II. Make up 5 sentences of your own according to model:

All the switches had to be reset.

 

III. Put different types of questions to the following sentences:

1. Programming languages are communication systems that people can use to communicate with computers.

2. The earliest computers were programmed by arranging various wires and switches within the computer components.

3. This was very inefficient.

4. These codes were called machine language.

5. Assembly language was developed to offset the tedium writing machine-language programs.

 

IV. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following word combina­tions:

1. «Общаться с компьютером»; когда нужно было запускать новую программу; это было очень неэффективно; первая вычислительная машина с запоминаемой программой; эти коды были названы машинным языком; написание программ на машинном языке; языки высокого уровня больше ориентируются на программиста; делались попытки разработать язык программирования; когда необходимы многочисленные сложные арифметические вычисления.

 

V. Answer the following questions:

1. What are programming languages?

 2. How were the earliest computers programmed?

3. What machine-language programs were used earlier?

4. What was developed to offset the tedium writing machine-language pro­grams later?

5. What categories of programming languages do you know? What are they ori­ented toward?

6. What is FORTRAN? When was it originated and why? Where can the lan­guage be applied?

 

VI. Speak on the differences between low-level and high-level languages.

Lesson 2

Languages: Basic, Pascal

Text.

BASIC

BASIC, an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, was developed in the mid-1960s at Dartmouth College. Among BASIC's most at­tractive features are its simplicity and flexibility. Because it is easy to learn, it can be used by people with little or no programming experience; a novice programmer can write fairly complex programs in BASIC in a matter of a few hours. It is a general-purpose language that can be used to write programs to solve a wide vari­ety of problems.

The language BASIC is mathematically oriented, that is, its typical use is to solve problems of a mathematical nature.

 

PASCAL

PASCAL was invented in 1970 by Professor Niklaus Wirth, of Zurich, Switzerland. Wirth named the language after the French mathematician and philoso­pher Blaise PASCAL, who invented the first mechanical adding machine. PASCAL  is a mathematically oriented programming language and as such, is most commonly used in mathematics, engineering, and computer science departments of colleges and universities. This language is somewhat unusual in that it was designed to be a structured language.  At present, PASCAL is introductory program­ming course for computer science students at 80 per cent of all universities in the USA. Each PASCAL program is made up of models called proce­dures that can be nested within one another.

 

ACTIVE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:

аcronym - акроним

flexibility –гибкость, адаптируемость, настраиваемость, изменяемость;

feature – свойство, признак, особенность, характерная черта;

mechanical adding machine –механическая суммирующая машина

general-purpose language- универсальный язык;

module – модуль (относительно независимая часть программы)

structured language –структурированный язык

procedure-процедура, процесс, метод, алгоритм;

to solve problems – решать проблемы

 nested - вложенный

 

 

ASSIGNMENTS:

 

I. Pronounce the words correctly:

Acronym, beginner, purpose, symbolic, attractive, novice, feature, simplicity, complex, experience, fairly, major, implement, methodology, scientist, mathemati­cian, initial, acceptance, reason, available procedures.

 

II. Translate into Russian:

Among BASIC's most attractive features are; because it is easy to learn, it can be used; fairly complex programs in BASIC; in a matter of a few hours; to write programs to solve a wide variety of problems; a general-purpose language; Wirth named the language after the French mathematician and philosopher; is made up of models, it can be nested within one another.