Микромодуль 1 – Standardization

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАНЯТИЯ

Тема: Standardization process

 

Цель занятия: Освоить термины и определения по тексту.

Методические рекомендации (указания) по выполнению задания:

1.Прочитать текст.

2. Перевести текст.

3. Выписать новые слова.

Standardization process

A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Here are some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its status:

• PWI - Preliminary Work Item
• NP or NWIP - New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal
• AWI - Approved new Work Item
• WD - Working Draft
• CD - Committee Draft
• FCD - Final Committee Draft
• DIS - Draft International Standard
• FDIS - Final Draft International Standard
• PRF - Proof of a new International Standard
• IS - International Standard

Abbreviations used for amendments:

• NP Amd - New Proposal Amendment
• AWI Amd - Approved new Work Item Amendment
• WD Amd - Working Draft Amendment
• CD Amd / PDAmd - Committee Draft Amendment / Proposed Draft Amendment
• FPDAmd / DAM (DAmd) - Final Proposed Draft Amendment / Draft Amendment
• FDAM (FDAmd) - Final Draft Amendment
• Amd - Amendment

Other abbreviations:

• TR - Technical Report
• DTR - Draft Technical Report
• TS - Technical Specification
• DTS - Draft Technical Specification
• PAS - Publicly Available Specification
• TTA - Technology Trends Assessment
• IWA - International Workshop Agreement
• Cor - Technical Corrigendum
• Guide - a guidance to technical committees for the preparation of standards

International Standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by a process with six steps:

• Stage 1: Proposal stage
• Stage 2: Preparatory stage
• Stage 3: Committee stage
• Stage 4: Enquiry stage
• Stage 5: Approval stage
• Stage 6: Publication stage

The TC/SC may set up working groups (WG) of experts for the preparation of a working drafts. Subcommittees may have several working groups, which can have several Sub Groups (SG).

 

Stages in the development process of an ISO standard
Stage code	Stage	Associated document name	Abbreviations	Description
	Preliminary stage	Preliminary work item	PWI
	Proposal stage	New work item proposal	NP or NWIP, NP Amd/TR/TS/IWA
	Preparatory stage	Working draft(s)	AWI, AWI Amd/TR/TS, WD, WD Amd/TR/TS
	Committee stage	Committee draft(s)	CD, CD Amd/Cor/TR/TS, PDAmd (PDAM), PDTR, PDTS
	Enquiry stage	Enquiry draft	DIS, FCD, FPDAmd, DAmd (DAM), FPDISP, DTR, DTS	(CDV in IEC)
	Approval stage	Final draft International Standard	FDIS, FDAmd (FDAM), PRF, PRF Amd/TTA/TR/TS/Suppl, FDTR
	Publication stage	International Standard	ISO TR, TS, IWA, Amd, Cor
	Review stage		ISO TR, TS, IWA, Amd, Cor
	Withdrawal stage

It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start of a standardization project, for example a standard developed by another organization. ISO/IEC directives allow also the so-called "Fast-track procedure". In this procedure a document is submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if the document was developed by an international standardizing body recognized by the ISO Council.

The first step—a proposal of work (New Proposal) is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technical committee (e.g., SC29 and JTC1 respectively in the case of Moving Picture Experts Group - ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). A working group (WG) of experts is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of a working draft. When the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified, some of the working groups (e.g., MPEG) usually make open request for proposals—known as a "call for proposals". The first document that is produced for example for audio and video coding standards is called a verification model (VM) (previously also called a "simulation and test model"). When a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is reached, a working draft (WD) is produced. This is in the form of a standard but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a working draft is sufficiently solid and the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed, it becomes committee draft (CD). If it is required, it is then sent to the P-members of the TC/SC (national bodies) for ballot.

The CD becomes final committee draft (FCD) if the number of positive votes is above the quorum. Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the technical content. When it is reached, the text is finalized for submission as a draft International Standard (DIS). The text is then submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a period of five months. It is approved for submission as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. ISO will then hold a ballot with National Bodies where no technical changes are allowed (yes/no ballot), within a period of two months. It is approved as an International Standard (IS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. After approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into the final text. The final text is sent to the ISO Central Secretariat, which publishes it as the International Standard.

