The communicative types of the sentences and their correlations.

The main correlations between communicative types:

v statement –questions

v statement — inducement

v inducement — questions

 

As a result of the transference of certain characteristic features from one communicative type of sentences to another.

 

1) Questions in the framework of the statement=rhetorical question

2) Inducement in the framework of the statement = modal meaning, high expressiveness and intensity

3) Inducement in the frame work of the question = polite request

4) Question in the framework of inductive sentence — inducement to the answer, not to the action, indirect speech.

Sentence analysis: the model of parts of the sentence, the distributional model, IC-model, the transformational model.

The model of parts of the sentence

The traditional scheme of sentence parsing shows many essential traits of the said functional hierarchy. On the scheme presented graphically, sentence-parts connected by bonds of immediate domination are placed one under the other in a successive order of subordination, while sentence-parts related to one another equipotently are placed in a horizontal order. Direct connections between the sentence-parts are represented by horizontal and vertical lines.

5)

THE SMALL LADY LISTENED TO ME ATTENTAVELY

 

 

The scheme clearly shows the basic logical-grammatical connections of the notional constituents of the sentence. If necessary, it can easily be supplemented with specifying linguistic information, such as indications of lexico-grammatical features of the sentence-parts the same as their syntactic sub-functions.

 

DRAWBACK: it fails to consistently present their genuine linear order in speech.

This drawback is overcome in another scheme of analysis called the " model of immediate constituents" (contractedly, the "IC-model").

Distributional model

 

Distributional model expresses the linear order, the place the parts of speech take towards each other. This model was proposed by Ch. Friese.

It contains the set of indexes taken for different parts of speech, for instance

D — noun determiner (the article);

3 — adjective;

I — noun or personal pronouns;

a, b — used if there are several nouns in a sentence

4 — adverb

f — preposition

E — conjunction

1-d — verb, present, sing

1+d — verb, present pl.

2-d — verb, past sing

2+d —verb, past, pl.

3-d — verb, future, sing

3+ d — verb, future, pl.

 

DRAWBACK: The police shot the man in the red cap. и

The police shot the man in the right arm.

 

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English verbs and adverbs

old men and children

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IC-model

It consists in dividing the whole of the sentence into two groups: that of the subject and that of the predicate(noun and the verb phrases), which, in their turn, are divided into their sub-group constituents according to the successive subordinate order of the latter. Profiting by this type of analysis, the IC-model explicitly exposes the binary hierarchical principle of subordinate connections, showing the whole structure of the sentence as made up by binary immediate constituents. From the point of the regularity all the sentences can be divided into major and minor sentences

Thus, structured by the IC-model, the cited sentence on the upper level of analysis is looked upon as a united whole (the accepted symbol S); on the next lower level it is divided into two maximal constituents — the subject noun-phrase (NP-subj) and the predicate verb-phrase (VP-pred); on the next lower level the subject noun-phrase is divided into the determiner (det) and the rest of the phrase to which it semantically refers (NP), while the predicate noun-phrase is divided into the adverbial (DP, in this case simply D) and the rest of the verb-phrase to which it semantically refers; the next level-stages of analysis include the division of the first noun-phrase into its adjective-attribute constituent (AP, in this case A) and the noun constituent (N), and correspondingly, the division of the verb-phrase into its verb constituent (V or Vf — finite verb) and object noun-phrase constituent (NP-obj), the latter being, finally, divided into the preposition constituent (prp) and noun constituent (N). As we see, the process of syntactic IC-analysis continues until the word-level of the sentence is reached, the words being looked upon as the "ultimate" constituents of the sentence.

The described model of immediate constituents has two basic versions. The first is known as the "analytical IC-diagrarn", the second, as the "IС-derivation tree". The analytical IC-diagram commonly shows the groupings of sentence constituents by means of vertical and horizontal lines (see Fig. 4). The IC-derivation tree shows the groupings of sentence constituents by means of branching nodes: the nodes symbolise phrase-categories as unities, while the branches mark their division into constituents of the corresponding sub-categorial standings

 

Transformational model

 

Transformation model describes the connection between the deep and the surface structures as some process presented through the series of transformations

Transformation is an explicit formula of some kind of model distinguished by the speakers of a certain language

The main types of transformations: passive transformations,transformations of replacement; transformations of omission; transformations of nominalization;

The example of passive transformation

The small lady listented to me attentively. — I was listened attentively by the small lady.

The example of transformation of replacement

George gave Martha an apple. — George gave an apple to Martha.

The example of transformation of omission:

 

Elene talked to someone a great deal. — Elene talked a great deal.

The example of transformation of nominalization:

 

Debby admits that he hates his job — Debby admits his hatred towards his job.

 

 

7.5. Semantic & communicative structures of the sentence.