Упражнение 31. Переведите текст, найдите формы причастия II; определите их функции и способы перевода.

 

BORAX

This salt, when crystallised from solution, combines with water forming a hydrate. It is made by adding calcium borate to sodium carbonate solution. It is a white crystalline salt. It is added to the glass, used for enamelling and glazing, to make it more fusible and easier to spread in a thin layer. Since it contains but a small proportion of the metallic oxide, it combines with other metallic oxides if fused with them. For this reason, the powdered salt is sometimes sprinkled on tarnished metallic surfaces being soldered or brazed. The heat of the blowpipe melts the borax and the latter removes the oxide and permits perfect running of the solder over the surface.

The borates thus formed are often coloured and the colours afford a means of recognising the metallic compound which produced them.

In chemical analyses a bead of borax, produced by fusion on a platinum wire, is heated with a particle of the unknown compound and its colour then examined.

 

 

VI. ГЕРУНДИЙ

 

Герундий – особая грамматическая категория с суффиксом –ing, выражающая название действия, представленного как процесс.

Семантически герундий имеет сходство с русскими именами действия на -нье, -ние, - тие, -ка, -ство, -ба. например: (singing – пение, arriving – прибытие, building – строительство, firing – стрельба).

Герундий позволяет избегать употребления громоздких придаточных предложений и облегчает создание кратких и сжатых оборотов речи.

Следы двойственной природы герундия сохранились в современном языке в виде двойственности его функций: он имеет черты и существительного, и глагола и сохраняет связь с каждой из этих категорий.

 

Связь герундия с глаголом:

а) происходит от глагольного корня;

б) имеет временные и залоговые отличия:

I know of his leaving Frisco. – Я знаю, что он уезжает из Сан-Франциско.

I know of his having left Frisco. – Я знаю, что он уехал из Сан-Франциско.

в) принимает прямое дополнение:

Their aim was exploring the Pole. – Их целью было исследование полюса.

г) может определяться наречием:

Writing quickly is tiring. – Писать быстро – утомительно.

Отличие от глагола:

Являясь неличной формой глагола, т.е. такой формой, которая не выражает ни категории лица, ни категории числа, герундий не может выполнять функции сказуемого (может быть лишь частью сказуемого).

 

Связь с существительным:

 

а) выражает не действие, а лишь название, процесс действия;

б) выполняет в предложении функции существительного, выступая в качестве подлежащего, дополнения, определения, обстоятельства, части сказуемого;

в) сочетается с предлогами, определяется притяжательными местоимениями и существительным в притяжательном падеже.

Отличие от существительного:

а) не может иметь артикля;

б) не может употребляться с номинативным сочетанием (of + существительное);

в) не имеет множественного числа;

г) не может определяться прилагательным.

 

Герундий может выполнять в предложении следующие функции: подлежащего, дополнения, части сказуемого, определения (перед определяемым словом без предлога и после определяемого слова в сочетании с предлогом of), обстоятельства времени, цели, причины, образа действия и др. (всегда в сочетании с предлогом).

Вследствие того, что в русском языке нет формы, соответствующей герундию, его перевод осуществляется различными способами, а именно:

Герундий в роли подлежащего и дополнения переводится преимущественно существительным, иногда инфинитивом:

 

Splitting the atom is a difficult task.

1. Расщепление атома является трудной задачей.

2. Расщепить атом – трудная задача.

 

Transformers are used for changing d.c. into a.c.

1. Трансформаторы применяются для преобразования постоянного тока в переменный.

2. Трансформаторы применяются для того, чтобы преобразовывать постоянный ток в переменный.

 

Сложный герундий в этой функции обычно переводится придаточным предложением, причем перевод часто начинается словами то, что (чтобы):

 

His having obtained a residue at such a temperature was a great success. – To, что ему удалось получить осадок при такой температуре, было большим успехом.

They knew about our having done it. – Они знали о том, что мы уже сделали это.

