Complete the following text by translating the words expressions in brackets.

Most criminal trials take place in a (Магістратському Суді). Magistrates listen to all the (показання свідків) and decide whether the person accused of the crime (the defendant) is (винен) or not. If the defendant is found guilty, the magistrates usually decide on the (вирок). The magistrates are normally three Justices of the Peace chosen from the community. In court there will also be a solicitor who argues for the (обвинувачений).

The more serious cases are dealt with in the (Kopолівському Суді) in front of a judge. A (суд присяжних) of twelve men and women (who are ordinary members of the public) decide whether defendant is guilty or not. The (cуддя) will decide on a sentence. Judges and other (юристи) who speak in Crown Courts wear black gowns and wigs. In Crown Courts there are two (адвоката) instead of solicitors, one arguing for the prosecution and the other for the defendant.

 

Choose the correct definition for each legal profession the box.

a. magistrates d. judges g. clerks of the court b. solicitors e. jury c. barristers f. coroners

 

1. An officer acting as a judge in the lower courts.

2. A public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a law court.

3. A group of people who swear to give a true decision on issues in a law court.

4. An offical who investigates the cause of any death thought to be violent or unnatural causes.

5. A lawyer who has the right to speak and argue in higher law courts.

6. A lawyer who prepares legal documents advises on legal matters for them in lower law courts.

7. An officall looks after administrative and legal matters in the courtroom.

 

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the box.

sentences judge crimes Crown jury magistrate behaviour imprisonment murder prisoners

In England there are no minimum...,except for..., which carries a penalty of life.... There are maximum sentences for other…. Crimes are first heard by a... who can either pass sentence, or refer the crime to a... Court with a... and.... Here are maximum sentences for some crimes. Sentences can be reduced for good…,often by one—third or more. “Life sentences” are rarely more than 14 years, and it would be possible to release... after 7 years.

ІV studying year, І term

Theme 9: text “Law”

1. READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT.

2. RETELL THE TEXT.

 

THE QUESTION OF LAW

Jurisprudence is the philosophy of law, or the science which deals with positive law and legal relations. The study of jurisprudence asks questions such as: What is law? Where does it come from? Why do we have it? When do we first meet it? Where have you met it? In my opinion, no nation that does not have an informed populace in jurisprudence can be strong and free. Fundamentally, law may be called rules governing behavior between people. Purposes for law include: to regulate human relations; to determine ownership (control) of property; to fix parameters of freedom in community and relationships by restraining anarchy (for without law there is only anarchy); to produce justice. But so long as we agree and live out our agreements, we do not need written law. But when we disagree, we must have a system designed to restore us to agreement or decide between us so we do not fall into blood feuds. To have a system we must recognize need for a Rule of Law. But who decides what is or is not justice? A legislature passing laws? Public opinion directing legislators? Judges? Juries? Money? Lawyers? Yes, but No - each individual will decide, inside him, when in conflict, whether he will accept the outcome as justice or not.

Law can be spoken of in many different ways: Political, Criminal, Civil, and Equitable, or Constitutional, Statutory and Procedural. Or case precedent (stare decisis) or local custom (tradition); or in a vertical manner - international, then national, then district, then city, etc.; or repressive, democratic, autonomous, common, etc. Yet all law will, at times, seem arbitrary and capricious. That is because people make the decisions, not the law - the law is not self-acting. Rule of Law asks the question: “Are these decisions of people made in a framework of law, or a framework of no law?” The problem always was, and is: What is an adequate base for law? What is adequate so that a human desire for freedom can exist without anarchy and yet be gentle enough to provide a form that will not become arbitrary tyranny? Jurisprudence has to do with administration, or weighing of justice, or right values. All pronouncements of right and wrong are moral concerns, at their base religious. In recent years we have witnessed numerous marches on Washington in which one group or another demanded new “rights”; not freedom from state control but entitlement to state action, protection, or subsidy. In creating rights a state inevitably enlarges its bureaucracy. As a state creates new rights, it necessarily diminishes some rights for others. The modern secular view holds that individuals have just such rights as laws give them. Rights must have a reference point and specific context or they are meaningless; reference point determines the nature of the right exercised, defines who possesses it and sets limits to others who must respect it. When we fail to live at peace, we need compulsion - so the law exists to compel. It does this by punishment. Man’s methods of law place two people in combat against each other, using advocates (lawyers) who, in the normal setting, keep the parties separate from one another. In this, we say that we search for the truth of the case.

