathe every day. sail to Africa. go to bed. have a very good time. write a beautiful poetry. go to the wood. write interesting novels. gather many mushrooms. invent a time machine. write beautiful music.
I wish If I had	translated the article yesterday met you yesterday heard about it yesterday read this new book won the championship gone to the library rung him up yesterday asked you to help me bought a dictionary	I should have	translated the text found out all about this discovery been sent abroad told you something done the work well gone to the cinema with you bought the book been pleased told you about it got that book found out all about his illness

Exercise 4. Make up the following pairs of sentences.

1.I’m working today	I wish I didn’t.
2.I don’t feel well	I wish I had seen it.
3.I feel tired	I wish you were telling the truth.
4.That’s not true	I wish I felt better.
5.I did not see that book	I wish you would.
6.I will send it to you	I wish I wasn’t.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences defining the tenses used.

1.If you told the truth, people would trust you more. 2.If you were telling the truth, you would be looking me straight in the eyes. 3.If you had told the truth, you wouldn’t have blushed like that. 4.If you had told the truth, you would not have been punished. 5.If you had met him before, I am sure he would have recognized you. 6.If we went out, we should only get wet to the skin. 7.If we were playing tennis, we should not be able to finish our work.

 

Exercise 6. Supply the correct form of the verb in parentheses in order to make future possible conditions.

I type – Future Possible.

1. If Melissa studies hard, she _________ (pass) her finals.

(If Melissa studies hard, she’ll pass her finals).

2. If I finish my work in time, I ________ (go) to the concert.

3. If I see Henry, I __________ (give) him your message.

4. If he works hard, he ________ (get) the raise.

5. If you don’t hurry, we _________ (be) late for the meeting.

6. If he tries hard, he ________ (find) a job somewhere.

7. If he fails the test, he ________ (have) to repeat the course.

8. If I _________ (find) the book, I shall give it to you.

9. If you __________ (turn) out the light, we shall be in the dark.

10. If you ________ (drive) slowly, you won’t have any accidents.

II type – Present Unreal.

1. If I knew her well, I _______ (speak) to her.

(If I knew her well, I would speak to her).

2. If he attended class regularly, he _______ (make) good progress.

3. If he paid his debts, people ________ (respect) him more.

4. If we had the money, we ________ (take) a trip to South America.

5. If I ________ (own) an automobile, I would take a trip to California.

6. If she ________ (work) harder, she would probably get a better salary.

7. If I _________ (know) how to drive, I would buy a car.

8. If she ________ (know) more grammar, she would make fewer mistakes.

9. If he ________ not (waste) so much time in class, he would make better progress.

II type – Present Unreal.

1. If I _____ (be) you, I wouldn’t mention it to her.

(If I were you, I wouldn’t mention it to her).

2. If today _______ (be) Saturday, I would not have to work.

3. If I _______ (be) in your position, I would think twice before doing that.

4. If you ______ (be) a millionaire, how would you spend your time?

5. If George were here with us, I _____ (feel) more comfortable.

6. If I were you, I ______ (tell) everyone the truth about the matter.

7. If he were more ambitious, he _______ (try) to find a better job.

8. If the girl were here, she ______ (know) what to do.

III type – Past Unreal.

1. If I had known her, I _____ (speak) to her.

(If I had known her, I would have spoken to her).

2. If he had learnt the truth, he _______ (be) very angry.

3. If I had known that you needed me, I ______ (come) at once.

4. If they had invited us, naturally we ______ (go) to the party.

5. If you had asked me, I ______ (help) you.

6. If I _______ (know) about this yesterday, I would have worried all day long.

7. I wouldn’t have gotten wet if I ______ (wear) a raincoat.

8. If he _______ (study) more, he would have got better marks.

Exercise 7. Open the brackets:

1.If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 2.If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter. 3.If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 4.If my sister doesn’t go to the south, we (to spend) the summer in Kyiv together. 5.If they (not to go) to Paris last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 6.If you (not to get) tickets for the concert, we shall stay at home. 7.If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 8.If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 9.If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 10.If you had written the test paper, you (not to get) a bad mark. 11.If you (to do) your morning exercises, your health would be much better. 12.If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this rule. 13.If he had known it was going to rain, he (to take) his umbrella to work today.

Exercise 8.

A. Change the sentences from future-possible conditions to present-unreal conditions.

1. If Laura comes, she will help us.

(If Laura came, she would help us).

2. If she studies hard, she will pass her driver’s test.

3. If I have the money, I shall buy a new car.

4. If I see her, I shall give her your message.

5. If you turn out the light, we shall be in the dark.

6. If the weather is nice, we shall go to the beach.

7. If he has time, he will go with us.

8. If we hurry, we can get there by two o’clock.

9. If she saves her money, she will be able to go on a vacation.

10. If they work hard, they will learn the language.

B. Change the sentences in Exercise A to past-unreal conditions.

1. If Laura comes, she will help us.

(If Laura had come, she’d have helped us).