 

Герундий в качестве предикативного члена или части составного глагольного сказуемого передается ближе всего русским инфинитивом:

Their aim was collecting all the necessary data. – Их цель заключалась в том, чтобы собрать все необходимые данные.

 

Герундий в функции определения может переводиться или инфинитивом, или существительным:

Many solids have the power of absorbing gases on their surfaces. – Многие твердые вещества обладают способностью абсорбировать газы (абсорбирования газов) на своей поверхности.

 

Герундий в различных обстоятельственных функциях может переводиться деепричастием, существительным с предлогом или придаточным предложением:

After closing the circuit we measured the resistance.

1. Замкнув цепь, мы измерили сопротивление.

2. После замыкания цепи мы измерили сопротивление.

3. После того, как мы замкнули цепь, мы измерили сопротивление.

 

Итак, герундий переводится на русский язык следующими четырьмя способами: существительным, глаголом в инфинитиве, деепричастием, придаточным предложением. При этом выбор способа перевода часто диктуется не функцией герундия в предложении, а удобством использования той или иной русской грамматической формы в данном контексте.

 

Упражнение 32. Определите функцию формы с окончанием -ing и переведите следующие предложения:

1. In passing through a metal electrons collide with many ions. 2. When the boiling is reached the adding of heat does not raise the temperature. 3. The proper work of an engine depends upon its being well lubricated. 4. All the chemical transformations that take place around us only change energy from one form into another without affecting the total. 5. Coal and any other fuel provide the heat required for driving our engines and turbines. 6. In carrying out the plan of launching an artificial satellite our scientists had to solve many difficult problems. 7. The bridge having been repaired so quickly surprised us very much. 8. Before discussing this question they made a short break. 9. I knew nothing about the recent happenings. 10. Their having crossed the river caused a great surprise. 11. War causes hard sufferings.

 

 

Упражнение 33. Переведите предложения, определяя, какой частью речи является -ing-форма:

А. 1. Everything must have a beginning. 2. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 3. Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best end by the best means (F. Hutcheson). 4. This procedure is finding increasing use. 5. A man should be viewed as a free, rational being possessing a free will. 6. The problem, however, is in not dividing the structure finely enough. 7. Before starting the engine it is necessary to test the piping for leakage. 8. Inhibiting is preferable to drastic refining. 9. Fortran has become a widely accepted programming language of the coding of mathematical appli­cations. 10. This is not surprising in view of the fact that these compounds undergo rearrangement, giving diazoesters. 11. After all in sport what really counts is not the winning, but the playing. 12. The system architecture consists of several lay­ers together with corresponding compiling modules. 13. Two results obtained using the protocol showed an interesting ef­fect worth presenting and discussing here. 14. Frequently, one is watching a sports event involving two teams without any intrinsic reason for supporting either. 15. The accumu­lated bulk of knowledge on how to run a business, provides deep understanding of the mechanism of business. 16. A sys­tem analyst spends much of a working day interviewing peo­ple. 17. The theory also basically improves understanding of a queuing situation enabling better control.

В. 1. If the saving in operating costs is to be fully realized, a high standard of reliability is necessary. 2. The primary func­tion of the office is the handling of information. 3. In the passing of current through the conductor resistance results in the giving off heat. 4. The object of heating and ventilating a building is to provide a healthy and pleasant home. 5. What is the decision maker trying to attain by solving the problem at hand? And what is he trying to retain? 6. Objectives may involve either getting something one does not have or giving up none or as little as possible of something one does have.

Упражнение 34. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на герундий:

А. 1. Having overcome the economic backwardness inherited from the militarist Japan, the post-war Japan increased its output of means of production 183-fold, as compared to 1941. 2. The sufferings of people in Africa from starvation were terrible. 3. In America about one million hectares of valuable farm land have been confiscated for military testing ground and camps and every day brings fresh reports of farms being converted to the same purpose and of whole villages being torn down to make room for military installations. 4. The growing economic difficulties are prompting the average citizen to lift his voice for development of industry and international co-operation.