 

WORDS AND PHRASES

jurisprudence – юриспруденція, правознавство

rule of law – принцип господарювання права, правова норма, законність

stare decisis - судовий прецендент, забовязуюча сила прецендентов

restraint – міра приборкання

Constitutional Law – конституційне право

Procedural Law – процесуальне право

Statutory Law – статутне право

Political Law – державне право

Criminal Law – кримінальне (карне право) право

Civil Law – цивільне (громадянське) право

Equitable Law – право справедоивості

International Law – міжнародне право

ІV studying year, І term

Theme 10: text “Judiciary”

1. READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT.

2. RETELL THE TEXT.

JUDICIARY

Criminal Proceedings There are two courts of trial and two courts of appeal for criminal proceedings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The courts of trial are the Magistrates’ Court and the Crown Court, and the courts of appeal are the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords.

 

The Magistrates’ Court The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the Magistrates’ Court. The Magistrates’ Court is the lower court of trial. It deals with summary offences. More serious criminal cases (indictable offences) then go to the Crown Court. Civil cases are dealt with in County courts. Magistrates’ Courts have limited powers of penally but may commit a convicted offender to the Crown Court if it is considered that the powers of the Magistrates’ Court are insufficient. Approximately 95% of all prosecutions are dealt with in the Magistrates’ Courts.

 

Juvenile Courts are composed of specially trained magistrates. They try most charges against children and young persons under the age of 18 years.

 

The Crown Court The Crown Court is the senior court of trial for criminal offences. The courts are established at various centres throughout the country. The courts are presided over by either a High Court Judge, Circuit Judge or Recorder who sits with a jury. The Crown Court for the City of London is the Central Criminal Court, also known as the Old Bailey. The Crown Court may also hear appeals against conviction and/or sentence for some offences dealt with at the Magistrates’ Court.

 

The Court of Appeal The Court of Appeal hears appeals from criminal cases heard in the Crown Courts.

 

The House of Lords The House of Lords is the most senior and final court of appeal.

 

Civil Proceedings Civil proceedings consist of litigation about property, family matters and actions to obtain financial redress for damage to property and personal injury. The courts of trial for such

litigation are the County Court and the High Court of Justice.

 

County Courts are local courts and are presided over by a single Judge. The High Court of Justice is situated in London. Some cases before the High Court of Justice may be heard before a jury.

 

WORDS AND PHRASES

Judiciary - судочинство

court of trial – суд першої інстанції

court of appeal – апеляційний суд

the Magistrates’ Court – Магістратський суд

the Crown Court - Королівський суд

juvenile court – суд у справах неповолітніх

summary offence – злочин, який не являє великої суспільної небезпеки

indictabIe offence – особливо тяжкий злочин

prosecution – судовий розгляд

to sentence for smth. – засуджувати за щось, виносити вирок

litigation – тяжба, спір

to obtain financial redress for smth – одержувати фінансове відшкодування за щось

injury – образа, кривда

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks:

1. There are two courts of... and two courts of... for criminal proceedings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

2. The Magistrates’ Court deals with....

3. More serious offences go to the....

4 Magistrates’ Courts have limited powers of ….

5. Magistrates’ Courts may commit... to the Crown Court.

6. Approximately 95% of all... are dealt with in the Magistrates’ Court.

7. … courts try most charges against children and young persons under the age of 18 years.

8. The Crown Court is the senior court of trial for ….

9. The Crown Court may hear... against conviction and/or... for some offences dealt with at the Magistrates’ Court.

10. The Court of... hears appeals from criminal cases heard in the Crown Court.

11. The House of Lords is the most senior and final… ….

!2. Civil proceedings consist of... about property, family matters and actions to obtain... for damage to property and personal injury.