 

Контрольные вопросы:

1. What is the first stage of standardization process?

2. How many stages there are in the development process of an ISO standard?

3. Describe stages in the development process of an ISO standard?

 

Литература:

1 Основная литература:

1.1 Basic English (second year): учебник для 2 курса по баз. осн.ин.яз. / С.М. Булатова; Ж.А.Тутбаева / - 2012.

1.2 Романов, С.Д. Большой современный англо-русский русско-английский словарь-справочник:80 000 слов и выражений современного английского и русского языка.

 

2 Дополнительная литература:

2.1 Учебное пособие по дисциплине «Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык» для студентов специальности «Стандартизация, серитификация и метрология», Семей, 2015. 109 с.

2.2 Агабекян И.П. «Английский язык для технических вузов», Ростов-на-Дону,2001.

2.3 Образцов П.И., Иванова О.Ю. Профессионально-ориентированное обучение иностранному языку на неязыковых факультетах вузов. Орел: ОГУ, 2005. 114 с.

2.4 Источники интернет.

2.5 Научно – техническая информация на английском языке.

 

 

Микромодуль 2 – ISO

Практическое занятие №3 (2 часа)

Тема: About ISO

Цель занятия: Освоить термины и определения по тексту.

Методические рекомендации (указания) по выполнению задания:

1.Прочитать текст.

2. Перевести текст.

3. Выписать новые слова.

 

About ISO

What is ISO?

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world’s largest developer of voluntary International Standards. International Standards give state of the art specifications for products, services and good practice, helping to make industry more efficient and effective. Developed through global consensus, they help to break down barriers to international trade.

ISO develops International Standards. ISO was founded in 1947, and since then have published more than 19 500 International Standards covering almost all aspects of technology and business. From food safety to computers, and agriculture to healthcare, ISO International Standards impact all our lives.

Because 'International Organization for Standardization' would have different acronyms in different languages (IOS in English, OIN in French for Organisation internationale de normalisation), founders decided to give it the short form ISO. ISO is derived from the Greek isos, meaning equal. Whatever the country, whatever the language, the short form of the name is always ISO.

The ISO story

The ISO story began in 1946 when delegates from 25 countries met at the Institute of Civil Engineers in London and decided to create a new international organization ‘to facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards’. In February 1947 the new organisation, ISO, officially began operations. Since then, ISO has published over 19 500 International Standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing. Today ISO has members from 169 countries and 3 368 technical bodies to take care of standard development. More than 150 people work full time for ISO’s Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland.

Structure and governance

ISO is an independent, non-governmental organization made up of members from the national standards bodies of 169 countries. Our members play a vital role in how we operate, meeting once a year for a General Assembly that decides our strategic objective s.

ISO has a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. Operations at the Central Secretariat are directed by the Secretary General.

The General Assembly

The General Assembly is the ultimate authority for ISO work. This annual meeting is attended by ISO members and Principal Officers, including the President, the Vice-President (policy), the Vice President (technical management), the Vice-President (finance), the Treasurer and the Secretary General.

The ISO Council

The ISO Council takes care of most governance issues. It meets twice a year and is made up of 20 member bodies, the ISO Officers and the Chairs of Policy Development Committee s (CASCO, COPOLCO, DEVCO). Membership to the Council is open to all member bodies and rotates to make sure it is representative of the member community.

Under the Council are a number of bodies that provide guidance and management on specific issues.

CASCO - provides guidance on conformity assessment s

COPOLCO - provides guidance on consumer issues

DEVCO - provides guidance on matters related to developing countries

Council Standing Committees - advise on financial and strategic matters

Ad hoc Advisory Committees - can be establish ed to advance the goals and strategic objectives of the organization

Technical Management Board

The management of the technical work is taken care of by the Technical Management Board. This body is also responsible for the technical committees that lead standard development and any strategic advisory boards created on technical matters.

ISO Central Secretariat

The General Assembly and the Council map out ISO’s strategic direction. However, day to day operations are run by the Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland. The Central Secretariat is under the direction of the Secretary General, who is also one of our Principal Officers.

