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Phraseology of reports and speeches
Coherent and generalization phrases
1. Взагалі, мені здається, що …
2. У доповнення до …
3. Загальноприйнято, що …
4. Очікують …
5. Без сумніву …
6. Це факт, що …
7. Бажано …
8. Немає потреби говорити …
9. Як ствержувалось раніше …
10. Якщо це так …
11. Незалежно від цього …
12. Кажучи іншими словами …
13. Як результат …
14. Немає причини для …
15. Більше того …
16. За усією ймовірністю …
17. Слід запам’ятати, що …
18. Необхідно нагадати, що …
19. Навпаки …
20. Особливо важливо …
21. Саме через цю причину …
22. Слід підкреслити …
23. Торкаючись цієї проблеми …
24. Приймаючи до уваги …
25. Не дивлячись на той факт, що …
26. Саме в цьому зв’язку …
27. Ось чому необхідно …
28. В цьому сенсі …
29. За всією ймовірністю …
30. Очевидно, що …
31. По-перше (по-друге) …
32. Нарешті …
33. Основне питання, яке все ще не вирішене …
34. Тому …
35. Більше того …
36. Однак …
37. Хоча …
38. Істотно …
39. Тим не менше …
40. У порівнянні з …
41. Відповідно …
42. В цілому …
1. Generally speaking it seems to me …
2. In addition to …
3. It is the general idea that …
4. It is expected …
5. It is beyond doubt …
6. It is a fact that …
7. It is desirable to …
8. Needless to say …
9. As previously stated …
10. It this is so …
11. Apart from this…
12. In other words …
13. As a result of …
14. There is no reason for …
15. What is more …
16. In all probability …
17. It should be remembered that …
18. It is necessary to remind …
19. On the contrary (vice versa) …
20. It is especially significant …
21. It is for this reason that …
22. It must be stressed …
23. Touching upon this problem …
24. Taking into account …
25. Despite the fact that …
26. It is in this connection …
27. That is why it is imperative to …
28. In this sense …
29. In all probability …
30. It is evident that …
31. First (secondly) …
32. Finally …
33. The main question not yet solved …
34. Therefore …
35. Moreover (over and above) …
36. However …
37. Though …
38. Essentially …
39. Nevertheless …
40. Compared with …
41. Hence …
42. On the whol
Phrases that are used in admission expressions
1. У цій доповіді мені б хотілося підняти декілька питань, що стосуються …
2. Я хотів би розпочати свою доповідь з …
3. Маючи на увазі основні напрямки …
4. Я хотів би вказати …
5. Я хотів би лише згадати …
6. Особисто я вважаю за необхідне підкреслити, що …
7. Невірно стверджувати, що …
8. В цьому зв’язку хотілося б підкреслити, що …
9. В такому контексті …
10. Необхідно відмітити …
11. Торкаючись проблеми …
12. Саме через цю причину …
13. Тут я маю на увазі …
14. Цей приклад чітко показує, що …
15. Основне питання, яке все ще є невирішеним …
16. Нарешті, мені хотілося б сказати, що …
17. Я хотів би привернути Вашу увагу до…
18. Очевидно важливо зробити висновок…
- In this paper I would like to raise some questions related to …
- I should like to begin my report with …
- Bearing in mind the main directions …
- I should like to indicate …
- I would like to mention only …
- Personally I find it necessary to emphasize that …
- It is incorrect to state that …
- In this connection particular importance should be attached to …
- Within such a context …
- It must be clearly noticed …
- Touching on the problem of …
- It is for this reason that …
- I have in mind here …
- This example clearly shows …
- The main question not yet solved is …
- Lastly I’d like to say that …
- I’d like to draw your attention to …
- It may be important to conclude …
GENERAL EXPRESSIONS THAT ARE USED IN THE PROFESSIONAL SPEECH
Know v
- Наскільки мені відомо...
- Було б корисно знати... чи...
- As far as I know …
- It would be helpful to know if
Hesitation n
- Я поділяю Ваші сумніви.
- I share your hesitations.
Agree v
- I would agree with you that …
- I cannot agree that …
- Я б повністю погодився б з Вами в тому, що...
- Я не можу погодитися з тим, що...
Disagree v, etc.
- I surely cannot agree with …
- Я, звичайно, не можу погодитися з...
Support v, etc.
- I would like to support …
- I maintain very firmly that …
- Мені б хотілося підтримати...
- Я категорично наполягаю на тому, що...
Realize v
- I realize that …
- I do not realize that …
- Я розумію, що...
- Я не розумію того, що...
See v, mistake v
- As you see …
- If am not mistaken …
- Як Ви бачите (розумієте)
- Якщо я не помиляюсь...
Interested a, etc.
- It is of interest that …(it is interesting that …)
- It is interesting to know whether …
- Цікаво, що...