13. Couty Courts are... over by a single Judge.

14. Some cases before the High Court of Justice may be heard before a ….

 

2. Read the following sentences and decide if they are true or false:

1. The courts of trial are the Magistrates’ Court and the Crown Court.

2. The courts of appeal are the Court of Appeal and the House of I ii us.

3. The Magistrates’ Court is the senior court of trial.

4. The Magistrates’ Court deals with summary offences.

5. More serious offences are committed to the Crown Court.

6. Juvenile Courts try charges against convicted offenders.

7. Juvenile Courts try most charges against children and persons under the age of 18 years.

8. The Crown Court is the lower court of trial.

9. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from criminal cases heard in the Crown Courts.

10. The House of Lords is the most senior and final court of appeal.

11. Criminal proceedings consist of litigation about property, family matters and actions to obtain financial redress for damage to property and personal injury.

12. County Courts are local courts and are presided over by ajury.

 

 

3. Find words and expressions in the text which mean:

1. the system of law courts in a country;

2. place where law—cases are held;

3. person against whom a legal action is brought;

4. punishment for wrongdoing;

5. court where children are tried;

6. crime, breaking of a rule.

4. Ask questions to get the following answers:

1. There are two courts of trial and two courts of appeal for criminal proceedings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

2. The courts of trial are the Magistrates’ Court and the Crown Court.

3. The courts of appeal are the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords.

4. The Magistrates’ Court deals with summary offences.

5. The Crown Court deals with indictable offences.

6. Magistrates’ Courts have limited powers of penalty.

7. Approximately 95% of all prosecutions are dealt with in the Magistrates’ Courts.

8. Juvenile Courts try most charges against children and young persons under the age of 18 years.

 

 

ІV studying year, І term

Theme 11: text “Types of offences”

WORDS AND PHRASES

Robber – грабіжник, розбійник Smuggler - контрабандист

Thief – злодій Spy - шпигун

Pick-pocket – кишеньковий злодій Kidnapper – викрадач людей

Burglar – злодій – зломщик Drag dealer - наркоділець

Shop-lifter – магазинний злодій Terrorist - терорист

Bigamist – двоєженець Arsonist – той, хто здійснює підпал

Deserter – дезертир Accomplice – спільник, співучасник

Traitor – зрадник Stowaway – безбілетний пасажир

Forger – фальшивомонетник Murderer - вбивця

Hijacker – повітряний пірат;нальотчик,бандит Gangster – гангстер, бандит

що нападає на літаки, автомобілі і т.п.

 

1. Read and translate the following sentences.

Robber – a person who steals smth. from a person or place, esp. by violence or threat.

The robber stole 2.000 £ from a lokal bank, by threating people with a gun.

Thief — a person who steals things secretly, usually without violence.

Thieves stole £1,000from the post office last night.

Pick—pocket — a person who steals smth. out of your pocket in a crowded street:

The pick—pocket took her purse in a crowded train.

Burglar — a person who enters a building during the hours of darkness in order to steal. A person who entes a building in daylight to steal is a thief, or, if he breaks into a building by using force, a house — breaker:

The burglars escaped through the window.

Shop-lifter — a person who steals from the shops:

The security officer has been assaulted by shop-lifters three times.

Bigamist — a person who marries illegally, being married already.

Deserter — a soldier who runs away from the army.

Traitor — a person who betrays his or her country to another state.

Forger — a person who makes false money or signatures.

Hijacker — a person who takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change course.

Smuggler — someone who brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax.

Spy — a person who gets secret information from another country.

Kidnapper — someone who takes away people by force and demands money for their return.

Drag dealer — a person who buys and sells drugs illegally.

Terrorist — uses violence for political reasons.

Arsonist — a person who sets fire to property illegally.

Accomplice — a person who helps a criminal in a criminal act.

Stowaway — hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey.

Murderer — kills someone.

Gangster — a member of a criminal group.

 

1. Complete the following text by translating the words expressions in brackets.

The police were investigating a series of (крадіжки) in the Westhampton area. A man and a woman were (під підозрою) of the crimes, but there was not enough (доказів) to (apeштувати) them. Then, one night, during a burglary, the (потерпілі) woke up while the (злочинці) were still in the house. They found the (грабіжників) in the sitting-room stealing the TV and video. The burglars escaped through window, leaving behind a black bag containing all their equipment - covered in (відбитки пальців)! The next day Samuel and Felicity Jones one were (заарештовані) by Westhampton police and were charged with the (злочин) of burglary with intent. The Jones were (засуджені) to two years’ (тюремного ув’язнення).

