Присудок, виражений в Active Voice.

Аналогічні звороти з дієсловами to happen, to seem, to appear, to be sure, to be likely, to be not likely, to turn out.

1. It seems that he is very busy. He seems to be very busy. 2. It happened that I was there. I happened to be there. 3. It seems that they have finished their work. They seem to have finished their work.

Здається, що він дуже зайнятий. Він, здається, дуже зайнятий. Трапилось так, що я був там. Мені трапилось бути там. Здається, що вони закінчили свою роботу. Вони, здається, закінчили свою роботу.

N.B. Запам’ятайте речення, що містять Complex Subject.

He is likely to win the prize. – Схоже, що він виграє приз.

He is sure to come. – Він обов’язково прийде.

 

Ступінь можливості	Засоби вираження
certainly («безсумнівно»)	I am sure/certain/positive that the ideal engineer will need much more technical knowledge. The ideal engineer is certain/ bound to need muсh more technical knowledge. The ideal engineer will certainly/ definitelyneed muсh more technical knowledge.
probably («напевно»)	It is likely that the ideal engineer will need muсh more technical knowledge. The ideal engineer is likely to need muсh more technical knowledge.
possibly («можливо»)	The ideal engineer may/might need muсh more technical knowledge.
probably not («малоймовірно»)	It is unlikely that the ideal engineer will need some teaching skills. The ideal engineer is unlikelytoneed some teaching skills.
certainly not («безперечно ні»)	The ideal engineer definitely/certainlywon’tneed any artistic skills. I am sure/certain/positivethat the ideal engineer won’tneed any artistic skills.

Exercise 1. Paraphrase and translate.

E.g. I am sure that the ideal engineer has technical competence.

The ideal engineer is certain to have technical competence.

1. The ideal engineer has technical competence. 2. The ideal engineer possesses social skills, such as cooperativeness. 3. The ideal engineer doesn’t do what interests him most without regard to the needs of the organization. 4. The ideal engineer doesn’t approach his job with unrealistically high expectations. 5. The ideal engineer is interested in some kind of promotion. 6. The ideal engineer doesn’t expect work privileges, without having to prove that he is worth it. 7. The ideal engineer is practical and realistic. 8. The ideal engineer has initiative. 9. The ideal engineer won’t learn the organizational system slowly. 10. The ideal engineer knows how to report results orally and in writing. 11. The ideal engineer has some scientific abilities. 12. The ideal engineer keeps up with technological progress and grows professionally.

Exercise 2. Translate into Ukrainian.

A. 1. He is thought to live in London. 2. The engineer is said to have invented a new machine. 3. This mine is considered to be the best in the whole district. 4. She is believed to be one of the best dancers in this city. 5. The expedition was thought to have reached the place of destination. 6. The representatives of this state are expected to arrive in a few hours. 7. The airship was reported (to be) missing. 8. The new regulations are announced to take effect on October 15. 9. Water was considered to be an element. 10. This substance is believed not to exhibit radiation. 11. There are believed to exist thousands of compounds of nitrogen. 12. Dr. Innes was expected to report about his new discoveries. 13. Many substances are known to dissolve in hot water. 14. The radius of our orbit is believed to be increasing very slowly.

B. 1. This news is pleasant to hear. 2. This thing is difficult to imagine. 3. This stone is hard to polish. 4. This equation is easy to solve. 5. This explanation happens to be true. 6. My friend seemed to be laughing. 7. No one appeared to notice me and my last difficulty seemed to be overcome. 8. He seemed to have been chosen the leader of this party by mutual consent. 9. Money just doesn’t happen to interest me. 10. The apparatus seemed to be in excellent condition. 11. You appear to have found in him something that I have missed. 12. This work seems to take much time. 13. The new methods of work appear to be very effective. 14. The percentage of carbon in this steel turned out to be low. 15. Hydrogen does not appear to combine with chlorine with appreciable velocity in the dark. 16. This method does not seem to offer any advantages over that discussed above. 17. There does not appear to be an agreement between these results. 18. Ordinary objects are not likely to move with a velocity approaching the velocity of light. 19. All circumstances are likely to affect the accuracy of the measurements. 20. There appears to be direct evidence of the existence of negative electrons in matter. 21. Don’t worry: everything is sure to turn out all right. 22. If we go on arguing, we are sure to quarrel. 23. Most of us want good many things that we are not likely to get. 24. This article is likely to appear in the next issue of the journal.

Exercise 3. Paraphrase the sentences using Complex Subject.

A. E.g. We heard that a car stopped outside the door.

A car was heard to stop outside the door.