ISO Members

There is a network of national standards bodies. These national standards bodies make up the ISO membership and they represent ISO in their country.

There are three member categories. Each enjoys a different level of access and influence over the ISO system. This helps us to be inclusive while also recognizing the different needs and capacity of each national standards body. Countries with limited resources or without a fully developed national standards system can still observe and keep up to date with international standardization in ISO.

Full members (or member bodies) influence ISO standards development and strategy by participating and voting in ISO technical and policy meetings. Full members sell and adopt ISO International Standards nationally.

Correspondent members observe the development of ISO standards and strategy by attending ISO technical and policy meetings as observers. Correspondent members can sell and adopt ISO International Standards nationally.

Subscriber members keep up to date on ISO’s work but cannot participate in it. They do not sell or adopt ISO International Standards nationally.

 

Контрольные вопросы:

1. What is ISO?

2. What is the history of ISO?

3. Where is the ISO Central Secretariat locating?

4. What kind of members are there in ISO organization?

Литература:

1 Основная литература:

1.1 Basic English (second year): учебник для 2 курса по баз. осн.ин.яз. / С.М. Булатова; Ж.А.Тутбаева / - 2012.

1.2 Романов, С.Д. Большой современный англо-русский русско-английский словарь-справочник:80 000 слов и выражений современного английского и русского языка.

 

2 Дополнительная литература:

2.1 Учебное пособие по дисциплине «Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык» для студентов специальности «Стандартизация, серитификация и метрология», Семей, 2015. 109 с.

2.2 Агабекян И.П. «Английский язык для технических вузов», Ростов-на-Дону,2001.

2.3 Образцов П.И., Иванова О.Ю. Профессионально-ориентированное обучение иностранному языку на неязыковых факультетах вузов. Орел: ОГУ, 2005. 114 с.

2.4 Источники интернет.

2.5 Научно – техническая информация на английском языке.

Практическое занятие №4 (3 часа)

Тема: Standards Development.

Цель занятия: Освоить термины и определения по тексту.

Методические рекомендации (указания) по выполнению задания:

1.Прочитать текст.

2. Перевести текст.

3. Выписать новые слова.

 

Standards Development

Certification systems

Creation of certification systems in Russia is provided by the Federal Law №184 “About Technical Regulation” Evaluating the product’s conformity to requirements of laws, standards, technical reglaments and other kinds of normative appears to be one of the most important possibilities of providing safety of different kinds of products for humans, environment and the state.

According to the FL № 184 any certification system includes:

- A central certification organ which performs organizational operations within the system;

- Certification organs that must prove their ability to perform activities in expertise and drawing up the certification documents in certain sphere of evaluation of conformity. Only certification organs authorized for such kinds of works, have right to perform such function;

- Certification laboratories perform tests and measurements of safety indicators or quality of the evaluated objects. Such laboratory must have equipment and trained staff (as well as test methods) in order to perform its activities. Existence of all the resources is proved by the Attestation of Authorization of the laboratory in the certain sphere of activity;

- Applicants are individual entrepreneurs or Russian legal entities (in some cases foreign manufacturers), that intend to go though evaluation process to prove the conformity of their production to the legal requirements or some other certain requirements of the system of certification (to which it applied).

There is a great variety of objects for certification (different products and manufacturing processes, management systems, construction sites, etc.). A little smaller is the lists of risks that you may encounter by using the products and from which you should protect the consumer. The variety of certification systems in Russia is explained by these two factors as well as by the wish of some corporations to introduce their own requirements for the products deliverers.

There two big groups of certification systems in Russia: voluntary and obligatory ones. From the names it is clear that the evaluation of conformity for the objects of obligatory certification system appears to be mandatory requirement for all Russian manufacturers and for the products from abroad.

Obligatory certification

It is only federal state structure who can create the obligatory certification system of Russia. The system must go through the procedure of state registration. The Rosstandart which is responsible for the certification in Russia as a whole keeps a registry of the RF certification systems. Only after receiving the Certificate of state registration with getting the unique registration number, you may perform activities in evaluating conformity as a new system.

