Информационная безопасность автоматизированных систем»

Contents

Unit 1 ………………………………………………………………………	9
Unit 2 ………………………………………………………………………	15
Unit 3 ………………………………………………………………………	20
Unit 4 ………………………………………………………………………	25
Unit 5 ………………………………………………………………………	28
Unit 6 ………………………………………………………………………	31
Unit 7……………………………………………………………………….	36
Unit 8……………………………………………………………………….	40
Unit 9 ………………………………………………………………………	45
Unit 10 ……………………………………………………………………	49
Unit 11……………………………………………………………………	54
Unit 12 ……………………………………………………………………	59
Unit 13 ……………………………………………………………………	64
Unit 14 ……………………………………………………………………	68
Unit 15……………………………………………………………………	72
Unit 16……………………………………………………………………	75
Unit 17……………………………………………………………………	80
Appendix 1 ………………………………………………………………	87
References ……………………………………………………………….	88

 

 

 

Лист изменений

 

«Учебное пособие по чтению для студентов заочного отделения неязыковых специальностей и направлений профессиональной подготовки», по дисциплине «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК», авторов ПИРОЖКОВА Л.Н., КРАСАВИНА Ю.В., ВОЛМЕНСКИХ Е.В., БЕЛЫХ А.А. (Рег. №05 /Ф07/ГОС 2) решением кафедры «АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК» (протокол №_ 4 _, от «13» октября 2014г) рекомендуются для использования в учебном процессе при изучении дисциплин «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК. (ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПЕРЕВОД 3) АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК», «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК. (ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ ПЕРЕВОД 3) АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК», «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК 2»   по направлению/ специальности ДЛЯ ВСЕХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЙ / 230100.62 «Информатика и вычислительная техника», 090303.65 «Информационная безопасность автоматизированных систем», 140400.62 «Электроэнергетика и электротехника», 200100.62 «Приборостроение», 210601.65 «Радиоэлектронные системы и комплексы», 211000.62 «Конструирование и технология электронных средств», 221000.62 «Мехатроника и робототехника», 270800.62 «Строительство», 151000.62 «Технологические машины и оборудование», 150400.62 «Металлургия», 150700.62 «Машиностроение», 151900.62 «Конструкторско-технологическое обеспечение машиностроительных производств», 190109.65 «Наземные транспортно-технологические средства», 190600.62 «Эксплуатация транспортно-технологических машин и комплексов», 160400.65 «Проектирование, производство и эксплуатация ракет и ракетно-космических комплексов», 160700.65 «Проектирование авиационных и ракетных двигателей», 160700.62 «Двигатели летательных аппаратов», 190600.62 «Эксплуатация транспортно-технологических машин и комплексов», 190700.62 «Технология транспортных процессов», 031600.62 «Реклама и связи с общественностью», 072500.62 «Дизайн», 280700.62 «Техносферная безопасность», 080200.62 «Менеджмент», 080100.62 «Экономика», 080500.62 «Бизнес-информатика», 100700.62 «Торговое дело», 230400.62 «Информационные системы и технологии», 230700.62 «Прикладная информатика».

 

При изучении данных дисциплин формируются следующие компетенции:

230100.62 «Информатика и вычислительная техника»:

ОК-2 Умение логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную

речь

ОК-8 Осознание социальную значимость своей будущей профессии, обладает высокой

мотивацией к выполнению профессиональной деятельности

ОК-14 Владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного

 

Информационная безопасность автоматизированных систем»

ОК-8 Способность к письменной и устной деловой коммуникации, к чтению и

переводу текстов по профессиональной тематике на одном из иностранных языков

 

Электроэнергетика и электротехника»

ОК-2 Способность к письменной и устной коммуникации на государственном языке, умение логически верно, аргументированно и ясно строить устную и письменную речь; готовность к использованию одного из иностранных языков;

 

Приборостроение»

ОК-12 Способность применять основные методы, способы и средства получения, хранения, переработки информации, навыки работы с компьютером как средством управления информацией

ОК-13 Способность использовать один из иностранных языков в общении

 

Строительство»

ОК-2 умение логически верно, аргументированно и ясно строить устную и письменную

речь

ОК-12 владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного

ПК-7 владением одним из иностранных языков на уровне профессионального общения и

письменного перевода

 

Металлургия»

ОК-3 Владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного

 

Машиностроение»

ОК-7 способность приобретения с большой степенью самостоятельности новых знаний  с

Использованием современных образовательных и информационных технологий

ОК-15 владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне социального общения и бытового общения

 

Эксплуатация транспортно-технологических машин и комплексов»

ОК-14 Владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного

 

Дизайн»

ОК-2 Умение логически верно, аргументированно и ясно строить устную и письменную речь

ОК-10 Готовность к уважительному и бережному отношению к историческому наследию и культурным традициям, толерантно воспринимать социальные и культурные различия

ОК-11 Владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного

 

Техносферная безопасность»