В. 1. The disintegration of radioactive substances is a spontaneous process, no method accelerating or retarding it being known. 2. Carbon dioxide may be obtained by heating some carbonates to a high temperature. 3. In chemical changes occurring in substances atoms continue to be indivisible. 4. Water vapour can be condensed into a liquid by taking away heat or by decreasing its volume. 5. Sometimes the cooling without the increasing of pressure results in liquefying the gas. 6. While teaching mathematics Tsiolkovsky continued his self-education studying astronomy, biology, and chemistry. 7. Stanyukovich distinguished himself as a gifted writer, most of his novels being connected with the sea.

С. 1. The Russian national budget is an important medium for raising living standards of the people. 2. Peaceful co-operation among nations espousing different social system is both possible and desirable. 3. Taking advantage of the suddenness of their treacherous attack, the German-fascists strove to crush our army by powerful blows at the beginning of the war. 4. The lifting of the blockade of Leningrad was a great success of both our land and naval forces. 5. The Japanese yoke having been removed by the Soviet Army, the people of Korea saw their way to independence, democracy, and progress.

 

 

Упражнение 35. Переведите следующие предложения, определяя роль герундия в предложении:

1. Learning without thought is labour lost, thought without learning is perilous (Confucius). 2. Seeing is believing. 3. Appetite comes with eating. 4. Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped. 5. Instead of using chlorine, they took bromine. 6. A committee has been established for the purpose of coordinating the nomenclature. 7. They con­tinued experimenting with the substance. 8. From here on, the theory starts evaluating the various alternatives of action in terms of the objectives. 9. We have modified the network while retaining the SFS property. 10. Having access to the code was symbolic. 11. It is worthwhile thinking over the effects I have just described. 12. Besides being useful in general interpolation technique, the procedure can be ef­fectively used to approximate the first coefficients of F. 13. The new opportunities may make life on this planet much more worth living. 14. They were against postponing the meeting and for going on with the discussion of this problem. 15. We were all for starting the experiment at once. 16. It is no use speaking of it. 17. Operating conditions differed widely. 18. It is customary to dry the precipitate on the paper without removing it from the funnel. 19. They could not help seeing the importance of the process. 20. It is commonly understood that regular queues before a theatre or a cinema are one sign that the show is worth seeing. 21. The purpose of the method is determining system stability. 22. In one's search to under­stand what happens in this particular case, one cannot help being influenced by the history of quite another problem. 23. We succeeded in building a flexible system. 24. The architects' aim is applying more plastics for interior decoration. 25. It may well be worthwhile considering the purpose of the investi­gation. 26. Search theory is potentially applicable to any sort of searching process. 27. The missionaries kept coming back from the Latinized continent. 28. Balancing is done by adjust­ing the position of the rods.

 

 

Упражнение 36. Переведите текст, определяя герундий в предложении:

Automation in the Research Process

Our goal should be automating the routine and thereby leave more time for the creative process.

With that word of caution, let's proceed by arbitrarily di­viding research into three stages and examining each stage to find what functions of the research process might be automated without endangering creativity. Stage one includes the dreams, the ideas, the exploratory work, selecting the problem, setting the objective, testing technical feasibility, and searching the literature. Stage two involves planning the experiment, conduct­ing the experiment, checking the alternates, data taking, and data evaluation. Stage three is the solution of the problem ­drawing conclusions and making recommendations.

Although there is a great deal of creativity involved in stage one, there are also opportunities for automation. The burden of keeping up with the literature even in one's own restricted field is becoming heavier with each passing year. The mass of reading necessary to make a literature search has increased immensely. Advances in computer technology have made possible storing and quick retrieving essentially all the scientific literature.