There are 16 obligatory certification systems in Russia:

· GOST R;

· Means of protection of information according to requirements of informational security;

· “Electrocommunication”;

· Geodesic, cartographic and topographic production;

· On the federal Railway transport;

· Means of protection of information;

· Security of manufacturing of explosives;

· In the sphere of fire security;

· Means of protection of information according to requirements of security;

· Marine civil vessels;

· On the air transport of the RF;

· Air techniques and the objects of civil aviation;

· Space craft;

· For nuclear sets, the points of storing radioactive materials;

· Means of protecting the information that include the state secret;

· Immune biological preparations.

The obligatory GOST R certification system consists of sub-systems of certificating homogeneous products. The obligatory GOST R certification system consists of 40 sub-systems according to the kinds of homogeneous production. For example the following sub-systems:

· Medical certification;

· The system of certification oil products;

· The system of certification of dishes;

· The system of certification of electrical equipment (SCE);

· The system of certification of mechanic transport means and trailers;

· The system of certification of gases;

· The “SEPROCHIM” certification system (rubber, asbestos) and many others.

The management of state property in the sphere of technical regulation, organizing an performing works in certification in the GOST R system is performed by the Rostechregulation (former Gosstandart) which appears to be the Federal agency for technical regulation and metrology (now is called Rosstandart). The given agency is part of he structure of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the RF.

It became the very first and the largest system of evaluation of conformity in Russia and it encompasses all the groups of production that are to be evaluated according to the Federal Law “About protection of Consumers Rights” and it performs the other legislative acts considering separate kinds of goods The authority of the GOST R obligatory certification systems covers also the voluntary GOST R certification system because the applicants for the voluntary evaluation of conformity most often apply this very system.

Voluntary certification

Any Russian citizen may register such evaluation system according to the Law. While creating the system you must set the list of objects to be evaluated on conformity in its frameworks, the indicators and characteristics in accordance to which the voluntary certification will be performed, you must also formulate the rules of system and the pay order of the works in certification, and you must define the participants of the given system of evaluation of conformity.

Registration of voluntary certification system is similar to the procedure of registration of the obligatory system. In the case of refusal, the Rosstandart sends to the applicant explanations of reasons why the new system may not be registered. Nowadays there are more than 130 central certification organs that went through the registration procedure.

 

Контрольные вопросы:

1. What do any certification system includes?

2. How many obligatory certification systems are in Russia?

3. What does mean voluntary certification?

Литература:

1 Основная литература:

1.1 Basic English (second year): учебник для 2 курса по баз. осн.ин.яз. / С.М. Булатова; Ж.А.Тутбаева / - 2012.

1.2 Романов, С.Д. Большой современный англо-русский русско-английский словарь-справочник:80 000 слов и выражений современного английского и русского языка.

 

2 Дополнительная литература:

2.1 Учебное пособие по дисциплине «Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык» для студентов специальности «Стандартизация, серитификация и метрология», Семей, 2015. 109 с.

2.2 Агабекян И.П. «Английский язык для технических вузов», Ростов-на-Дону,2001.

2.3 Образцов П.И., Иванова О.Ю. Профессионально-ориентированное обучение иностранному языку на неязыковых факультетах вузов. Орел: ОГУ, 2005. 114 с.

2.5 Источники интернет.

2.5 Научно – техническая информация на английском языке.

Практическое занятие №6 (3 часа)

Conformity assessment.

Principle 2 – Leadership

Leaders establish unity of purpose and direction of the organization. They should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organization’s objectives.

Key benefits:

• People will understand and be motivated towards the organization’s goals and objectives

• Activities are evaluated, aligned and implemented in a unified way

• Miscommunication between levels of an organization will be minimized.

Applying the principle of leadership typically leads to:

• Considering the needs of all interested parties including customers, owners, employees, suppliers, financiers, local communities and society as a whole

• Establishing a clear vision of the organization’s future

• Setting challenging goals and targets

• Creating and sustaining shared values, fairness and ethical role models at all levels of the organization

• Establishing trust and eliminating fear

• Providing people with the required resources, training and freedom to act with responsibility and accountability

• Inspiring, encouraging and recognizing people’s contributions.