 

Exercise 9. Complete each of the following conditional sentences in your own words.

A. Present Unreal Conditions

1. I don’t have a car, but if I _________.

(I don’t have a car, but if I had one I would drive to the country).

2. I don’t like to swim, but if I ___________.

3. I cannot speak English perfectly, but if I ____________.

4. I don’t know how to play the piano, but if I __________.

5. She doesn’t have much free time, but if she ____________.

6. He never does his homework, but if he ___________.

7. I am not a millionaire, but if I ___________.

8. Today isn’t a holiday, but if it __________.

B. Past Unreal Conditions.

1. She didn’t make reservations, but if she ________.

(She didn’t make reservations, but if she had made them, we could have attended the grand opening).

2. I didn’t know her name, but if I ________.

3. Joan didn’t have a car last winter, but if she ________.

4. We didn’t have their phone number, but if we _________.

5. I couldn’t afford to take a vacation last summer, but if I ________.

6. I wasn’t aware of the problem, but if I ________.

7. He didn’t come to class on time, but if he __________.

8. He didn’t wear his overcoat, but if he __________.

C. In your own words, what would you do or what would happen…

1. … if you never did your homework?

(If I never did my homework, I would fail all my tests).

2. … if you came late to class every day?

3. … if you found a large sum of money in the street?

4. … if you were unable to walk?

5. … if you found someone else’s purse or wallet?

6. … if you failed all your exams?

7. … if today was a holiday?

8. … if you knew English perfectly?

9. … if you were a millionaire?

10. … if you were ten years younger than you are?

11. … if you had a lot of free time.

D. In your own words, what would you have done or what would have happened…

1. … if you had come to class late?

(The teacher would have been angry if I had come to class late.

2. … if yesterday had been a holiday?

3. … if you had failed all your tests last semester?

4. … if you had overslept this morning?

5. … if yesterday had been your birthday?

6. … if you had missed the bus this morning?

7. … if it had been raining when you left home this morning?

8. … if yesterday had been Sunday?

E. Complete the following conditional sentences by supplying words of your own.

1. If I were you, I _______.

(If I were you, I would go home and relax).

2. If you had studied harder, you ________.

3. I shall drive to the country on Sunday if _________.

4. If I had been in your place, I_________.

5. If you had asked me, I _________.

6. If I had known it was going to rain, I ________.

7. If it doesn’t rain next Sunday, we________.

8. I would gladly have lent you the money, if ________.

 

Exercise 10. as if…as though

I. Learn the examples:

1. They shook hands as if they hadn’t seen each other for a long time. 2. She shook her head as though she were afraid to show her feelings. 3. The shop assistant showed me a variety of dresses as if she wanted me to pick out a dress for the happy occasion. 4. The girl shivered as though she didn’t feel well.

II. Translate into English:

1. Він говорив так швидко, ніби хотів щоб його не зупинили. 2. Він підскочив, ніби його вдарили. 3. Вони розмовляли, ніби-то вони були старими знайомими. 4. Вона говорить тихо, ніби боїться розбудити когось. 5. Вона розридалася, ніби її образили. 6. Він його любив, як ніби це був його син. 7. Нас зустрічають, ніби ми давні знайомі. 8. Він вислухав рішення спокійно, як ніби був давно до цього готовий.

 

Exercise 11. Paraphrase the sentences using I wish (II, III type).

E.g. It’s a pity you are ill.

I wish you were not ill.

1. Unfortunately they won’t return before Christmas. 2. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the exam. 3. It’s a pity that you did not send for us last night. 4. It’s a pity you are not with us these days. 5. My friend regrets not having entered the University. 6. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his paper. 7. It’s a pity we shan`t be able to reach home before teatime. 8. I am sorry I made you upset by telling you this news. 9. What a pity you don’t know enough physics.

 

Exercise 12. Translate into English.

1. Якби я знав французьку мову, я б уже давно поговорив з нею. 2. Якби я жив близько, я б частіше заходив до вас. 3. Якби ви не перервали нас учора, ми б закінчили роботу вчасно. 4. Вона дуже талановита. Якщо вона почне грати на піаніно зараз, вона буде видатним музикантом. 5. Якби я був на вашому місці,я б порадився (consult) з батьками. 6. Він так змінився! Якби ви його зустріли, ви б його не впізнали. 7. Шкода, що ви прийшли так пізно. 8. Шкода, що і вчора у мене було мало часу. 9. Я впевнена, що всі були б раді,якби

 

вечір відбувся. 10. Ви б багато знали, якби регулярно читали цей журнал.