ОК-8 Способность работать самостоятельно

ОК-14 Свободное владение письменной и устной речью на русском языке, способность использовать профессионально-ориентированную риторику, владения методами создания понятных текстов, способность осуществлять социальное взаимодействие на одном из иностранных языков

 

Менеджмент»

ОК-14 Владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне, обеспечивающем эффективную профессиональную деятельность

ПК-25 Знакомство с основами межкультурных отношений в менеджменте, способностью эффективно выполнять свои функции в межкультурной среде

 

Экономика»

ОК-14 Владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного

 

Бизнес-информатика»

ОК-14 Владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного

 

Торговое дело»

ОК-9 Владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного

 

Прикладная информатика»

ОК-9 Способность свободно пользоваться русским языком и одним из иностранных языков на уровне, необходимом для выполнения профессиональных задач

Unit 1

WAYS INTO TECHNOLOGY

Ways to technology

This unit covers three routes to a career in technology: apprenticeship, technical college, and university. In the UK, apprenticeships are normally open to 16- to 24-year-olds who are in employment. Sixteen is the earliest that a student can leave school. Finding an employer who is willing to take on apprentices can sometimes be difficult as apprentices, once qualified, often move on quickly to other employers or set up in business for themselves. For those who find suitable employment, an apprenticeship offers the advantages of earning money while gaining a qualification and practical skills. Apprenticeships combine on-the-job training at work with education at a local college, usually on a day-release basis.

There are further-education college courses available for every aspect of technology. These lead to vocational qualifications at certificate and diploma level. Students enter from school at sixteen or eighteen with school leaving certificates but work experience may also be taken into account. Often courses are geared to the needs of local business and industry and are taught by lecturers who have work experience in their field. Students completing a college course can enter employment or, if their grades are good enough, move on to higher education. College courses last one or two years and are usually modular.

Universities offer both broad-based and specialist degrees in engineering. UK courses range from three to four years or longer if a work placement is included. One year postgraduate Master's degrees in specialist fields are also common.

To maintain and improve our lifestyle, in this increasingly high-tech world, requires universities and learning institutions to produce Engineers, Technicians, and Technologists capable of adapting, for example, the latest discoveries in Physics and the Biological sciences, to practical solutions to benefit those in the developed and developing world.

Much work has been done to encourage students to stay at school and progress to some form of higher learning. Manufacturing and other societies of engineering professionals are active in encouraging school children to enter competitions which require technical knowledge and expertise to win.

School leavers entering industry are now more aware of the educational courses available and are encouraged by their employers to take advantage of those opportunities. Universities and colleges are prepared to recognize prior knowledge and work experience as entry qualifications.

Web technology plays an important part in enabling companies to conduct their business. They can stay in touch with customers and employees around the world. They can upload and download computer software, engineering designs, sales contracts, etc. Engineers can remotely monitor the performance of machines and provide solutions to problems as they arise to people on site, without the Engineer leaving the office.

 

CAREER DEVELOPMENT

Career Development

 

Technology is the key to so many enterprises that there are innumerable career paths available. We live in a global society competing on innovation, clever thinking, and creativity. There is a challenging career in technology for the brightest people.

Sami Hassan is a good example of someone who started his career at a fairly low level but was identified as a potential talent and was given support and training. This allowed him to rise up through his company until he got a job as a Project Manager. With technology playing such an important part in any company, staff with backgrounds in technology are increasingly being promoted to senior positions.

Companies seeking to recruit new graduates frequently take part in the "Milk round". This means they visit universities and colleges, invite students to attend presentations, and conduct interviews with those who are interested in employment. There is competition to recruit the most able students. The "virtual milk round" is where this system of recruitment is carried out over the Internet.

Your curriculum vitae (CV) are one of the most important documents presented to a potential employer. It lists academic achievements and work experience along with relevant personal information. It must be clear and well-written to hold the employer's attention and provide the essential information. Employers often ask applicants to supply a covering letter along with their CV. This allowsthe applicant to go into more detail as to why they are suitable for the job and they have the opportunity to address the employer on a more personal level.

Short-listed candidates for a post will be interviewed. Interviews are about selling yourself and presentation skills are most important. Practising these skills and preparing before attending an interview can improve one's chance of getting the job. Second interviews ask candidates to carry out more practical tasks so interviewers can really assess how a candidate really assess how a candidate performs - under pressure.

In a highly competitive job market it is important to gain the necessary qualifications and take opportunities and take opportunities to acquire additional work experience such as participating in exchange programmes organized by colleges, universities, and employers. Two examples of UK technical qualifications are NVQs (National Vocational Qualifications) and BTECs (The Business and Technology Education Council). NVOs are vocational awards achieved through assessment and training. They are practical qualifications based on being able to do the job. There are five levels from Level 1, which focuses on basic work activities, to Level 5 for senior management. BTECs vocational qualifications to prepare students both for employment and for progression to higher education.

