Отличительные свойства модальных глаголов

1.Не имеют окончания - s в 3-м лице единственного числа настоящего времени. He can do it. He may take it. He must go there. He ought to help him. Need he do it?

2.Не имеют неличных форм (инфинитива, герундия и причастия).

3.Не употребляются как отдельный член предложения – простое глагольное сказуемое, но только в сочетании с еще одним, не модальным, глаголом в форме инфинитива без частицы to (кроме ought и иногда need), образуя составное глагольное сказуемое. I must go there. Я должен пойти туда. You needn't do it. Вам не нужно делать этого. Но: You ought to help him. Вам следовало бы помочь ему.

4.Вопросительная и отрицательная формы модальных глаголов образуются без вспомогательного глагола: в вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, в отрицательных – после него ставится отрицание not. Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help him? Need he do it? He ought not to help him. He need not do it.

5. Не имеют формы прошедшего времени (кроме can – could, may – might) и аналитических форм (будущего времени, продолженного вида, перфектных форм и форм страдательного залога). В случае необходимости вместо отсутствующих форм используются эквивалентымодальных глаголов.

 

Use the modal verbs must (должен), can (могу, умею), may (можно, разрешено), should (следует / совет /), ought to (следует / упрек /) to complete the sentences. There may be more than one possible answer.

1. It’s too far to walk from here to the station.. You... take a taxi. 2. Sarah got the job because she... speak five languages. 3. The windows are dirty. I... clean them. 4. You... use a dictionary. 5. I like this hotel room. You... see the lake from the window. 6. It’s a good film. You... see it. 7. He... take my book. 8. We... go to the bank today. We have no money. 9. When you are driving, you…wear a seat belt. 10. We…see the lake from our window. 11. If you have time, you... visit the museum. It’s very interesting. 12. I... come and see you tomorrow. 13. She... use this "computer program. 14. Your salary is very low. You... look for another job. 15. Mary is a very interesting person. You... meet her. 16. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It... rain later. 17. Sandra... drive but she hasn’t got a car. 18. Tomorrow the game is very important for us. We... win. 19. Students... bring textbooks into the examination room. 20. It’s late and you’re very tired. You... go to bed.

 

Translate the sentences paying attention to modal verbs and their equivalents.

1. Man can use plants for food. 2. We must know how a plant grows. 3. The farmers can grow a new corn variety on their farm. 4. All parts of a plant must be developed well. 5. They had to resow this crop because of bad weather. 6. The farmers are to increase wheat yield. 7. Some plants are so small that they can be distinguished only under microscope. 8. There are very large trees growing in California that may be 350 feet high with a diameter of 20 feet at the base. 9. Plants may be used for many different purposes. 10. Farm crops may be classified according to their use.

 

Translate the sentences into Russian. Name the sentences with the verbs «to be» and «to have» as modals.

1.  Farmers  will  have  to  cultivate  this  soil  when  it  is dry.

2. The farm is to increase yield of corn. 3. They had to grow some new  grain  crops  this  year.  4. The  plants  have  very  many uses.

5. These crops are very important for men. 6. Crop plants are to be classified on the basis of their use. 7. The farmer will have to plant corn later this year.

 

Text A

Vocabulary list

importance – важность, значение

to be dependent (upon) – зависеть от

size – размер, величина

either … or – или … или

directly (indirectly) – прямо, косвенно

to exist – существовать

species – вид

to expect – ожидать

to vary (in) – изменяться, различаться

variable – изменчивый

to require – требовать(ся)

requirement – требование, потребность

usefulness – польза

as to – что касается

for instance – например

as well as – также как и

low – низкий, нижний

to distinguish – различать

according to – согласно, в соответствии

similar – подобный

similarity – сходство, подобие

source – источник

in turn– в свою очередь

value – ценность

valuable – ценный

 

1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian:

either directly or indirectly, plant kingdom, variable forms, usefulness to man, to be made up of only one cell, with the aid of a microscope, for instance, redwood trees, the lowest forms of plant life, according to similarity of parts, valuable food products.