Write words for the definitions. 1. To bring down, as in extent, amount, or degree; diminish.

1. To bring down, as in extent, amount, or degree; diminish.

_______________

2. A set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure.

­­­­­­_______________

3. Fuel which produces lower emission gas, so it is more environmentally friendly. _______________

4. The rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation.

_______________

5. A vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle.

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Match the following Russian words and phrases with the English ones and their definitions.

 

Russian word/phrase	English word	Definition
Глобальное потепление	Biofuel	The removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use
Биотопливо	Solar energy	The rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation
Солнечная энергия	Environmentally friendly	Ambiguous terms used to refer to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies claimed to inflict reduced, minimal, or no harm at all, upon ecosystems or the environment
Обезлесение	Global warming	radiant light and heat from the sun
Безвредный для окружающей среды	Deforestation	A fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation

Unit 12

OIL EQUIPMENT

Read the text and answer the questions.

1. What is ESP?

2. What is plunger lift?

3. Where do people use electric submersible pumps?

4. What means are used in artificial lift to increase the flow of liquids to the surface of a production well?

5. What are the benefits of plunger-lift system?

 

In pairs, explain the highlighted words and phrases in the text. Underline other new words and guess the meaning from context.

 

 

Electric Submersible Pumps in the Oil and Gas Industry

( http://www.pump-zone.com/topics/pumps/pumps/electric-submersible-pumps-oil-and-gas-industry)

In the oil and gas industry, electric submersible pump (ESP) systems are probably best known as an effective artificial lift method of pumping production fluids to the surface. ESPs are especially effective in wells with low bottomhole pressure, low gas/oil ratio, low bubblepoint, high water cut or low API gravity fluids.

Over the last several years, ESP technology has developed a reputation as a low-maintenance, cost-effective alternative to vertical turbine, split case and positive displacement pumps in various fluid-movement surface applications in the petroleum industry.

Artificial Lift Technologies

Artificial lift uses some means to increase the flow of liquids (i.e., crude oil or water with some amount of gas included) to the surface of a production well. This is usually achieved by a mechanical device inside the well, such as a pump; decreasing the weight of the liquid/gas mixture via high pressure gas or improving the lift efficiency of the well via velocity strings. An artificial lift system is needed in wells with insufficient pressure in the reservoir to boost the liquid to the surface. Also, these systems are sometimes used in flowing wells to increase the naturally occurring flow rate.

More than 60 percent of producing oil wells require some type of assisted lift technology to produce the recoverable oil. Several artificial lift (or pumping) technologies are employed, including plunger lift, beam/sucker rod pumps, gas lift, progressive cavity pumps (PCP) or electric submersible pumps.

Plunger Lift

This artificial lift method is used primarily in gas wells to remove relatively small volumes of liquid. Functionally, a plunger-lift system provides a mechanical interface between the produced liquids and gas. Using the well's own energy for lift, liquids are pushed to the surface by the movement of a free-traveling piston (plunger) traveling from the bottom of the well to the surface. This mechanical interface eliminates liquid fallback, which boosts the well's lifting efficiency. In turn, the reduction of average flowing bottomhole pressure increases inflow.

Plunger travel is normally provided by formation gas stored in the casing annulus during a well shut-in period. As the well is opened and the tubing pressure decreases, the stored casing gas moves around the end of the tubing and pushes the plunger to the surface. This intermittent operation is repeated several times per day.