 

Brainstorming with a group. Think of the statement: “It’s often assumed that youth is bones in most professions. But frequently it is only when you have a combination of both age and experience that a person can truly be said to be at their peak” and share your views. Present your group decision to the class.

Make a summary of the text.

7.  Webquest. Find out more about the inventions you consider to be the most significant. This site may help www.inventors.about.com

 

Unit 2

COMPUTER ESSENTIALS

1. In pairs, label the elements of this computer system. Then read the text from the Ex. 2 and check your answers.

 

 

What is a computer?

Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, process the data and give the results of processing in a specified format as information.

Three basic steps are involved in a process. First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form (see the diagram).

Information in the form of data and programs is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the central processing unit (CPU), the main memories and the peripherals.

Perhaps the most influential component is the central processing unit. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the brain of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/output devices. Storage devices (hard or optical disks) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs. Disk drivers are used to handle one or more floppy disks. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer.

On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines, optical drivers and scanners.

These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration.

 

 R. Esteras Infotech. English for Computer Users. – Cambridge University Press, 2005

 

INSIDE THE SYSTEM

What’s Inside a PC System?

The nerve centre of a PC is the central processing unit or CPU. This unit is built into a single microprocessor chip – an integrated circuit – which executes program instructions and supervises the computer’s overall operation. The unit consists of three main parts:

· the control unit, which examines the instructions in the user’s program, interprets each instruction and causes the circuits and the rest of the components – disk drivers, monitors, etc. – to be activated to execute the functions specified;

· the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs mathematical calculations (+, -, etc.) and logical operations (and, or, etc.);

· The registers, which are high-speed units of memory used to store and control information. One of these registers is the program counter (PC) which keeps track of the next instruction to be performed in the main memory. Another is the instruction register (IR) which holds the instruction that is currently being executed.

One area where microprocessors differ is in the amount of data – the number of bits – they can work with at a time. There are 16, 32 and 64-bit processors. The computer’s internal architecture is evolving so quickly that the new 64-bit processors are able to address 4 billion times more information than a 32-bit system.

The programs and data which pass through the central processor must be loaded into the main memory (also called the internal memory) in order to be processed. Thus, when the user runs an application, the microprocessor looks for it on secondary storage devises (disks) and transfers a copy of application into RAM area. RAM (random access memory) is temporary, i.e. its information is lost when the computer turned off. However, the ROM section (read only memory) is permanent and contains instructions needed by the processor. Most of today’s computers have internal expansion slots that allows user to install adapters or expansion boards. Popular adapters include high-resolution graphics boards, memory expansion boards, and internal modems.

The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of its microprocessor. A clock provides pulses at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize circuits and units. The clock speed is measured in MHz (megahertz) or GHz (gigahertz) and refers to the frequency at which pulses are emitted. For example, a CPU running at 1,600 MHz (1,600 million cycles per second) will enable the computer to handle the most demanding applications.

The RAM capacity can sometimes be expanded by adding extra chips. These are usually contained in small circuit boards called single in-line memory modules (SIMMs). Modern Pentium processors also accept dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs), which allow for a wider data path.

Santiago Remacha Esteras. Infotech. English for Computer Users. – CUP, 2005.

 

1. The CPU directs and coordinates the activities taking place within the computer system.

2. The arithmetic logic unit performs calculations on the data.

3. 32-bit processors can handle more information than 64-bit processors.

4. A chip is an electronic device composed of silicon elements containing a set of integrated circuits.

5. RAM, ROM and secondary storage are the components of the main memory.

6. Information cannot be processed by the microprocessor if it is not loaded into the main memory.

7. Permanent storage of information is provided by RAM (random access memory).

8. The speed of microprocessor is measured in gigahertz or megahertz. One GHz is equivalent to one thousand MHz. One MHz is equivalent to one million cycles per second.

 

Unit 3

INTERNET

Internet Software

Getting connected

 The language used for data transfer on the Internet is known as TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol). This is like the Internet operating system.

The first program you need is a PPP (point to point protocol) driver. This piece of software allows the TCP/IP system to work with your modem; it dials up your Internet service provider (ISP), transmits your password and log-in name and allows Internet programs to operate.

E-mail  

E-mail is your personal connection to the Internet. It allows you to exchange messages with people all over the world.  It can include text, pictures, and even audio and animation. When you set up an account with an ISP, you are given a unique address and anyone can send you e-mail. The mail you receive is stored on the server of your ISP until you next connect and download it to your hard disk.

Web browsers

The Web is a hypertext-based system where you can find news, pictures, games, online shopping, virtual museums, electronic magazines − any topic you can imagine.

You navigate through the Web using a program called a ‘browser’, which allows you to search and print Web pages. You can also click on keywords or buttons that take you to other destinations on the net. This is possible because browsers understand hypertext markup language (HTML), a set of commands that indicate how a Web page is formatted and displayed.