1. Match the words from the box with the definitions below.

a. drug smuggling f. shop-lifting k.fraud b. hijacking g. kidnapping l. arson c. pickpocketing h. mugging m. theft d. assault i. murder n.parking offence e. armed robbery j. drunken driving

 

1. They broke the window of his car and stole the radio.

2. They sold paintings that they knew weren’t genuine masterpieces.

3. They illegally carried drugs into another country.

4. They had a pistol at the pilot’s head and he had to do what they said.

5. They set fire to the shop.

6. They took some things off the shelves and left the shop without paying for them.

7. They took away the rich man’s son and asked him alot of money.

8. They hit the man on the head as he was walking along the street and all his money and credit cards.

9. They took her purse out of her handbag in the crowded bus.

10. They murdered a man during a robbery.

11. They drove a car under the influence of drink.

12. They stole £ 1,000 from a bank, by threatening someone with a gun.

13. They hurt a boy in a fight in a disco—club.

14. They parked a car in a no—parking zone.

 

 

ІV studying year, І term

Theme 11: text “Types of offences”

1. READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXTS.

2. RETELL THE THIRD TEXT.

Jack Thatcher

Like his father, Jack Thatcher is a jailbird — at the age of 40 he has spent most of his life in prison for various offences of violence and theft. He comes from a broken home, has had no real education and has never had a job. The only way he knows how to make money is by stealing it. When he came out of prison last week he decided to rob a village post office. During the robbery, the postmaster tried to ring the alarm, so Jack hit him on the head with his gun. At that moment a customer came into the post—office. She screamed. In panic, Jack shouted at her to keep quiet. When I continued to scream, he shot her. Jack thought quickly. He took a box of matches from his pocket and set fire to the building, then escaped with the money.

 

Annette Forbes

Annette Forbes is head of the marketing division of the computer company. She went to university, has a good job and enjoys a happy family life. She has always been a “law-abiding citizen”. One day she arrived a little late for work, and had to park her car in a no-parking zone. She took a client out for a business lunch and drank a gin and tonic, half a bottle of wine and a liqueur celebrate an important new contract. When driving back to work, was stopped by a policeman, who tested her breath for alcohol.

He told her she had drunk too much and would be disqualified from driving for a year. Annette (who needs her car for her job) suggested he might “forget” about the offence in return for a new home computer. That afternoon, Annette remembered that she had no more writing-paper at home.As usual, she took a new packet of paper from the office and a box of six pencils.

THE SHOPLIFTER

Mark Diamond was a thief. He had been to prison several times. Last time he was sentenced to ten months in prison for shoplifting when he tried to steal a silver necklace for his girlfriend Jane.

On the day he left prison, first he had a good meal in a cafe, then went to the cinema. He enjoyed being free again. He took a long walk in town looking at the windows. He had a few dollars and wanted to buy a present for his girlfriend Jane. He saw a pretty silk dress in one window but he didn’t like colour, he saw a green cotton blouse in another shop window but he didn’t like the cut of the blouse.

He looked at a fur coat in another shop but it was too expensive. Then he saw a nice leather bag and first he thought that Jane would also like it. He was just going to buy it but he changed his mind and thought it would make a poor present.

Then he went into a jeweller’s shop. There he saw a nice gold bracelet on the counter. He always wanted a present like that. He had a quick look around and saw nobody was watching him. The assistant was showing a diamond engagement ring to a customer. The next minute the gold bracelet was in Mark’s pocket and he started for the door.

At that moment, he felt a hand on his shoulder. “Young man”, said the owner of the shop, “I saw you steal a bracelet. I’ll have to call the police”. Mark went pale. “Oh, no. Don’t do that. I’ll pay fo the bracelet. Yes, I’ll pay for it”.

The owner of the shop took a look at the gold bracelet and said, “All right, it’ll be £600”.

“Well”, said Mark, “Couldn’t you show me anything cheaper? 1 really don’t want to spend that much”.

 

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER TO THE THIRD TEXT.

1. Mark Diamond was

1. an honest man

2. a crook (ошуканець, шахрай)

3. a hard—working man