Task 7. Match the words in column A with their translation from column B.

A	B
1. alloy	a) представник
2. knowledge	b) зварювання
3. powder	c) сплав
4. representative	d) внесок
5. exploration	e) порошок
6. satellite	f) дослідження
7. contribution	g) знання
8. welding	h) супутник

Task 8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Поступове накопичення практичного досвіду це основа людського розвитку.

2. В усьому світі використовують наші досягнення в сфері електрозварювання.

3. Науковці проводять масштабні дослідження в таких галузях, як астрономія, порошкова металургія та інші.

4. Києво-Могилянська Академія стала серцем української науки.

5. Євген Патон спроектував багато мостів, він очолював лабораторію тестування мостів.

6. Науковці детально розробляють все нові і нові проекти.

Task 9. Put the verbs into the correct tense form (Present Simple or Present Continuous):

1. Scientist ______ (to work) at the laboratory every day.

2. More and more forests _____ (to disappear) because of fires.

3. More people _____ (to recycle) rubbish nowadays.

4. Water ___ (to boil) at 100°C and _____ (to freeze) when the temperature ____ (to drop) below 0°C.

Task 10. Make a plan to the text Science in Ukraine and be ready to retell.

Task 11. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

1.	to achieve	досягати, отримувати
2.	artificial diamonds	штучні діаманти
3.	to appreciate	високо цінувати, оцінювати
4.	bridge	міст
5.	to convert	перетворювати, трансформувати
6.	Earth surface	поверхня землі
7.	to elaborate	детально розробляти
8.	emergence	поява
9.	to estimate	оцінювати
10.	evaporation	випаровування
11.	gradual accumulation	поступове накопичення
12.	to head	очолювати
13.	hidden welding technique	технологія скритого зварювання
14.	large scale research	великомасштабне дослідження
15.	nucleus of the atom	ядро атома
16.	to precede	передувати
17.	precursor	передвісник, попередник
18.	productive experience	виробничий досвід
19.	to realise	виконувати
20.	significant discoveries	значні відкриття
21.	social equality and democracy	соціальна рівність та демократія
22.	space explorations	освоєння космосу
23.	to split	розщеплювати, роз’єднувати
24.	to supply	постачати
25.	system of knowledge	система знань

 

Unit 3

FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Task 1. What do you know about computer and its history?

Task 2. Imagine your own computer. What must it do? Present you decision in few words.

Task 3. You are going to read about history of computer. Seven sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from the sentences (A-H) the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (1).

A	But he never built it.
B	In their opinion, computers block the imagination and spontaneity of young people.
C	The educated man of 25 — 30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers.
D	You can use a computer to write a letter, design a house, draw a picture or exchange messages with someone around the world.
E	Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago there were no such things as computers.
F	Every day we hear about new uses of the computer.
G	There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid.
H	It used thousands of electrical switches that clicked on and off to compute data.

 

The educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. 1. C. But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little significant knowledge about computers.

The computer is no doubt the most amazing achievement of mankind. It is a data storage system created by man. A human tells the machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.

The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count. 2. ______. Knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus are all methods of keeping track of numbers.

In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University designed the first computer. 3. ______. If Babbage had been able to get enough money to build the computer, the analytical engine would have been as big as a locomotive. It would have been able to store 1,000 50-digit numbers.

During the 70 years following Babbage's death in 1871, computer scientists improved on Babbage's original idea. In 1939, Harvard University physicist Howard Aiken built the forerunner of today's computer. 4. ______. It was much slower than later computers, which use electronic components instead of switches.

In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950. Such computers as BESM, Minsk, Ural, Razdan-3, M-20, M-220, Nairi-3, Strela, Dniepr were created in our country.

5. ______. An analogue computer computes by using physical analogue of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.

Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. The significance of it can be compared with the invention of the steam-engine and the utilisation of atomic energy.

Nowadays computers greatly increase man's thinking capabilities of planning, analysing, computing and controlling. Hundreds of computers are already in daily use. They penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy production and missile design to the processing of bank checks, weather forecasting, manufacturing, research and medical diagnoses. Computers are everywhere. 6. ______.

Computer technology is a rapidly growing industry. According to the technical experts it is very educational. They say that computers help children to learn much more quickly. In some Japanese elementary schools there are already lessons on using computers. For older children the electronic diary was produced. Many young people in Tokyo use it for taking notes, doing homework, drawing and keeping telephone numbers. There's also some equipment which is like an electronic teacher. This computer answers questions on all scholastic subjects from biology to geography. At home the computer is becoming a kind of technological grandmother. It sings nursery rhymes, tells fairy stories and helps with homework.

But young people's true passion is videogames. Some experts are alarmed. 7. ______. And there are a lot of videogames which are violent and not educational.

Task 4. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and expressions:

освічена людина, суттєві/базові знання, найбільш дивовижне досягнення людства, помітки на глині, винахідник, аналітичний двигун, попередник, комп’ютер змішаного типу, розробка ракет, прогноз погоди, електронний щоденник, для того щоб, найпростіша мова програмування, більш повний, виводити математичні формули, перевага, програмне забезпечення, комп’ютерне обладнання, надзвичайний технологічний розвиток, промислове підприємство, ефективна робота.

Task 5. Translate into Ukrainian the following words and word combinations:

a data storage system, knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus, keeping track of numbers, as big as a locomotive, the forerunner of today's computer, exchange messages with someone, rapidly growing industry, a kind of technological grandmother, true passion is videogames, communicate with the computer, the first mechanical calculator, a problem oriented high level programming language, a household word, to indicate the degree of modernity, the working out, one thing in common.

Task 6. Explain next words and word combinations in English without translation:

computer, knowledge, forerunner, digital computer, PASCAL, software, hardware.

Task 7. Make up word combinations from the following words:

1. analytical	a) computer
2. missile	b) knowledge
3. data storage	c) schools
4. elementary	d) engine
5. electronic digital	e) measurements
6. weather	f) system
7. significant	g) design
8. numerical	h) forecasting

Task 8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Сучасна освічена людина повинна мати знання з історії, науки та комп’ютера.

2. Англійський винахідник першим розробив комп’ютер, але не побудував його.

3. Існує три типи комп’ютерів, найкращій з них – змішаного типу.

4. За допомогою комп’ютера ми можемо проводити медичну діагностику та прогнозувати погоду.

5. Комп’ютерна промисловість швидко розвивається.

6. Перший цифровий комп’ютер в Україні було розроблено в 1950 році.

Task 9. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count.

2. Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind.

3. Experts say that computers help children to learn much more quickly.

4. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits.

5. In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950.

Task 10. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

1.	achievement	досягнення
2.	abacus	абак, рахівниця
3.	clay	глина
4.	to combine	поєднувати, об’єднувати
5.	to compare	порівнювати
6.	to compute	обчислювати, рахувати
7.	daily use	повсякденне використання
8.	data storage system	система збереження даних
9.	electronic diary	електронний щоденник
10.	equipment	обладнання
11.	forerunner	попередник
12.	hybrid	змішаного типу
13.	imagination	уява
14.	to improve	покращувати
15.	mankind	людство
16.	missile	реактивний снаряд, ракета
17.	modernity	сучасність
18.	notes	нотатки
19.	numerical measurements	числові вимірювання
20.	scholastic	учбовий, шкільний
21.	steam-engine	паровий двигун
22.	to storeдщщдщщщ9шшш8	зберігати
23.	switch	перемикач
24.	violent	інтенсивний, насильницький
25.	weather forecasting	прогноз погоди

UNIT 4

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?