Newsgroups

 Newsgroups are the public discussion areas which make up a system called ‘Usenet’. The contents of the newsgroups are contributed by people who send articles (messages) or respond to articles. They are classified into categories: comp (computers), misc (miscellaneous), news (news), rec (recreation), soc (society), sci (science), talk and alt (alternative).

Santiago Remacha Esteras. Infotech. English for Computer Users. – CUP, 2005.

 

COMPUTER VIRUSES

Computer viruses

A virus is a piece of software written deliberately to enter your computer and damage your data. Topically it attaches itself to another program and replicates itself trying to 'infect* as many files as possible. Some viruses are polymorphic (e.g. the Tequila mutation). Others are capable of transmitting themselves acros the Net.

Here are some types of viruses:

Ø      Logic bomb - a virus which is triggered when a specific program is executed- A time bomb is activated on a certain day. For example, the Jerusalem virus activates on Friday 13th, displaying a black window on the screen and deleting infected flies.

Ø      Macro virus - it infects documents run by programs that use macros (e.g. word processors). A typical macro virus is Melissa, which was passed in MS Word files sent via e-mail.

Ø      Worm - a special type of virus that uses computer networks and security holes to reproduce itself independently; without having to attach itself to another program. A worm called Code Red replicated itself many times in 2001 infecting thousands of Web servers.

Ø      Trojan horse - a destructive program that disguises itself as a safe program. A Trojan horse does not reproduce itself but instead can crash the system or erase the files on your hard drive. The term comes from a Greek legend: the Greeks offered a wooden horse to the Trojans, their enemies. Once the horse was inside the city walls, the Greek soldiers came out of the horse's belly and captured Troy.

Viruses can enter your computer system in three different ways: (i) via a disk drive, when you insert infected disks or CDs; (ii) via files downloaded from the Web, or (iii) via e-mail attachments. 'When you open an infected file, the virus is activated and installs itself into the computer's memory Then it spreads to storage devices and may infect your friends* systems through the Net. A good example is ILoveYou, an Internet worm released in 2000 as an e-mail attachment (Love-Letter-For-You). When you opened this file, the virus was sent to everyone in your address book.

But there is protection software (e.g. Norton Anti­virus, McAfee Virus Scan) that will help you detect, diagnose and eradicate viruses. Don't forget that new viruses are created even- day. so try to update the database of your anti-virus program regularly.

It is a good idea to make a back-up copy of all your important files. It's also advisable not to open e-mails from strangers.

Santiago Remacha Esteras. Infotech. English for Computer Users. – CUP, 2002.

Unit 4

PROGRAMMING

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Unfortunately, so far computers cannot understand either ordinary spoken English or any other natural language. The only language they can understand directly is called machine code: central processors operate on codes which consist of a series of binary digits (Is and Os). In this form, the instructions are said to be in machine code.

However, machine code as a means of communication is very difficult to write. For this reason, we use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. Then, by using a special program, these languages can be translated into machine code. For example, the so-called assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions. These mnemonic codes are like labels easily associated with the items to which they refer.

Basic languages, where the program is similar to the machine code version, are known as low-level languages. In these languages, each instruction is equivalent to a single machine code instruction, and the program is converted into machine code by a special program called an assembler. These languages are still quite complex and restricted to particular machines.

To make the programs easier to write and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of machines, higher-level languages were designed such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN or PASCAL. These languages are all problem-oriented rather than machine-oriented and can all be converted into the machine codes of different types of computers. Programs written in one of these languages (known as source programs) are converted into a lower-level language by means of a compiler (generating the object program). On compilation, each statement in a high-level language is generally translated into many machine code instructions.

People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic languages and the easier this communication can be made the wider the application of computers will be. Scientists are already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers may be able to understand human languages.

 

Benefits Of C# Programming

C# is immensely better than Java. If we focused on the generic and functional programming support, C# is way ahead of Java. Even if C# lacks certain advanced features, it is still used much more often. C# has a higher level of abstraction than C++. It is an advantage when development time is more important than program speed. C# is a typical, statically object oriented programming language.

C# is a language with better syntax for properties, value types, reified generics, etc. C# is better than C++ because it does away with header files, which translates to greater simplicity. C# is better than Java because it supports both reference types and user defined types. The programmers can yield significant performance benefits. It supports for single method interfaces such as delegates. Delegates greatly simplify the coding of frequently occurring constructs which involve single-method objects.

In C#, if the programmer wants to define a small new type, he does not have to define a new class for it; he can simply make it a struct. Passing such struct will not be more expensive. Henceforth, he has the benefits of not allocating, constructing and garbage collecting any objects. C# is simple to learn. C# has a development environment and all related things to development are available from this environment.

C# is pure object oriented language, but C++ is the mixture of object oriented and procedure oriented. There are no problems such as memory leaks, etc. the rich class library makes the programmers to implement many functions simply. It provides good support for distributed systems. Due to the CLR environment, it makes C# to integrate the components written in other languages. The class libraries are quite extensive. These libraries support a specific feature better than in Java. C# brings many features including query expressions.

http://www.codeghost.com/c-programming.html

Unit 5

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?