Management system standards

Some of ISO’s most well-known standards are management system standards. They provide a model to follow when setting up and operating a management system. Like all ISO standards, they are the result of international, expert consensus. Therefore, by implement ing a management system standard, organizations can benefit from global management experience and good practice.

These standards can be applied to any organization, large or small, whatever its product or service and regardless of its sector of activity.

An effective management system has many benefits including:

· More efficient resource use

· improved risk management, and increased customer satisfaction as services and products consistently deliver what they promise.

Continual improvement

All ISO's management system standards are based on the principle of continual improvement. An organization or company assess es its current situation, fixes objectives and develops policy, implements actions to meet these objectives and then measures the results. With this information the effectiveness of the policy, and the actions taken to achieve it, can be continually reviewed and improved.

Audits

Audits are a vital part of ISO's management system approach as they enable the company or organization to check how far their achievements meet their objectives. External audits also play a role in showing conformity to the standard.

In order to help the auditing of these standards, particularly for companies implementing more than one management system standard, ISO has released ISO 19011:2011. This standard provides specific guidance on internal and external management system audits.

Certification

Certification to management system standards is not a requirement. Organizations benefit from implementing these standards without having to be certified to them. In addition, some management system standards are guidelines and cannot be certified to, such as ISO 26000.

However, many organizations do decide to get certified to one or more of ISO’s management system standards. In order to do this they must contact an external certification body as ISO itself does not perform certification.

Certification (third party conformity assessment) is not the only way to show conformity to management system standards. Alternatives include inviting the organization's customers to verify its implementation of the management system standard (second party assessment) or to self declare its conformity (first party assessment).

Certification – the provision by an independent body of written assurance (a certificate) that the product, service or system in question meets specific requirements.

Registration – certification is very often referred to as registration in North America.

Accreditation – the formal recognition by an independent body, generally known as an accreditation body, that a certification body is capable of carrying out certification. Accreditation is not obligatory but it adds another level of confidence, as ‘accredited’ means the certification body has been independently checked to make sure it operates according to international standards.

 

Контрольные вопросы:

1. What is a management system?

2. What is Audits?

3. Accreditation is…..?

Литература:

1 Основная литература:

1.1 Basic English (second year): учебник для 2 курса по баз. осн.ин.яз. / С.М. Булатова; Ж.А.Тутбаева / - 2012.

1.2 Романов, С.Д. Большой современный англо-русский русско-английский словарь-справочник:80 000 слов и выражений современного английского и русского языка.

 

2 Дополнительная литература:

2.1 Учебное пособие по дисциплине «Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык» для студентов специальности «Стандартизация, серитификация и метрология», Семей, 2015. 109 с.

2.2 Агабекян И.П. «Английский язык для технических вузов», Ростов-на-Дону,2001.

2.3 Образцов П.И., Иванова О.Ю. Профессионально-ориентированное обучение иностранному языку на неязыковых факультетах вузов. Орел: ОГУ, 2005. 114 с.

2.4 Источники интернет.

2.5 Научно – техническая информация на английском языке.

Activity Directions

- development of normative documents for standardization (interstate standards, rules, recommendations and classifiers);

- forming, keeping and conducting of interstate and international fund of standards, regional and national standards, and providing the state-participants of the Agreement with these standards;
- coordination of works on development of standard base and units sizes transmission system of physical quantities;

- conducting of interstate time and frequency service;

- conducting of interstate measurements means funds, standard samples and standard enquiry dates about substances and materials properties;

- rules and procedures development on mutual recognition of state testing results, metrological attestation, verification and measurements means calibration;

- rules and procedures development on mutual recognition of accredited testing, verification, calibration and measuring laboratories (centers), certification bodies, product certificates and quality management system;

- international cooperation in the field of standardization, metrology, certification and quality.