 

Упражнение 37. Определите функции герундия в предложении:

1. Two special cases are worth highlighting. 2. The question is answered in part by studying the behaviour of the optimal strategy for the task described here. 3. It is worthwhile recon­sidering this case as well as adding another even more impres­sive example. 4. Up to the present time, several writers have succeeded in finding exact solution of the fundamental dif­ferential equation in certain particular cases. 5. This justifies our coming here. 6. Programming a computer involves analys­ing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it. 7. Having the source code is a way of achieving independence. 8. Today we cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a research team at the achievement of a common goal. 9. The opening words of this curious treaty are worthy of being recorded. 10. They were accused of being the friends of the Pretender. 11. Peter insisted upon laying aside all the ceremonial of royalty. 12. He had died without leaving either a personal or a political will. 13. Perhaps one of the biggest problems is ventilating suckers. 14. Air cooling instead of water cooling would also reduce the weight of the engine. 15. Trying to minimize the importance of the discovery was of no use. 16. The ability of the device to place max poles while preserving others is clearly attractive. 17. Life is a matter of making wise choices – of knowing when to draw the line. 18. The method as developed by W. R. Evens is indicating the location of roots of the characteristic equation.

 

 

Упражнение 38. Переведите текст, выделите все формы, оканчивающиеся на -ing и определите их функции:

 

ELASTICITY

Pulling a rubber band increases its length. However, if you cease pulling it and release one of its ends, the rubber band will quickly return to its original shape and size.

Solids in greatly differing degrees resist being changed in shape, i.e. resist deformation. Some of them, like a rubber band or a steel spring, are called elastic because they return to their original size and shape after having been stretched or compressed. Others are known as elastic because they straighten after having been bent.

Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic. In spite of then having been compressed they return to their original volume after the removing of the applied force.

Air, for instance, is perfectly elastic. If it is compressed and then allowed to return to its original pressure and temperature, it returns exactly to its original volume.

We may define an elastic body as one tending to return to its original shape and size when the deforming force is removed. On the contrary, bodies that are not very elastic do not show the tendency of returning to their original form. Thus, elasticity is the tendency to return to the original condition after deformation.

Careful experiments made on various elastic materials show that there is a simple relationship existing between the acting force and the resistance force. This relationship must have a limit somewhere and the stretching cannot be increased indefinitely.

Elastic limit is the point beyond which one should not attempt deforming the body if it is to return to its original condition.

As we are stretching an elastic object such as a steel spring, for instance, there must come a time when the elastic limit is reached, and then the above-mentioned relationship will not hold any longer. However, stretching the steel spring repeatedly or leaving it stretched moderately has no practical effect upon it. Considering further the example of the rubber band, one finds that the more the rubber band is pulled, the longer it will become until the elastic limit is reached, at last. It is known, however, that rubber can stretch a relatively long distance before reaching the elastic limit.

 

VII. ИНФИНИТИВ

Показателем инфинитива (неопределенной формы глагола) является частица to.

Инфинитив называет действие, но не указывает ни лица, ни числа. Он, как и все неличные формы, не может согласовываться с подлежащим и, следовательно, самостоятельно не может выступать в предложении в качестве сказуемого.

Инфинитив, так же как и герундий, произошел от существительного и может выполнять в предложении функции существительного.

Функциональная близость инфинитива и герундия сказывается в том, что во многих случаях возможно употребление одной формы вместо другой.

Выполняя функции существительного, инфинитив обладает и некоторыми глагольными свойствами:

а)инфинитив может иметь прямое дополнение:

Не decided to raise the temperature. – Он решил поднять температуру.

б) инфинитив может определяться наречием:

They wanted to start at once. – Они хотели отправиться немедленно.

в) инфинитив может иметь сложные формы:

to be written – быть написанным;

to have written – написать до определенного момента;

to have been written – быть написанным до определенного момента.

 

Остальные формы английского инфинитива выражают различное отношение ко времени и к степени совершения действия сравнительно с действием сказуемого и переводятся в соответствии с контекстом.