NANOPARTICLE

Unit 6

ELECTRONICS

Electronics

Electronics is at the heart of twenty-first century technology. Without electronics there would be no computers, televisions, radios, mp3 players, mobile phones, cinemas, video games, and almost all domestic appliances. Cars would not start, hospital equipment would not work, and planes would not fly. Most electronic circuits use low voltage and low current so tiny portable entertainment devices are now commonplace.

All electronics depends on the movement of electrons round a circuit. Circuits diagrams are drawn using standard symbols. Switch on presents the symbols for some of the most common electronic components. In addition to symbols, electronic components are labeled using abbreviations such as Sw for a switch, R for a resistor, and C for a capacitor. The value of each component is also shown using standard abbreviations, for example pF is picoFarads.

Relays are electromagnetic switches. They consist of an iron core with a copper coil wound round it. When current flows through the coil, the core becomes a magnet and pulls a movable contact arm towards it. This can make or break circuits just like a switch.

Transformers can step up or step down an ac (alternating current) voltage. They consist of thin metal plates with copper coils wound round them. When a voltage flows through the primary coil it induces a voltage in the secondary coil. Whether the induced voltage is higher or lower depends on the number of turns in the coil.

Potentiometers, variable resistors, are used to change the resistance in a circuit easily. They are used in volume controls, light dimmers, and other applications.

Fixed resistors have standard values. Thermistors vary in resistance according to temperature. Capacitors store electrical energy. They can be charged and discharged very quickly. They are particularly important in high frequency devices such as radios. Electrolytic capacitors are usually larger. They can be connected in one way only and are used to store electricity and to smooth out pulsating signals, for example in power supplies. Diodes allow current to flow through in one direction only. A light emitting diode (LED) produces light when a current flows through it. Transistors contain tiny chips of semiconductor materials. They can be used as switches, as amplifiers, and as oscillators. Logic gates are integrated circuits which provide the basic logic functions used in computers and other devices which use digital electronics. Signals in digital circuits are either on (1) or off (0). Basic logic gates include AND, OR, NAND and NOR.

TYPES OF CAPACITORS

Unit 7

ROBOTICS

Brainstorm with a partner.

1. What country has about 50% of the world robots?

2. What percentage of the world’s robots are used in a car industry?

3. What kinds of working robots have you heard about? What do they do?

You are at the Industrial Robot Convention. You are conducting a survey of people (surgeons, construction engineer, and electronic engineer) who use robots in their work. Ask about their robots and make notes in the form.

robot user survey
occupation of user
types of robot used
functions of robot workplace
specification of robot
how it works
strengths
weakness
possible improvements

 

ROBOTS

 

Types of robots

While most robots today are installed in factories or homes, performing labour or life saving jobs, many new types of robot are being developed in laboratories around the world. Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new types of robot, alternative ways to [hint about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. It is expected that these new types of robot will be able to solve real world problems when they are finally realized.

Nanorobots: Nanorobotics is the still largely hypothetical technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the scale of a nanometer (10-9 meters). Also known as nanobots or nanites, they would be constructed from modular machines. So far, researchers havemostlyproduced only parts of these complex systems, such as bearings, sensors, and Synthetic molecular motors. Researchers also hope to be able to create entire robots as small as viruses or bacteria, which could perform tasks on a tiny scale. Possible application include microsurgery (on the level of individual cells).

Soft Robots: Robots with silicone bodies and flexible actuators, controlled using fuzzy logic and neural networks, look and feel different from robots with rigid skeletons, and are capable of different behaviors.

A few researchers have investigated the possibility of creating robots which can alter their physical form to suit a particular task mostly consist of a small number of cube shaped units, which can move relative to their neighbors, for example SuperBot. Algorithms have been designed in case any such robots become areality.

Swarm robots: Inspired by colonies of insects such as ants and bees, researchers are modeling the behavior of swarms of thousands of tiny robots which together perform a useful task, such as finding something hidden, cleaning, or spying. Each robot is quite simple, but the behavior of the swarm is more complex. The whole set of robots can be considered as one single distributed system, in the same way an ant colony con be considered a superorganism, exhibiting swarm intelligence.

 

Brainstorm in groups.

Make predictions about new types of robots that may be developed in the future. Explain the purposes for which they may be applied.

 

 

Unit 8

Talk to a partner.

1. What is nanotechnology?

2. Which country leads in nanotechnology?

3. How can nanotechnology be applied in construction industry?

4. Is nanotechnology changing the face of the construction industry?

5.  Are there any safety or environmental issues with the nanotechnologies in use today?

 

Answer the questions.

1. Do you agree that nanomaterials “have a greater impact on the construction industry than any other sector of the economy, after biomedical and electronics applications”?