- Цікаво знати... чи...
Attention n
- I would like to call your attention to…
- I just wanted to bring to the attention of audience …
- Я б хотів звернути Вашу увагу на...
- Я щойно хотів запропонувати увазі аудиторії...
Thank v, grateful a
- I would like to thank Mr. N. For his helpful comments.
- I am most grateful for expert advise on …
- Thank you very much, Prof. D., for a very complete discussion of his problem.
- Я б хотів подякувати містерові Н. За його корисні зауваження.
- Я надзвичайно вдячний за кваліфіковану пораду щодо...
- Велика подяка, професоре Д., за дуже докладне обговорення цього питання.
Glad a, etc.
- I am content with your answer.
- Я задоволений Вашою відповіддю.
Sorry a, etc.
- I am sorry to say …
- It a pity that …
- It is unfortunate that …
- На жаль, я повинен сказати...
- Жаль, що...
- На жаль...
Surprise v
- It seems to one surprising that …
- Дивним здається те, що...
Sure a (certain a)
- Я впевнений, що...
- Я не можу бути впевненим
- I am quite sure (certain) that …
- I cannot be sure (certain) …
GRAMMAR REVISION TABLES
NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL
| Singular
| Plural
| Uses
| day
bird
street
rose
| days
birds
streets
roses
| The plural of a noun is usually made by adding –s to the singular
| tomato
match
dish
class
box
| tomatoes
matches
dishes
classes
boxes
| Nouns ending in –o, -ch, -sh, -s, -ssor –x form their plural by adding –es.
(NOTE: words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in –o and –s only: dynamo – dynamos; kilo – kilos; photo – photos; piano – pianos);
| baby
city
| babies
cities
| Nouns ending in –y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the –y and adding –ies.
| loaf
wife
wolf
calf
half
knife
shelf
life
sheaf
| loaves
wives
wolves
calves
halves
knifes
shelves
lives
sheaves
| Twelve nouns ending in –for –fe drop the –f or –fe and add –ves: loaf, wife, wolf, calf, half, leaf, self, knife, life, sheaf, shelf, thief.
(Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cliffs, safes, cuffs, handkerchiefs).
The nouns hoof, scarf and wharf take either –s or –ves in the plural: wharfs or wharves, hoofs or hooves; scarfs or scarves.
| man
woman
foot
goose
foot
louse
mouse
child
| men
women
feet
geese
teeth
lice
mice
children
| A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change.
| sheep
deer
fish
species
swine
| sheep
deer
fish
species
swine
| Some nouns have the same the same form for singular and plural.
| crisis
criterion
datum
| crises
criteria
data
| Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals.
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NOUNS: COMMON AND POSSESSIVE CASE
a) Singular Noun
the girl
my wife
my baby
Tom
Archimedes
Pythagoras
Thomas
Carlos
my brother-in-law
| Possessive Form
thegirl’s name
my wife’s coat
my baby’s toys
Tom’s friend
Archimedes’ Law
Pythagoras’ Theorem
Thomas’s/Thomas’
Carlos’s/ Carlos’
my brother-in-law’s guitar
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- ′s is used with singular nouns not ending in –s.
- Classical names ending in –s usually add only the apostrophe.
- Other names ending in –s take ′s or the apostrophe alone.
- With compounds, the last word takes the ′s.
| b) Plural Noun
the girls
the men
my children
| Possessive Form
the girls’ names
the men’s work
my children’s toys
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- A simple apostrophe (′) is used with plural nouns ending in –s.
- ′s is used with plural nouns not ending in –s.
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COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
- I bought a chair.
Tom bought three chairs.
- We bought some furniture.
INCORRECT: We bought a furniture.
INCORRECT: We bought some furnitures.
| Chair is a count noun; chairs are items that can be counted.
Furniture is a noncount noun. In grammar, furniture cannot be counted.
| Singular Plural
| COUNT
NOUN
| a chair
one chair
| chairs
two chairs
some chairs
a lot of chairs
many chairs
| A count noun:
a) may be preceded by a/an in the singular;
b) takes a final –s/es in the plural.
| NONCOUNT
NOUN
| furniture
some furniture
a lot of furniture
much furniture
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| A noncount noun:
a) is not immediately preceded by a/an;
b) has no plural form;
does not take a final –s/-es.
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SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS
1. Whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, clothing, equipment, food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage, mail, machinery, make-up, money/cash/change, postage, scenery, traffic.
| - Fluids: water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc.
- Solids: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton, wool, etc.
- Gases: stream, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution, etc.
- Particles: rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt, sand, sugar, wheat, etc.
| - Abstractions:
ï beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice, knowledge, laugher, luck, music, patience, peace, pride, progress, recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, etc.