Формы Indefinite выражают действие, одновременное с действием сказуемого. Они переводятся инфинитивом глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида.

 

They wanted to introduce a new system. – Они хотели вводить (ввести) новую систему.

 

Формы Perfect выражают действие, предшествующее действию сказуемого и переводятся инфинитивом совершенного вида:

 

Не was expected to have done his work. – Предполагали, что он уже сделал свою работу.

Роль инфинитива в предложении

 

Инфинитив может играть роль любого члена предложения:

1.

Подлежащее:

То transmit the image by radio has become a practical possibility not so long ago.

Перевод инфинитива-подлежащего производится с помощью русского инфинитива или существительного:

 

Передавать изображение по радио стало практически возможным сравнительно недавно.

Передача изображения по радио стала практически возможной сравнительно недавно.

 

Иногда, особенно если инфинитив сопровождается пояснительными словами, он ставится после сказуемого, а его место занимает формальное подлежащее it, которое не переводится:

 

It is difficult to liberate an active element from a compound. – Трудно высвободить активный элемент из соединения.

 

Инфинитив может выступать как часть сложного подлежащего в обороте «Субъектный инфинитивный оборот», когда сказуемое выражено одним из следующих глаголов:

to say сказать, to see видеть, to hear слышать, to state утверждать, to report сообщать, to announce объявлять, to believe верить, считать, to suppose предполагать, to think думать, to expect ожидать, предполагать, to know знать, to understand понимать, to consider считать, to assume предполагать, to declare объявлять и некоторые другие:

Uranium is known to possess the highest atomic weight. – Известно, что уран обладает самым большим атомным весом.

 

Характерным признаком этого оборота для большинства глаголов является сочетание пассивной формы с инфинитивом (is known + to possess).

Эта конструкция переводится безличным, или неопределенно-личным оборотом в качестве главного предложения (известно, предполагают, говорят, сообщают и т.п.), за которым следует придаточное дополнительное предложение с союзом что, чтобы, как.

 

2) Часть составного именного сказуемого:

Перевод осуществляется с помощью инфинитива:

The purpose of this catalist is to accelerate the process of chemical reaction. – Назначение этого катализатора заключается в том чтобы ускорить процесс химической реакции.

 

3. Часть составного глагольного сказуемого в сочетании с:

- модальными глаголами (после которых частица to опускается):

 

All the progressive peoples must fight for peace. – Все прогрессивные народы должны бороться за мир.

 

Часто модальная функция выполняется глаголами to be и to have, после которых частица to восстанавливается:

The voltage is to be measured. – Напряжение должно быть измерено.

 

- глаголом-связкой и прилагательным:

Hydrogen is difficult to liberate from this compound. – Водород трудно выделить из этого соединения.

 

- некоторыми глаголами, которые без инфинитива не выражают законченной мысли, например: to want хотеть, to like любить, нравиться, to intend намереваться, to hope надеяться, to promise обещать, to begin начинать и др.:

 

We hoped to obtain good results. – Мы надеялись получить хорошие результаты.

 

- оборотами to be going, to be about (о борот to be going с последующим инфинитивом передает намерение совершить действие, выраженное инфинитивом и переводится: намереваться, собираться):

 

We are going to build the largest atomic pile in the world. – Мы намереваемся построить самый большой реактор в мире.

 

Оборот to be about с инфинитивом передает готовность начать действие, выраженное инфинитивом и переводится уже собираться, быть готовым:

Не was about to start, but the engine suddenly stopped. – Он уже готов был отправиться, но двигатель вдруг остановился.

 

Во всех этих случаях перевод осуществляется также с помощью русского инфинитива.

4. Дополнение:

Инфинитив выступает в функции прямого дополнения лишь в тех случаях, когда он выражает действие, совершаемое не подлежащим, а косвенным дополнением:

Не asked us to return. – Он попросил нас вернуться.

