Choose the correct affirmations.

Modern building can be divided into… classes.

a) two

b) three

c) four

 

Brick is made of…

a) steel

b) burnt clay

c) wood

 

The upper of buildings are called…

a) wall

b) foot

c) roof

 

The… divide a building into stories.

a) windows

b) floors

c) foundations

 

The… should be planed to suit the requirements of the occupants.

a) coverings

b) interior

c) exterior

 

Exercise 4

Answer the questions:

1. How can building be divided?

2. What materials is brick made of?

3. For what purpose is natural stone used?

4. What divides a building for stories?

5. What ties the walls and gives the construction strength?

6. What are called plumbing?

7. What does the estimate depend on?

 

Text 6

The layout of frames the span of beams

Words and word-combinations to be remembered:

frame – рамка, каркас, основа

stanchion – стойка

to carry – нести, підтримувати

to support – підтримувати

to cantilever – виступати як консоль

to mean – означати

to weld – зварювати

to transmit – передавати

to be machined flat – площина, механічно оброблена

angle – кутик

 

Read and translate the text:

The layout of frames the span of beams

The single storey structure consists of three frames. These frames are made up of steel stanchions and beams. The frames are placed between end walls and spaced at 3 metre centres. The stanchions carry the beams. These beams support the roof. The roof beams cantilever a short distance beyond the stanchions. This means that they extend over the profiled sheet steel cladding. The cladding can be placed outside the line of the stanchions.

The beams are bolted to steel stanchion caps. The stanchion caps are welded to the top of each stanchion. The load on each beam is transmitted through these plates to the stanchions.

The upper face of the steel base plates and the ends of the stanchions are machined flat. The bottom of each stanchion is welded to a base plate. Each base plate is fixed to a concrete column base by two holding-down bolts.

Steel angles are fixed across the ends of the beams and built into the brick walls. These angles tie the frames together and also provide a place to fix the top of the cladding.

 

Exercise 1

Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following English words and word – combinations:

the single storey structure, to be made up, extend over, the top of the stanchion, through these plates, beyond the stanchion, the upper face, the bottom of the stanchion, across the ends, to tie together, can be placed, to be transmitted, to be bolted, into the brick walls, to be fixed, between end walls, to carry the beams, a concrete column, this means.

Exercise 2

What’s the English for:

одноповерхова будівля

складається

це означає

передається через

верхня частина

вбудований в стіну

балка

через кінці балки

нижня частина

кутики скріплюють

зварювати

ззовні

бути розміщеним

підтримувати дах

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions:

1. How many frames does the single-storey structure consist of?

2. What are they made of?

3. What carries the beams?

4. What supports the roof?

5. Where are the beams bolted?

6. What is transmitted through the plates to the stanchions?

7. Where are the steel angels fixed?

 

Exercise 4

Complete the sentences according to the text:

1. The beams are …to steel stanchion caps.

2. The stanchions … the beams.

3. … can be placed outside the line of the stanchions.

4. … on each beam is transmitted through these plates to ….

5. Each base … is fixed to a concrete column base by two holding-down ….

6. … are fixed across the ends of the beams and built into the ….

 

 

Text 7

Prefabricated building

Words and word-combinations to be remembered:

to be made up – виготовлений

cladding – зовнішня обшивка, личкування

plank – дошка

head – верхній брусок віконної, дверної коробки

stanchion casing –стійка опалубка

to fix – встановлювати, закріплювати

precast concrete – збірний бетон

pre – glazed – шліфований

lining panel – личкувальна панель

grill – решітка

skirting – плінтус

 

Read and translate the text:

Prefabricated building

The external walls are made up of brick cladding, wall planks, windows, doors, heads and sills, stanchion casing and inner lining panels. While the steel frame is being erected, the wall planks and floor units are fixed. At the same time, the stanchions are enclosed in casings which serve the function of resisting fire. The precast concrete floor units are capable of carrying a load of up to 5 kN/sq m. The wall planks are designed to be weatherproof and to support the outer cladding. The aluminium heads, sills and windows are then fixed from inside the building. After this, the 900 mm and 1800 mm wide external doors are installed. These doors are either aluminium framed and pre-glazed or hardwood framed and glazing is done on site. Finally, the internal sills and lining panels are installed. These form a cavity for the heating and electrical services. A grill underneath the sill, together with an air intake at skirting level enables air to circulate up past the finned heating element. The lining panels are capable of being removed to give access to the services.