2. What are the benefits of using nanomaterials?

3. What are the drawbacks of using nanomaterials?

4. What are the potential applications of nanomaterials?

5. What do you think about using nanomaterials in building?

INNOVATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION

Unit 9

BRIDGES AND TUNNELS

Bridges

Bridges are some of the most famous structures in the world. There are many different types of bridge There are fixed bridges such as arch bridges and movable bridges which can pivot, fold, tilt, or swing. The   texts describe four important types of bridge: truss, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed. A truss bridge rests on a support, such as a pier, at each end and is held up by a truss superstructure, a network of members linked to each other to resist the forces acting on the bridge. A suspension bridge is supported by cables draped over towers. The cables are fixed to secure anchorages at each end of the bridge. The deck of the bridge is linked to the cables by vertical hangers. In a cable-stayed bridge, the deck is supported directly to cables which are fixed at an angle to towers. Arch bridges transfer their weight to either end.

There are two important forces that every bridge must deal with: compression and tension. The illustrations in the text show those forces acting in different types of bridges. Compression is a force that acts to compress or shorten the thing it is acting on. Tension is a force that acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on.

The site of a bridge must be carefully selected, not just to interface with the existing road or rail system but to ensure that solid foundations can be provided to support the structure. Bridges must withstand stresses and strains from the traffic they carry and from the extremes of the weather they will be subjected to. They must remain safe, despite the corrosive effects of rainwater, sea spray, and road salt and possible collision damage inflicted by passing ships or trucks.

Tunnels, like bridges, are important links in the transport network. Sometimes a tunnel is the only option. Sometimes the choice between a bridge and a tunnel must be made. Tunneling can be simpler and cheaper than bridge building but this decision can only be made when a geological survey has revealed whether the tunnel will pass through clay, rock, or gravel and how simple or complex the tunneling will be.

Engineers will use a tunnel boring machine (TBM) rather than drilling and blasting, whenever possible. There are difficulties in tunneling in urban surroundings when the ground surface must not be disturbed. TBMs do not disturb the surrounding soil or rock making them ideal for use under built-up areas. They produce a smooth tunnel which is easy to line with concrete if this is required.

Brainstorming. Work in a group of 4. Imagine that you are a team of designers. You have designed a new type of a bridge across the river for design competition you want to enter. Discuss and plan your proposal. Explain how your product will compare with other products on the market. Present your proposal to the class.

6. Work in pairs to answer this question:

1) Which of these reasons account for the importance of bridges?

1. They bring beauty into our lives

2. They are crucial for transporting goods and trade

3. They symbolize a place people live in

4. They have military significance

5. They help to communicate

 

BRIDGING THE GAP

Measured by the effect they have on our spirits and imagination, bridges are the highest form of architecture. They stand as metaphors for so much in life. 'Let's cross that bridge when we come to it,' I remark, when I want to put off thinking about some nasty dilemma. If I quit a secure job, I am 'burning my bridges'. If I make friends with strangers, I am 'building bridges'. If I argue with someone, but want to forget it and be friends again, I say, 'It's all water under the bridge.' Why do we hold bridges in such regard? One reason is surely that, because of their strategic importance, they are often scenes of fierce battles and thrilling heroics. Another is that a bridge can often embody the spirit of a city, even an entire nation, as the Sydney Harbour or Brooklyn Bridges do, or the Stari Most did until it was destroyed in the Bosnian conflict. (Fortunately, it has since been rebuilt and is now listed as a World Heritage Site.) But perhaps the chief reason is that a bridge is a leap of daring: a symbol of mankind's belief in its ability to overcome any natural obstacle, no matter how wide, deep or windswept. That belief has occasionally been tragically misplaced, but it has never been shattered. What's indisputable is that our own age has seen one of the most innovative bursts of bridge-building ever.

Unit 10

HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

History of Interior Design

1. In pairs, tell each other about the place you live. Is it a flat or a house? Describe your favorite room. Why do you like it most/best? ­­­­­­­Can you say that it belongs to certain style (modern, classic, etc.)

Match the opposites

1. simple	a) modern
2. ancient	b) complicated, difficult
3. huge	c) small
4. luxurious	d) tiny
5. spacious	e) modest

History of Interior Design

The history of interior design in the ancient past was far different from the designs of today. Cavemen often wrote or drew on the walls of their homes as a means of preserving history. Today, these decorations are often referred to as the first hints of interior designs, although they didn’t incorporate modern tools such as colour palette or interior design rules.

During the Middle Ages, home design choices were often made to include necessities more than for appearance alone. For instance, many people lived in huts. Oriental rugs, used on both walls and floors, first became popular during this time. Using rugs in this way had a practical purpose; it helped a hut to retain heat. Later, when plaster was introduced, rugs were commonly used on the floors and paintings became popular wall hangings.

In the Renaissance and Baroque periods, advances were made in all forms of art, and this had an impact on the history of interior design. The Renaissance gave birth to huge interior spaces, which were often lavishly decorated with items. The Baroque period expanded on the idea of filling a room with treasures by using the walls as a canvas for art.