 

Инфинитив выступает частью сложного дополнения, начинающегося предлогом for. Такой инфинитив связан по смыслу не с подлежащим, а со словом, которое стоит за предлогом for и которое играет роль подлежащего в отношении инфинитива.

Такой инфинитив переводится придаточным предложением с союзами что или чтобы, или существительным:

 

We expected for the impurities to fall out as a precipitate. –

Мы предполагали, что примеси выпадут в виде осадка.

Мы ожидали выпадения примесей в виде осадка.

 

Инфинитив может быть частью сложного дополнения в «объектном инфинитивном обороте»:

We expect him to come. – Мы предполагаем, что он придет.

 

Этот оборот переводится дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзами что, чтобы, как, когда, в котором слово, стоящее в объектном падеже, играет роль подлежащего, а глагол, стоящий в инфинитиве, выступает в роли сказуемого.

«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» употребляется после глаголов:

а) желания: to want хотеть, to wish желать, to like хотеть, to desire желать;

б) предположения: to suppose предполагать, to consider считать, to think думать, to expect ожидать, to know знать, to find находить, считать;

в) приказания: to order приказывать, to command приказывать, to allow разрешать;

г) восприятия органами чувств: to see видеть, to hear слышать, to feel чувствовать, to watch наблюдать, to notice замечать, to observe наблюдать.

После глаголов последней группы частица to перед инфинитивом опускается:

 

We noticed the mixture change its colour. – Мы заметили, что смесь изменила свой цвет.

5. Определение:

Инфинитив – определение (определительный оборот) всегда следует за определяемым словом. Перевод может быть сделан четырьмя способами:

а) инфинитивом:

Automation is one of the ways to increase productivity. – Автоматизация – один из способов повысить производительность.

б) причастным оборотом:

The wire to connect the terminals is 10 meters long. – Провод, соединяющий зажимы, имеет 10 метров длины.

в) существительным (часто с предлогом):

The aperture to show the readings is on the left side of the apparatus. – Отверстие для показания отсчетов расположено на левой стороне прибора.

г) придаточным предложением:

Voltage, resistance, and capacity are the three important properties to influence the flow of current in а circuit. – Напряжение, сопротивление и емкость – три важные свойства, которые оказывают влияние на движение тока в цепи.

 

Часто инфинитив-определение заменяет собой придаточное определительное предложение, действие которого относится к будущему времени с оттенком долженствования. Такой инфинитив стоит обычно в пассивной форме и следует за определяемым словом. Он переводится придаточным определительным предложением с модальным оттенком:

The question to be discussed (which is to be discussed) is of great importance. – Вопрос, который должен быть обсужден, имеет большое значение.

 

6. Обстоятельство цели и следствия:

Обстоятельство цели (иногда в сочетании с союзом in order to):

The substance was placed in а cooling mixture (in order) to reduce its temperature. – Вещество было помещено в охлаждающую смесь, чтобы понизить его температуру.

 

Инфинитив цели может возглавлять предложения; в этом случае перевод должен начинаться с союза для того, чтобы или чтобы:

То reduce the temperature of the substance, it was placed in cooling mixture. – Для того, чтобы понизить температуру вещества, оно было помещено в охлаждающую смесь.

Обстоятельство следствия (со словами: too, enough):

The transmitter is too weak to cover this distance. – Передатчик слишком слаб, чтобы покрыть это расстояние.

 

Если инфинитив следствия не сопровождается словами too или enough, то он может переводиться деепричастием:

One atom of oxygen combines with two atoms of hydrogen to form water. – Один атом кислорода соединяется с двумя атомами водорода, образуя воду.

 

7. В роли вводного члена инфинитив обычно стоит в начале предложения, всегда выделяется запятыми и может переводиться или деепричастием, или неопределенной формой глагола:

 

To sum up, we shall present the table. – Подводя итог (чтобы подвести итог), приведем таблицу.

To be sure, all solutions to problems are conditional. – Очевидно (безусловно), все решения (любых) проблем являются условными.