 

Контрольные вопросы:

1. What Council is the high-level body of the Interstate Council?

2. What kind of activity directions do EASC?

Литература:

1 Основная литература:

1.1 Basic English (second year): учебник для 2 курса по баз. осн.ин.яз. / С.М. Булатова; Ж.А.Тутбаева / - 2012.

1.2 Романов, С.Д. Большой современный англо-русский русско-английский словарь-справочник:80 000 слов и выражений современного английского и русского языка.

 

2 Дополнительная литература:

2.1 Учебное пособие по дисциплине «Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык» для студентов специальности «Стандартизация, серитификация и метрология», Семей, 2015. 109 с.

2.2 Агабекян И.П. «Английский язык для технических вузов», Ростов-на-Дону,2001.

2.3 Образцов П.И., Иванова О.Ю. Профессионально-ориентированное обучение иностранному языку на неязыковых факультетах вузов. Орел: ОГУ, 2005. 114 с.

2.4 Источники интернет.

2.5 Научно – техническая информация на английском языке.

Практическое занятие №13 (2 часа)

Тема: GOST.

Цель занятия: Освоить термины и определения по тексту.

Методические рекомендации (указания) по выполнению задания:

1.Прочитать текст.

2. Перевести текст.

3. Выписать новые слова.

 

GOST

GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) refers to a set of technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), a regional standards organization operating under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

All sorts of regulated standards are included, with examples ranging from charting rules for design documentation to recipes and nutritional facts of Soviet-era brand names (which have now become generic, but may only be sold under the label if the technical standard is followed, or renamed if they are reformulated).

History

GOST standards were originally developed by the government of the Soviet Union as part of its national standardization strategy. The word GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) is an acronym for go sudarstvennyy st andart (Russian: го сударственный ст андарт), which means state standard.

The history of national standards in the USSR can be traced back to 1925, when a government agency, later named Gosstandart, was established and put in charge of writing, updating, publishing, and disseminating the standards. After World War II, the national standardization program went through a major transformation. The first GOST standard, GOST 1 State Standardization System, was published in 1968.

The present

After the disintegration of the USSR, the GOST standards acquired a new status of the regional standards. They are now administered by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), a standards organization chartered by the Commonwealth of Independent States.

At present, the collection of GOST standards includes over 20,000 titles used extensively in conformity assessment activities in 12 countries. Serving as the regulatory basis for government and private-sector certification programs throughout the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the GOST standards cover energy, oil and gas, environmental protection, construction, transportation, telecommunications, mining, food processing, and other industries.

The following countries have adopted GOST standards in addition to their own, nationally developed standards: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, and Turkmenistan.

Because GOST standards are adopted by Russia, the largest and most influential member of the CIS, it is a common misconception to think of GOST standards as the national standards of Russia. They are not. Since the EASC, the organization responsible for the development and maintenance of the GOST standards, is recognized by ISO as a regional standards organization, the GOST standards are classified as the regional standards. The national standards of Russia are the GOST R standards.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАНЯТИЯ

Микромодуль 1 – Standardization

Практическое занятие №1 (2 часа)

Тема: Standardization

Цель занятия: Освоить термины и определения в области стандартизации.

Методические рекомендации (указания) по выполнению задания:

1.Прочитать текст.

2. Перевести текст.

3. Выписать новые слова.

 

Standardization.

Standardization or standardisation is the process of developing and implementing technical standards. The goals of right standardization can be to help with independence of single suppliers (commoditization), compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Standardization is defined as best technical application consentual wisdom inclusive of processes for selection in making appropriate choices for ratification coupled with consistent decisions for maintaining obtained standards. This view includes the case of "spontaneous standardization processes", to produce de facto standards.

The existence of a published standard does not necessarily imply that it is useful or correct. Just because an item is stamped with a standard number does not, by itself, indicate that the item is fit for any particular use. The people who use the item or service (engineers, trade unions, etc.) or specify it (building codes, government, industry, etc.) have the responsibility to consider the available standards, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the item correctly... Validation of suitability is necessary.

Standardization is implemented greatly when companies release new products or software to market. Compatibility is important for products to be successful; many devices coming out have USB, Ethernet, or other standard types of connection. This allows consumers to use their new items along with what they already own.

