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3. The ABC (1939-1942)

The work on introducing electronics into the design of com­puters was going on.

The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolu­tion was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hun­dreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Comput­er, after Dr. John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his assis­tant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacu­um-tube digital computers developed.

Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages.

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16. Прочтите текст 4 и передайте кратко его содержание а) на русском языке; б) на английском языке.

Text 4. FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first gen­eration computers, and the approximate period of their use was from 1950 to 1959. UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Com­puter) is an example of these computers which could perform thousands of calculations per second. Those devices were not only bulky, they were also unreliable. The thousands of vacuum tubes emitted large amounts of heat and burned out frequently.

The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was invented in 1948. So-called second genera­tion computers, which used large numbers of transistors were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microsec­onds, or rhillionths of seconds. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more reliable than first-generation com­puters.

Advances in electronics technology continued, and micro­electronics made it possible to reduce the size of transistors and integrate large numbers of circuit elements into very small chips of silicon. The computers that were designed to use integrated circuit technology were called third generation computers, and the approximate time span of these machines was from 1960 to 1979. They could perform many data processing operations in nanoseconds, which are billionths of seconds.

Fourth generation computers have now arrived, and the inte­grated circuits that are being developed have been greatly re­duced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 100 tiny circuits are placed now on a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic or metal.

TESTS

1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово.

1. British scientists invented a ... way of multiplying and dividing.

a) mechanical; b) electrical; с) optical

2. A new branch of mathematics, ... , was invented in England and Germany independently

a) mechanics; b) arithmetics; c) calculus

3. A young American clerk invented a means of coding _____by punched cards.

a) letters; b) data; c) numbers

4. Soon punched cards were replaced by_____terminals.

a) printer; b) scanner; c) keyboard

5. Mark I was the first_____computer that could solve mathematical problems.

a) analog; b) digital; c) mechanical

6. J. von Neumann simplified his computer by storing in­formation in a_____code.

a) analytical; b) numerical; c) binary

7. Vacuum tubes could control and ... electric signals.

a) calculate; b) amplify; c) generate

8. The first generation computers were burned out ...

a) uncomfortable; b) uncommunicative; c) unreliable

9. Computers of the second generation used_____which reduced computational time greatly.

a) transistors; b) integrated circuits; c) vacuum tubes

10. Due to_____the development of the fourth generation computers became possible.

a) microelectronics; b) miniaturization; c) microminia­turization