Use the Internet to find the information on the newest computer viruses and present it to the class

 

 

Unit 4

PROGRAMMING

Read the text and find answers to these questions

1. Do computers understand human languages?

2. What are the differences between low-level and high-level languages?

3. What is an assembler?

4. What is the function of compilers?

5. What do you understand by the terms source program and object program?

6. What do you infer from the text about the possibility of programming a computer in Spanish, French or Japanese?

 

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Unfortunately, so far computers cannot understand either ordinary spoken English or any other natural language. The only language they can understand directly is called machine code: central processors operate on codes which consist of a series of binary digits (Is and Os). In this form, the instructions are said to be in machine code.

However, machine code as a means of communication is very difficult to write. For this reason, we use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. Then, by using a special program, these languages can be translated into machine code. For example, the so-called assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions. These mnemonic codes are like labels easily associated with the items to which they refer.

Basic languages, where the program is similar to the machine code version, are known as low-level languages. In these languages, each instruction is equivalent to a single machine code instruction, and the program is converted into machine code by a special program called an assembler. These languages are still quite complex and restricted to particular machines.

To make the programs easier to write and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of machines, higher-level languages were designed such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN or PASCAL. These languages are all problem-oriented rather than machine-oriented and can all be converted into the machine codes of different types of computers. Programs written in one of these languages (known as source programs) are converted into a lower-level language by means of a compiler (generating the object program). On compilation, each statement in a high-level language is generally translated into many machine code instructions.

People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic languages and the easier this communication can be made the wider the application of computers will be. Scientists are already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers may be able to understand human languages.

 

Complete the following definitions with the words and phrases in the box.

the various parts  of the program may occur in programs

language           binary numbers a given problem

1. algorithm: The step-by-step specification of how to reach the solution to...

2. flowchart: A diagram representing the logical sequence between...

3. coding: The translation of the logical steps into a programming.

4. machine code: The basic instruction understood by computers. The processor on codes which consist of...

5. debugging: The techniques of detecting, diagnosing and correcting errors (also known as «bugs») which...

 

In pairs, try to find the answer for the question “What is programming?”. Vote for the best definition in your group.

4. In pairs or small groups discuss the difference between object-oriented and procedure oriented programming languages. Answer the following questions:

1) Is C # pure object oriented language?

2) Is C++ pure object oriented language?

Read the text to check your answers.

 

Benefits Of C# Programming

C# is immensely better than Java. If we focused on the generic and functional programming support, C# is way ahead of Java. Even if C# lacks certain advanced features, it is still used much more often. C# has a higher level of abstraction than C++. It is an advantage when development time is more important than program speed. C# is a typical, statically object oriented programming language.

C# is a language with better syntax for properties, value types, reified generics, etc. C# is better than C++ because it does away with header files, which translates to greater simplicity. C# is better than Java because it supports both reference types and user defined types. The programmers can yield significant performance benefits. It supports for single method interfaces such as delegates. Delegates greatly simplify the coding of frequently occurring constructs which involve single-method objects.

In C#, if the programmer wants to define a small new type, he does not have to define a new class for it; he can simply make it a struct. Passing such struct will not be more expensive. Henceforth, he has the benefits of not allocating, constructing and garbage collecting any objects. C# is simple to learn. C# has a development environment and all related things to development are available from this environment.

C# is pure object oriented language, but C++ is the mixture of object oriented and procedure oriented. There are no problems such as memory leaks, etc. the rich class library makes the programmers to implement many functions simply. It provides good support for distributed systems. Due to the CLR environment, it makes C# to integrate the components written in other languages. The class libraries are quite extensive. These libraries support a specific feature better than in Java. C# brings many features including query expressions.

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