By using standardization, groups can easily communicate through the set guidelines, in order to maintain focus. The method is made to facilitate processes and tasks; this is why it interlocks with lean manufacturing.

In the context of social criticism and social sciences, standardization often means the process of establishing standards of various kinds and improving efficiency to handle people, their interactions, cases, and so forth. Examples include formalization of judicial procedure in court, and establishing uniform criteria for diagnosing mental disease. Standardization in this sense is often discussed along with (or synonymously to) such large-scale social changes as modernization, bureaucratization, homogenization, and centralization of society.

In the context of business information exchanges, standardization refers to the process of developing data exchange standards for specific business processes using specific syntaxes. These standards are usually developed in voluntary consensus standards bodies such as the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT), the World Wide Web Consortium W3C, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), and the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS).

In the context of customer service, standardization refers to the process of developing an international standard that enables organizations to focus their attention on delivering excellence in customer service, whilst at the same time providing recognition of success through a third party organization, such as British Standards Institution (BSI). The International Customer Service Standard (TICSS) has been developed by The International Customer Service Institute (TICSI) with the objective of making it the cornerstone global standard of customer service. This standard has the status of an independent standard, managed by The International Customer Service Institute.

Standards can be:

· de facto standards which means they are followed by informal convention or dominant usage.

· de jure standards which are part of legally binding contracts, laws or regulations.

· Voluntary standards which are published and available for people to consider for use

In general, each country or economy has a single recognized National Standards Body (NSB). Examples include ABNT, AENOR, AFNOR, ANSI, BSI, DGN, DIN, IRAM, JISC, KATS, SABS, SAC, SCC, SIS, SNZ. An NSB is likely the sole member from that economy in ISO.

NSBs may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the two. For example, the three NSBs of Canada, Mexico and the United States are respectively the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the General Bureau of Standards (Dirección General de Normas, DGN), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SCC is a Canadian Crown Corporation, DGN is a governmental agency within the Mexican Ministry of Economy, and ANSI and AENOR are a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization with members from both the private and public sectors. The determinates of whether an NSB for a particular economy is a public or private sector body may include the historical and traditional roles that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or the development stage of that economy.

Many specifications that govern the operation and interaction of devices and software on the Internet are in use. To preserve the word "standard" as the domain of relatively disinterested bodies such as ISO, the W3C, for example, publishes "Recommendations", and the IETF publishes "Requests for Comments" (RFCs). These publications are sometimes referred to as being standards. Drafts and working documents should not be considered as formal published standards.

In a military context, standardization can be defined as: The development and implementation of concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs to achieve and maintain the required levels of compatibility, interchangeability or commonality in the operational, procedural, material, technical and administrative fields to attain interoperability.

Note: there are at least four levels of standardization: compatibility, interchangeability, commonality and reference. These standardization processes create compatibility, similarity, measurement and symbol standards. Standardization in the context of supplies and materials management it covers the aspect of, any item of no use in the company must not be bought or made. The make or buy also outlines the standardization process, where bolts can be used, screws might substitute the bolts so finally that is a standard approach.

 

Контрольные вопросы:

1. What is standardization or standardization?

2. What kind of standards do you know?

3. How can be defined standardization according to a military context?

Литература:

1 Основная литература:

1.1 Basic English (second year): учебник для 2 курса по баз. осн.ин.яз. / С.М. Булатова; Ж.А.Тутбаева / - 2012.

1.2 Романов, С.Д. Большой современный англо-русский русско-английский словарь-справочник:80 000 слов и выражений современного английского и русского языка.

 

 

2 Дополнительная литература:

2.1 Учебное пособие по дисциплине «Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык» для студентов специальности «Стандартизация, серитификация и метрология», Семей, 2015. 109 с.

2.2 Агабекян И.П. «Английский язык для технических вузов», Ростов-на-Дону,2001.

2.3 Образцов П.И., Иванова О.Ю. Профессионально-ориентированное обучение иностранному языку на неязыковых факультетах вузов. Орел: ОГУ, 2005. 114 с.

2.4 Источники интернет.

2.5 Научно – техническая информация на английском языке.

Практическое занятие №2 (3 часа)