Fill in the gaps. Use the information from the text if necessary.

 

1 COMSEC is used for analogue and __________ applications.

2 Smartphones are unsecure for the __________ user.

3 COMSEC prevents __________ access to telecommunications.

4 Sometimes certain sites __________ their privacy policies.

5 COMSEC protects unclassified and __________ information.

6 People can receive and distribute the email __________ of other people.

7 COMSEC is used for wired and __________ links.

8 The basic components of communications security are the confidentiality, __________, and availability of information.

 

 

Are the statements TRUE or FALSE?

 

1 COMSEC deals with unauthorized access to telecommunications.

2 The CIA of information during transmission is the main aim of COMSEC.

3 COMSEC protects only classified information.

4 Information on military communications network can include voice, video, and data.

5 People may distribute your email to other people. 6 Advertisers and hackers cannot intercept your email. 7 People should be careful when they send text messages. 8 People can view your text message when you hit a send button. 9 Posting personal information online is safe. 10 Social media sites always notify their users about updates. 11 Smartphones are secure for all people. 12 Agencies listen to every call.

 

 

8 Use the text to write the synonyms instead the words in italics.

 

1 The aim of COMSEC is to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information during transmission.

2 COMSEC protects classified and unclassified information on martial communications network.

3 COMSEC on military communications network involves data, voice, and video.

4 COMSEC contains some electronic communications.

5 Hackers and other people can get the email contents of other people.

6 Posting personal information online can be risky.

7 The agencies cannot listen to every call, but the information is stored.

8 The contents of all our calls are possibly kept somewhere.

GRAMMAR

 

9 Present Perfect. Study the information.

 

We form the Present Perfect with have/has and Participle II of the verb.

 

Positive I have finished the course work. We / You / They seen the film before. He / She / It has written the presentation. Negative I have not (haven’t) finished my course work. We / You / They seen the film before.   He / She / It has not (hasn’t) written   the presentation. Question Have I finished the course work? we / you / they seen the film before? Has he / she / it written the presentation? Short answers Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.

 

We use the present perfect for: · an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The emphasis is on the action; when it occurred is unimportant or unknown. I have washed the dishes. Natalie has been to France twice. · an action which started in the past and continuous up to the present, especially with stative verbs such as be, have, like, know, etc. He has known me for six years. · a recently completed action. I have (just/already) finished my essay. · Personal experiences or changes. She has put on five kilos. Time expressions we use with the present perfect are: just, already, yet, for, since, lately, recently, so far, ever, never. Already is used in statements and questions (to suggest surprise). I have already spoken to Ann. Have you finished cooking already? Yet is used with the present perfect in questions and negations. Have you paid the bill yet? Steven hasn’t finished work yet.

10 Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Present Perfect form.

 

1 I __________ (see) this film twice. Let’s see another film.

2 Pete __________ (lose) his keys. He is not able to come into his flat.

3 John works hard. He__________ (write) three reports on Physics since Monday.

4 Who is that lady? I __________ (never / see) her before.

5 I don’t know Jake. I __________ (never / meet) him.

6 __________ (you / phone) your mother yet? She asked me to remind you.

7 How much of your course work __________ (you / do) yet?

8 I’m looking for Sam. __________ (you / see) him?

9 __________ (you / hear) about the new album of this rock band? – I ______ (hear) it’s very popular.

10 [A]Excuse me. __________ (someone / leave) this bag here? [B]I don’t know. I ______ (not / notice) it until now.

 

 

11 Choose the right variant to complete the sentence.

 

1 I have known you for / since you were born.

2 Our parents have known each other for / since 10 years.

3 I have studied English for / since the second grade.

4 We have been good friends for / since many years.

5 I have played tennis for / since ten years. I have won many competitions.

6 We’ve been awake for / since 6 o’clock this morning.

7 Sam has lived in Tomsk for / since 2013.

 

 

12 Fill in the sentences with the right adverb just, already, or yet.

 

1 [A]Do you know where Justin is? [B]He has __________ gone. (= a short period of time ago)

2 [A]Do you know where Justin is? [B]He has __________ gone. (= a long period of time ago, before you expected)

3 Emily and Jack haven’t come __________.

4 [A]Are Karl and Sam here? [B]Yes, they have __________ come. (= a short period of time ago)

5 [A]Have you read this book __________? [B]No, I’m still reading it.

6 [A]What time is Jake coming? [B]He has __________ come. (= a long period of time, before you expected)

7 [A]I haven’t read this book __________. [B]You should read it, it’s very interesting.

8 [A]Where is Richard? [B]I’ve __________ seen him in the corridor. (= a short period of time ago)

9 [A]Have you finished your project? [B]No, I haven’t. I haven’t even started it __________.

10 [A]Jake, this is Mary. [B]Yes, I know. We have __________ met. (= a long period of time, before you expected)

 

 

13 Rewrite the following sentences into the Present Perfect form. Use correct adverbs.

 

1 I am learning a new grammar rule.

2 Jane is telling them an interesting story.

3 Are you watching the news?

4 The students are writing an essay.

5 I am writing my course work.

6 Pete is not translating an article from English.

7 The teacher is explaining the new material.

8 We are buying the new equipment for our laboratory.

9 Is Susan making a new dress for the graduation ceremony?

10 Kate is cleaning her room.

11 I am eating my breakfast.

 

14 Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect (negative) + today, this morning, this year, this semester etc. as in the example.

 

Example: I saw Kate yesterday but I haven’t seen her today.

1 Cary studied hard last semester but __________.

2 It rained a lot last autumn but __________.

3 The company earned much money last year but __________.

4 Our college basketball team won many games last season but __________.

5 I read all the email messages yesterday but __________.

6 We won the competition last year but __________.

7 Sarah watched a film last week but __________.

8 George cooked dinner for his family yesterday but __________.

9 We prepared two course projects last term but __________.

 

15 Correct the following sentences.

 

1 I've lived here since ten years.

2 I've studied English for 1998.

3 I've known her since a long time.

4 I have yet finished my homework.

5 You have ever been to Spain.

6 Our team hasn’t already developed a new project.

7 I haven't eaten sushi for I lived in Japan.

8 She has been a student since too long.