In the Victorian age, interior design choices were often representative of the class, or status, of the homeowner. For instance, the more money the homeowner earned, the more luxurious the interior design choices were expected to be. After the Renaissance and Baroque eras, the Victorian home was one of the first to incorporate powerful works of art in home décor, particularly in rooms that were spacious and richly decorated.

After World War II, home decor became more reflective of personal tastes. In the years directly following WWII, interior design was more about the homeowner’s choices in terms of artwork, color schemes, and collectibles than a family’s class level. Design styles such as Art Deco, Pop Art, and Modern are examples of the types of home decor that became popular during this time.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-history-of-interior-design.htm

ROOM DESIGN

Small Room Design

By Tonya Lee, About.com Guide

Whether you have a studio apartment, small home or a tiny room in your home that you would like to enhance, there are some basic rules for small room design that can help you make the most of your small space.

One of the biggest mistakes when decorating a small room is to fill the room with large furnishings. Smaller rooms and homes require smaller or more lightly scaled furniture. If you have a large, heavy piece of furniture that is absolutely fabulous, consider using it as a focal piece and then scaling down your other pieces. Chairs and sofas without arms are perfect for small spaces because they appear more open and lightweight.

Consider smaller versions of necessary furnishings, like a loveseat instead of a sofa or a full-sized bed instead of a queen. Or choose furniture that can be tucked away when not needed, like an extendable dining table, folding chairs or nest of tables.

Even in small rooms, be sure to define spaces. Use rugs and furniture placement to set up conversation and other, definitive areas in main living spaces.

When decorating a small room, incorporate open shelving. Closed shelving and storage will visually pull the walls forward making your room appear even smaller.

Multipurpose pieces work well in small spaces. Furniture that serves many functions is a great way to streamline a room.

Hang curtains from the ceiling and not the top of the window frame. This will create the illusion of height and depth. If you prefer blinds, install them within the window frame instead of on top of the frame.

Choose decor items made from glass, mirrors or other reflective or transparent surfaces to reflect light and appear weightless in your space.

Good lighting is very important in any space, but becomes essential in small room design. Natural light and windows automatically add a feeling of lightness and space to a room, so let it in. Layer your interior lighting for the best effect.

By Tonya Lee, About.com Guide

 

Unit 11

ECOLOGY

What Causes Global Warming?

Question: What Causes Global Warming?

Answer: Scientists have determined that a number of human activities are contributing to global warming by adding excessive amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide accummulate in the atmosphere and trap heat that normally would exit into outer space.

ENERGY SAVING

Talk to a partner.

What is energy efficiency?

Unit 12

OIL EQUIPMENT

Plunger Lift

This artificial lift method is used primarily in gas wells to remove relatively small volumes of liquid. Functionally, a plunger-lift system provides a mechanical interface between the produced liquids and gas. Using the well's own energy for lift, liquids are pushed to the surface by the movement of a free-traveling piston (plunger) traveling from the bottom of the well to the surface. This mechanical interface eliminates liquid fallback, which boosts the well's lifting efficiency. In turn, the reduction of average flowing bottomhole pressure increases inflow.

Plunger travel is normally provided by formation gas stored in the casing annulus during a well shut-in period. As the well is opened and the tubing pressure decreases, the stored casing gas moves around the end of the tubing and pushes the plunger to the surface. This intermittent operation is repeated several times per day.

 

OIL DRILLING

Talk to a partner.

1. Where is oil found?

2. How long does it take to drill a well?

3. How disruptive is the drilling?

4. How closely spaced are wells allowed to be?

5. What are the negative effects of oil drilling?

 

How Oil Drilling Works

 

by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

(http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/)

 

Drilling

The crew sets up the rig and starts the drilling operations. First, from the starter hole, they drill a surface hole down to a pre-set depth, which is somewhere above where they think the oil trap is located. There are five basic steps to drilling the surface hole:

1. Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole.

2. Attach the kelly and turntable and begin drilling.

3. As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe and out of the bit to float the rock cuttings out of the hole.

4. Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets deeper.

5. Remove (trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit when the pre-set depth (anywhere from a few hundred to a couple-thousand feet) is reached.

Once they reach the pre-set depth, they must run and cement the casing -- place casing-pipe sections into the hole to prevent it from collapsing in on itself. The casing pipe has spacers around the outside to keep it centered in the hole.

The casing crew puts the casing pipe in the hole. The cement crew pumps cement down the casing pipe using a bottom plug, a cement slurry, a top plug and drill mud. The pressure from the drill mud causes the cement slurry to move through the casing and fill the space between the outside of the casing and the hole. Finally, the cement is allowed to harden and then tested for such properties as hardness, alignment and a proper seal.

Drilling continues in stages: They drill, then run and cement new casings, then drill again. When the rock cuttings from the mud reveal the oil sand from the reservoir rock, they may have reached the final depth. At this point, they remove the drilling apparatus from the hole and perform several tests to confirm this finding:

· Well logging - lowering electrical and gas sensors into the hole to take measurements of the rock formations there

· Drill-stem testing - lowering a device into the hole to measure the pressures, which will reveal whether reservoir rock has been reached

· Core samples - taking samples of rock to look for characteristics of reservoir rock

Once they have reached the final depth, the crew completes the well to allow oil to flow into the casing in a controlled manner.