 

 

Упражнение 39. Определите функцию инфинитива в следующих предложениях и переведите их:

1. То assign a numerical value to the inertia of any given body, we choose as a standard some body whose inertia is arbitrary taken as unity. 2. Each organ of the living organism has its own work to do. 3. When cells which have similar functions become congregated together to form distinct anatomical structures, we call such structures organs. 4. Oxygen is extremely hard to liberate from a compound. 5. The disintegration of radioactive substances is known to be a spontaneous process. 6. We know the electric cell to consist of two plates of conducting material assembled together and immersed in an electrolyte. 7. Atomic energy is likely to become the main source of power-supply in the years to come. 8. Dilute solutions appear to obey laws exactly analogous to the laws of gases. 9. The difficulties to overcome in the manufacture of synthetic camphor seem to be great. 10. There was a time when lightning proved to be a dangerous problem to be solved. 11. Devices for changing ac into dc are needed to charge storage batteries. 12. The weather is unlikely to change for the better in the coming days. 13. I asked him to inform me about the results of the test.

Упражнение 40. Определите функцию инфинитива в следующих предложениях и переведите их:

1. If the field winding is in series with the armature, all of the current to be generated must pass through it. 2. With a small current there must be a greater number of turns of wire on the field magnets to produce a magnetic field of adequate strength. 3. Water to make up for evaporation and to aid in digestion is a most necessary part of our food. 4. Many substances unite with water to give compounds which are called hydrates. 5. An active element is very difficult to liberate from a compound. 6. A video-amplifier is expected to cover a very wide range of frequencies. 7. Temperature changes up to 200º appear to have no effect on this substance. 8. The study of electricity seems to have begun about 1600 when the first book on experiments in electricity appeared. 9. We know the sun to be intensely hot. 10. It is unlikely for the oxygen to be easily liberated from this substance under such a temperature. 11. We know the storage batteries to contain chemicals generating electric current under certain conditions.

 

 

Упражнение 41. Переведите предложения, определяя функцию инфинитива:

1. It is a very hard undertaking to seek to please everybody. 2. To construct an experiment of this kind seems nearly im­possible. 3. This does, to be sure, simplify the measurements somewhat. 4. We attempted to carry out this investigation. 5. To perform this work one must have all the necessary equipment. 6. Rotation spectra can be used to measure bond lengths. 7. With these conditions there are also opposing factors to be considered. 8. It is too urgent a matter to be postponed. 9. Some molecules are large enough to be seen on the electron microscope. 10. Thomas was the first to focus attention on this type of reaction. 11. To judge by the results obtained, the postulate of these workers proved correct. 12. In order to demonstrate the effect Table 1 is given. 13. Our purpose here is to attempt to give an answer to the unsolved problem outlined at the outset. 14. Two numbers – ­latitude and longitude, for instance, are enough to fix your position. 15. The experiments described by Fisher, to mention only a few, indicate that the time paths can be considerably different. 16. The important thing is to understand what you are doing, rather than to get the right answer. 17. The ope­rations are efficient enough to have little effect on the speed of the simulation. 18. Also, the programs to be verified will have to be well-constructed, to make the job easier. 19. This correspondence dealt with books published or to be publish­ed. 20. To have got into the tradition of science in that way is to me more pleasing than to be specially mentioned. 21. The Navy was too new, too small and not experienced enough to resist the enemy's fleet. 22. A small computer company announced a computer small enough to set on a desktop and powerful enough to support high level language program­ming. 23. To have included all these works in this preli­minary paper would have been too great and too difficult a task. 24. To handle these conditions results as derived in section 1 are needed too. 25. Care should be taken not to view these three methodologies as competitive ones. 26. He felt that the only thing to do was to study their methods and ideas. 27. For him, however, obstacles existed only to be overcome. 28. To do that now would make them traitors. 29. These conflicting views suffice to indicate the com­plexity of the problem. 30. And to conclude, he is to be highly imaginative too. 31. To solve the problem would justify all the costs. 32. There is a tendency to act like an expert when being interviewed, and experts do not like to be asked ques­tions they cannot answer. 33. You are welcome to adopt or adapt my rules as you see fit.

