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Structure and specialisation of the Ukrainian economy (including its technological basis)Содержание книги
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According to the latest report of the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report in 2015-2016, Ukraine remained on a mediocre position in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 (see Table 1). While the country was ranked 76 previously, it ranks 79 now18.
Table 1: Ukraine's ranking in the Global Competitiveness Index from 2012 to 2016; source = World Economic Forum's (WEF) Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016
The drop of Ukraine in the GCI compared to 2014-2015 is a consequence of the country’s worsened performance in the following areas:19
· Macroeconomic environment: 134th place (previous: 105th)
· Financial Market Development 121st place (previous: 107th)
· Infrastructure: 69th place (previous: 68th)
· Technological Readiness: 86th place (previous: 85th)
Ukraine is both an industrial and agrarian country, predominantly producing different kinds of rawmaterials. As regards the types of industry, the main prevailing sectors in accordance with the United Nations International Standard Industrial Classification20 are
· Heavy engineering
· Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy
· Shipbuilding
· Automotive industry21
· Aerospace industry
· Manufacturing and supply for power plants
· Oil, gas and chemical industry
It has to be noted, however, that the remaining aerospace industry in Ukraine is severely affected by the termination of contractual relations with Russia. Also the automotive sector and the shipbuilding sectors are declining.
The current Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016 by the World Economic Forum (WEF) provides some insights into the “technological readiness level” of Ukraine22, which help to set the scene for this chapter.
18. The absolute positions of countries in the WEF’s Global Competitiveness Report has to be interpreted with care, because the number of countries in the annual surveys change.
19. Self-assessment report: Scientific and technological sphere of Ukraine, MESU, 2016, p. 354
20. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=27: accessed on 4 May 2016.
21 According to Igor Yegorov, it is problematic to consider this sector as a key one: now Ukraine produces less than 1000 cars per quarter.
Table 2: Ukraine's level of technological readiness, given by stipulated indicators; source = WEF Global Competitiveness Reports 2012 to 2016
Compared to the last GCI from 2014/15, Ukraine remained on a mediocre position in terms of its technological readiness level. The scores given in the table are on a 1-7 scale, with 7 indicating the best score (apart from the values indicated in %). Based on the sub-fields, which specify the technological readiness level, Ukraine improved most in “availability of latest technologies” (from 113th to 96th position23). Ukraine ranked best in 2012-2013, when the technological readiness of the country was assessed with a score of 3.6 (second left column).
Ukraine’s overall top-ranking before the most obvious political turmoil (2012/2013) is well reflected in all of the listed indicators. The level of availability of latest technologies in the country (both in the research and industrial sector) was highest in these years (69th place among 140 countries with a score of 4.8), as well as the firm-level technology absorption (80th place with a score of 4.8) and the level of FDI and technology transfer (109th place with a score of 4.0), which all have worsened since then. Only on the levels of individuals using the internet and fixed-broadband internet subscriptions Ukraine improves – in 2014/2015 41.8% of Ukrainians used the internet and 68 of 100 inhabitants had a fixed-broadband internet subscription respectively, which are both the highest shares of Ukraine within all the listed Global Competitiveness indexes.
Aspects of doing business in Ukraine
Important aspects for doing this assessment are the access to finance (credits, loans, and venture capital), the ease of technology adaption (distance to the technology frontier and innovation culture) and similar potential barriers when doing business.
First, data from the World Bank Group are scrutinised. In the current “ease of doing business-ranking
2016” Ukraine takes the 83rd position from 189 countries in total.24 More exactly, this snapshot is the junction of several smaller assessments in different aspects related to economy. Those, particularly important for our analysis, are the following
22. Schwab, Klaus (2015): „The global competitiveness report 2015-2016”, Insight Report by World Economic
Forum, p. 355.
23. The positions should be only regarded as indicative, because they are based on experts assessments rather than on valid indicators.
24. http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings: accessed on 29 April 2016.
· Ukraine in “starting a business”: 30th of 189
· Ukraine in “registering property”: 61st of 189
· Ukraine in “getting credit”: 19th of 189
· Ukraine in “protecting minority investors”: 88th of 189
· Ukraine in “paying taxes”: 107th of 189
· Ukraine in “trading across borders”: 109th of 189
· Ukraine in “enforcing contracts”: 98th of 189
Other additionally interesting aspects, covered by further sources such as the World Bank’s “World Development Indicators database”25, the International Monetary Fund’s “World Economic Outlook Database”26, the World Economic Forum’s “Executive Opinion Survey”27, the International Labour Organisation’s “database of labour statistics”28 include:
· “Domestic credit to private sector” in Ukraine: 42nd of 141 (2013)
· “Market capitalisation of listed companies” in Ukraine: 86th of 141 (2012)
· “Venture capital deals” (Venture capital per investment location: Number of deals) in Ukraine: 51st of 141 (2014)
· “Intensity of local economic competition in the market” in Ukraine: 97th of 141 (2014)
· “Employment in knowledge-intensive services” in Ukraine: 39th of 141 (2013)
Political instability as a reference to the current situation is also among the most mentioned factors of doing business in Ukraine. Other factors, heavily discouraging global businesspersons to become active in the country are corruption, access to financing and inflation as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Most problematic factors for doing business in Ukraine; source = Screenshot of WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016
25 databank.worldbank.org/wdi: accessed on 29 April 2016.
26 https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/index.aspx: accessed on 29 April 2016.
27 http://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-2015/executive-opinion-survey-2014/: accessed on 29 April 2016.
28 http://www.ilo.org/ilostat: accessed on 29 April 2016.
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