 

Unit 13

Material types

Material types

Metals and non-metals

Engineering materials can be divided into:

• metals - examples of metallic materials are iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)

• non-metals - examples of non-metallic materials are carbon (C) and silicon (Si).
As iron is such a widely used material, metals can be divided into;

• ferrous metals - those that contain iron

• non-ferrous metals - those that do riot contain iron.

Composite materials

When you think of examples of hi-tech materials, composite materials come to mind - such as carbon- flbre, used in aerospace and Formula 1 cars. But although we think of composites as hi-tech and highly expensive, that's not always true. The earliest examples of composite materials were bricks made from mud and straw. Or, to use the correct composite terms, from straw reinforcement - the structural network that reinforces the material inside, and a mud matrix - the material surrounding the reinforcement, These terms explain what a composite material is: a matrix with a reinforcing material inside it. A modern, everyday example is fibreglass - correctly called glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) - which has a plastic matrix reinforced with glass fibres.

Metals

Metals

Metals owe their versatility as engineering materials to the fact that they can be plastically deformed and can be strengthened by a variety of methods which, by and large, act by inhibiting the motion of dislocations. As a consequence of the non-directional nature of the metallic bond, dislocations are highly mobile in pure metals which are therefore very soft. But by controlling the number and distribution of dislocations the materials scientist can adjust the properties of a metal or alloy system to suit specific requirements. There are limitations, however. Increases in strength can usually be achieved only at the expense of the capacity for plastic deformation, with the consequence that the strongest alloys often lack tolerance of defects or other stress-concentrators. Since brittleness is a drawback no designer dares underestimate, this leads to the use of large safety factors which, in turn, means that the full potential of high-strength alloys are often not utilisable in practice.

Many conventional metallic materials are relatively heavy. For land-based engineering projects this may be of no consequence, but economic arguments relating to pay-loads (in civil aircraft) and tactical arguments relating to maneuverability (in military aircraft) have always been a powerful incentive for the use of low-density materials in aerospace engineering, and in these energy-conscious times the economic incentive for lightening automobiles has considerably influenced the motor car designer.

For structural applications involving compression rather than tensile loads, the relevant structural stiffness index is not simply Young's modulus, E, but the modulus/density ratio.

These features show why it is worthwhile to attempt to use light, strong, stable fibres to reinforce some of the lighter engineering metals and alloys.

Read about metals and be prepared to discuss with your partner different features metals possess.

M. Ibbotson Professional English in Use. Engineering, - Cambridge, 2009

 

Unit 14

MILLING MACHINE

Milling machine

A milling machine is a machine tool used for the shaping of metal and other solid materials. Milling machines exist in two basic forms: horizontal and vertical, which terms refer to the orientation of the cutting tool spindle. Unlike a drill press, in which the workpiece is held stationary and the drill is moved vertically to penetrate the material milling, also involves movement of the workpiece against the rotating cutter. The latter is able to cut on its flanks as well as its tip. Work piece and cutter movement are precisely controlled usually by means of slides and leadscrews or analogous technology. Milling machines may be manually operated, mechanically automated, or digitally automated via computer numerical control (CNC).

Milling machines can perform a vast number of operations, some very complex, such as slot cutting, drilling etc. Cutting fluid is often pumped to the cutting site to cool and lubricate the cut, and to wash away the resulting swarf.

There are many ways to classify milling machines, depending on which criteria are the focus:

In the vertical mill the spindle axis is vertically oriented. Milling cutters are held in the spindle and rotate on its axis. The spindle can generally be extended (or the table can be raised/lowered, giving the same effect), allowing plunge cuts and drilling. There are two subcategories of vertical mills: the bedmill and the turret mill. Turret mills are generally smaller than bedmills, and are considered by some to be more versatile. In a turret mill the spindle remains stationary during cutting operations and the table is moved both perpendicular to and parallel to the spindle’s axis to accomplish cutting. In the bedmill, however, the table moves only perpendicular to the spindle's axis; while the spindle itself moves parallel to its own axis. Also of note is a lighter machine, called a mill-drill. It is quite popular due to its small size and lower price. These are frequently of lower quality than other machines, however.

A horizontal mill has the same sort of x-y table, but the cutters are mounted on a horizontal arbor across the table. A majority of horizontal mills also feature a rotary table that allows milling at shallow angles. Because the cutters have good support from the arbor, quite heavy cuts can be taken, enabling rapid material removal rates. These are used to mill grooves and slots. Plain mills are used to shape flat surface. Several cutters may be ganged together on the arbor lo mill a complex shape of slots and planes. Special cutters can also cut grooves, bevels, radii or indeed any section desired. These specialty cutters tend to be expensive.

 

Divide your notes