Exercise 1

Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following English words and word – combinations:

floor units, after this, resisting fire, hardwood framed, heating services, the external walls, to 8 be capable of carrying, to be designed, external doors, finally, to be installed, together with, at skirting level, to give access, finned heating element, to be made up of, inside the building.

Exercise 2

Complete the following sentences to match the idea in brackets:

1. The external walls… (structure).

2. The wall planks and floor units… (time).

3. The stanchion casings… (function).

4. The precast concrete floor units… (ability).

5. The wall planks … (function).

6. The external doors… (measurement).

7. The glazing of the hardwood framed doors… (location).

8. The internal sills and lining panels… (function).

9. The grill… (location).

10. The grill and air intake… (function).

11. The lining panels… (ability).

 

Exercise 3

What’s the English for:

зовнішні стіни в той же час

підтримувати підвіконня

бетонна підлога опалення

цегла навантаження

рама, коробка підпідвіконня

повітрязбірник циркулювати

бути переміщеним будівельний майданчик

 

Exercise 4

Answer the questions:

1. What are the external walls made up?

2. When are the wall planks and floor units fixed?

3. What serves the function of resisting fire?

4. How are the wall planks designed?

5. Why are the lining panels capable of being removed?

 

 

Text 8

The gravitational force on a structure

Words and word-combinations to be remembered:

dead loads – «мертве» навантаження, власна вага

live loads – рухоме навантаження

accurately – точно

to predict – передбачати

magnitude – величина

uncertainty – невизначеність

 

Read and translate the text:

The gravitational force on a structure

The gravitational force on a structure can be divided into dead loads and live loads. Dead loads can be calculated accurately because they rarely change with time and are usually fixed in one place. Live loads are always variable and movable, so no exact figures can be calculated for these forces.

Structures must also resist other types of forces, such as wind or earthquakes, which are extremely variable. It is impossible to predict accurately the magnitude of all the forces that act on a structure during its life; we can only predict from past experience the probable magnitude and frequency of the loads.

Engineers never design a structure so that the applied loads exact equal the strength of the structure. This condition is too dangerous because we can never know the exact value of either the applied loads or the strength of the structure. Therefore, a number called a “factor of safety” is used. The safety factor is defined as the ratio of the probable strength of the structure and the probable loads on the structure. This factor may range from 1-1 (where there is little uncertainty) to perhaps 5 or 10 (where there is great uncertainty).

Exercise 1

What’s the English for:

неможливо рухомий

мабуть дорівнює

чинити опір розрахувати

досвід безпечний

землетрус застосований

пропорція коливатися

умова сила тяжіння

визначений застосований

протягом можливий

 

Exercise 2

Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following English words and word – combinations:

the probable loads, variable and movable, it is impossible, the exact value, rarely change with time, too dangerous, never know, from past experience, for these forces, this condition, may range, the applied loads, engineers never design, during its life, great uncertainty, can be divided, we can never know.

 

Exercise 3

Answer the questions in English:

1. Як можна поділити сили гравітації?

2. Можна точно визначити «мертве» навантаження?

3. Рухоме навантаження постійне чи змінне?

4. Яким діям повинна протистояти будівля?

5. Чи можемо ми знати точну величину застосованого навантаження чи міцності будівлі?

6. Що означає «фактор безпеки»?

 

Exercise 4

Answer these questions:

1. Can the loads from the internal partitions of a building be estimated accurately? Why?

2. Can the loads from storage in a building be estimated accurately? Why not?

3. How can an engineer predict the possible loads that will occur on a structure?

4. Why do engineers never design a structure so that the applied loads exact equal the strength of the structure?

5. When there is great uncertainty about the loads on a structure and the strength of a structure, does an engineer choose a high or low safety factor?

6. When does failure occur?

 

 

Text 9