 

Упражнение 42. Переведите текст, обращая особое внимание на инфинитив:

The design of an automatic computer is not a simple mat­ter. To understand how to use a computer one must fully ap­preciate its design. Therefore, a brief introduction to the logical design is necessary for the users to understand the un­derlying idea. To present some background material on theo­retical and philosophical aspects of information processing is to give the user more profound understanding of comput­ers' application. From what has been said above, it is clear that a computer may be thought of both as a machine by which to handle information and a machine by which to transform one set of symbols into another. For the user it is a machine to process the information, a way to obtain an output by ap­plying to an input a specified sequence of logical operations. The designer considers a computer to be a device for apply­ing a sequence of logic operations to symbols representing information.

Since mathematical operations are a particular group of logic operations, the consideration of logic operations by def­inition includes mathematical operations. To appreciate the significance of the conventional character of logic, and to gain some understanding of computer logical design we must con­sider a few simple games. These games are to illustrate some significant factors.

 

Упражнение 43. Переведите предложения, определяя функции инфинитива в предложении:

1. There is one more important factor to be considered. 2. It is of importance to know the basic principle to be observed in the design and use of optical equipment. 3. To summarize the findings of the tremendous work would require many pages. 4. It is ironical that we publish articles on cybernetics yet fail to develop simple and effective feedback mechanisms to serve our purpose. 5. To specify the model in this field will require advances both in mathematics and physics. 6. Such a chapter would necessarily have too ephemeral value to be worth undertaking. 7. To construct an experiment of this kind seems nearly impossible. 8. It is this type of change which is particularly to be avoided. 9. Under these circumstances the computer cannot be made to function. 10. To be sure, much of this work was initiated from actual applications. 11. The theory to be developed only aims at verifying to above discussions but is not sufficiently detailed to give a complete description. 12. The habitations of the common people were rude huts made so as to be easily taken down.

 

 

Упражнение 44. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на встречающиеся формы инфинитива и способы их перевода:

 

GRAVITY

The force of gravity is known to play an important part in many common phenomena of mechanics, as well as in everyday life.

We know the weight of a body to be nothing but the pull of gravity toward the earth. A body is said to weigh one kilogram if the mass of the earth exerts upon it a pull equal to one kilogram.

According to the universal Law of Gravitation, any two objects in the Universe are attracted to each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The Law of Gravitation is universal, of course, but it is impossible to notice the force between two ordinary objects, as the attraction between them is too small to be perceptible at all.

But with a body as large as the Earth or the Moon it becomes a different thing. It is this force that holds the planets in their circular orbits and due to this very force the first man-made earth satellite created by Soviet scientists began to circle around our Globe.

We know gravity to pull on every particle of a body so that its weight is actually distributed throughout the body. But a solid body seems to have one point at which it can be supported by a single upward force; this point is called the centre of gravity. In technique the centre of gravity is considered to be the location of the resultant of all gravitational pulls exerted on the body.

Now we are to consider the question of stability, interrelated with gravity.

A book lying on a table is expected to keep its position without any difficulty, as one knows it to be in a state of equilibrium. However, to make it stand on end is not so easy at all. In the same way, a pencil will lie on the table without any tendency to tip over. With some difficulty one can even make it stand on its unsharpened end, but it will not stand at all upon its sharp end.

All common objects differ in their tendency to keep a given position, their stability depending on their shape, weight, and position, and everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are harder to tip over than light ones.

The stability of an object is measured by the amount of work to be required to make it take a new position. The lower the centre of gravity, the greater the stability of an object; that is why, to increase the stability of a motorcar, its designer tries to keep the centre of gravity as low as possible.