1. People consider the climate there to be very healthful. 2. It was announced that the new cars were arriving next week. 3. It is believed that the poem was written by Byron. 4. It is said that the book is popular with both old and young. 5. It is expected that the performance will be a success. 6. It has been found that this mineral water is very good for health. 7. Scientists consider that electricity exists throughout space. 8. It is said that the weather in Europe was exceedingly hot last summer.

B. E.g. It appeared that they had lost the way.

They appeared to have lost the way.

1. It appeared that he was losing patience.2. It happened that he was present at the opening session. 3. It appeared that she had not heard what had been said. 4. It so happened that I overheard their conversation. 5. It turned out that my prediction was correct. 6. It turned out that the language of the article was quite easy. 7. It seems they know all about it. 8. It seemed that the discussion was coming to an end.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Виявилось, що ми вже колись зустрічались. 2. Ви випадково не знаєте цю людину? 3. Кажуть, що ця стаття перекладена на усі мови світу. 4. Передбачали, що зустріч закінчиться о десятій годині. 5. Відомо, що римляни збудували на Британських островах гарні дороги. 6. Ніяк не очікували, що холодна погода наступить так рано. 7. Нові автобуси виявилися дуже комфортними. 8. Ваш приятель, здається, дуже цікавиться стародавньою історією. 9. Вальтер Скот вважається створювачем історичного роману. 10. Повідомляють, що експедиція досягла місця призначення. 11. Схоже, я знаю номер цього телефона. 12. Він пише нову статтю, здається, він працює над нею вже два тижні. 13. Кажуть, що ця будівля була збудована у 19 сторіччі. 14. Він обов’язково поверне тобі книгу. 15. Ви, здається, багато читали до вступу в університет.

Exercise 5. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. To accelerate economic progress one must introduce automation in production processes. 2. Our plant is said to have obtained new electronic devices. 3. It is necessary for these computers to be repaired very soon. 4. To master grammar rules is extremely essential for every student. 5. We consider the knowledge of a foreign language to be of great significance for every engineer. 6. The knowledge of a foreign language is known to be of great significance for every engineer. 7. This sophisticated method is unlikely to be used in this case. 8. Atoms are believed to be built up of protons, neutrons and electrons. 9. The article was provided with diagrams for the students to understand it better 10. Copper is claimed to have a relatively large conductivity. 11. The engineer spoke about different kinds of automatic controllers to be applied at their plant. 12. The experiments are claimed to have been carried out at their plant. 13. It was easy for our mechanic to repair this device. 14. To obtain these data is necessary for carrying out further experiment. 15. These resistances are unlikely to be constant for all voltages. 16. The device to be used here is intended for the amplification of electrical signals. 17. One can see that these types of machines to be described here differ slightly from previous ones.

Participle

Дієприкметник

Утворення Present Participle (Participle I), IV форма дієслова To do(без to) + ing = doing – роблячий, роблячи To stand(без to) + ing = standing – стоячий, стоя To take (без to) +ing = taking – беручий To seat (без to) + ing = sitting – сидячий, сидя

Утворення Past Participle (Participle II), III форма дієслова Правильні дієслова To ask (без to) + ed = asked - запитаний To close (без to) +ed = closed - закритий Неправильні дієслова To take => taken - взятий To see => seen - бачений To find => found - знайдений

Forms of Present Participle
Active Voice	Passive Voice
Simple Tenses
Playing- граючи Writing- записуючи Playing cricket you hit the ball with a bat. Граючи в крикет, ви б’єте м’яч битою.	Being played– в який грають Being written – який записують Being played by two groups of people cricket is a team game. Оскільки в крикет грають дві групи людей, це командна гра.

 

Perfect Tenses

Having played Having written Having played the first set he broke his racket. –Відіграв перший сет, він зламав ракетку.

Having been played Having been written Having been played all over England cricket became a national English game. –Оскільки в крикет грали по всій Англії, він став національною англійскою грою.

Cricket is played mostly in England. – В крикет грають головним чином в Англії.

Cricket has been played for over two centuries. –У крикет грають вже більше200 років.

 

Функції дієприкметника

Означення Attribute	The playing boy is my brother. The boy playing in the field is my brother. The broken chair was thrown away. The chair broken by Tim was thrown away.
Іменна частина складного присудка Predicative	A few pages in the book are missing. The door is locked.
Обставина Adverbial modifier	Playing cricket two teams hit the ball in turn. Having won the first game they left the field talking and laughing. Not knowing the rules of the game Tim was at a loss.

N.B.!