ï advice, information, news, evidence, proof;
ï time, space, energy;
ï homework, work;
ï grammar, slang, vocabulary.
- Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish, etc.
- Fields of study: economics, chemistry, engineering, history, literature, mathematics, psychology, etc.
- Recreation: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker, etc.
- General activities: driving, studying, swimming, travelling, walking (and other gerunds).
| - Natural Phenomena: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, gravity, rain, lightning, sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire.
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USING NOUNS AS MODIFIERS
- The soup has vegetables in it.
It is vegetable soup.
- The building has offices in it.
It is an office building.
| When a noun is used as a modifier, it is in its singular form.
| - The test lasted two hours.
It was a two-hour test.
- Her son is five years old.
She has a five-year-old son.
| When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a number expression, the noun is singular and a hyphen (-) is used.
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THE INDEFENITE ARICLE
Use of a/an
| Examples
| 1. Before a singular countable noun, when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing:
| I can see a book on the table.
They live in a flat.
He bought an ice-cream.
| 2. Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things:
| A child needs love = All children need/Any child needs love.
| 3.With a noun complement. This includes names of profession:
| My friend is a manager.
She’ll be a dancer.
| 4.With certain numbers.
Before half when half follows a whole number.
But ½ kg = half a kilo, though a + half + noun is sometimes possible.
With ⅓, ¼, etc a is usual:
| a dozen, a hundred, a million ( but one dozen, one hundred, one million is also possible).
1 ½ kilos = one and a half kilos or a kilo and a half;
a half-holiday, a half-portion, a half-share;
a third, a quarter etc., but one is also possible.
| In expressions of price, speed, ratio etc.:
| 5p a kilo, sixty kilometres an hour, four times a day; (Here a/an = per)
| 6. Before a singular countable noun after the word what in exclamatory sentences and after the words such, quite, rather:
| Such a long queue! Such long queues! What a pretty girl! What pretty girls! She is still quite a child.
It is rather a difficult problem.
| 7. With the nouns in the function of apposition. But when the apposition refers to a well-known person the is used:
| The report was made by Petrenko, a student of our University.
Jack London, the great American novelist, was born in San Francisco.
| 8. In a number of set expressions: a lot of, a great deal of, a good deal of, a great number of, a good many, a couple, a little, a few, at speed of, at a time hen, at a time, in time, on a large (small) scale, all of a sudden, by bus (train), to be in a hurry, to be in a position, to be at a loss, it’s a pity, for a short (long) time, as a result of, as a matter of fact, to have a good time, to have a mind, in a loud (low) voice, to have a look, to have a headache, to take a sit, to have a cold, to go for a walk.
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THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
Use of «the»
| Examples
| 1. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned:
| I saw a new film on TV yesterday.
The film wasn’t very interesting.
| 2. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phase or clause:
| the girl in blue; the boy that I met; the place where I met him.
| 3. When the object or group of objects is unique:
| the earth, the sea, the sky, the moon, the sun, the world.
| 4. Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one particular thing:
| Ann is in the garden.
(the garden of this house).
Please open the window.
| 5. Before superlatives and first, second etc. used as adjectives or pronouns, and only:
| the first week; the best day; the only way.
| 6. Before a noun that represents a class of animals or things:
But man, used to represent the human race, has no article.
| The cow is a domestic animal.
The pine is an evergreen tree.
If oil supplies run out, man have to fall back on the horse.
| 7. The + adjective represents a class of people:
| the old = old people in general.
the rich = rich people in general.
| 8. Before certain proper names of oceans, rivers. Seas, gulfs, groups of islands, chains of mountains, plural names of countries, deserts, and before certain other names:
| The Atlantic, the Thames, the Alps, the Black Sea, the Crimea, the City, the United States of America, the Sahara, the Persian Gulf
| 9. Before the adjectives east/west etc. + noun in certain names:
| the East/West End, the East/West Indies, the North/South Pole.
| 10. Before other proper names consisting of adjective + noun or noun +of + noun:
| The National Gallery, the Tower of London.
| 11. Before names of newspapers, ships, orchestras, pop groups etc.
| the Times, the Great Britain, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Beatles.
| 12.the+ plural surname can be used to mean «the … family»:
| the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and children).
| 13. the + a singular countable noun (type of machine, invention, musical instruments).
| The bicycle is an excellent means of transport. When was the telephone invented? The piano is my favourite instrument.
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NO ARTICLE
Uses
| Examples
| 1. Before plural nouns:
| My friends are students.
| 2. Before abstract nouns except when they are used in a particular sense:
| Men fear death.
but: The death of the Prime Minister left his party without a leader.
| 3. After a noun in the possessive case, or a possessive adjective:
| the boy’s uncle = the uncle of the boy
It is my (blue) book = The (blue) book is mine.
| 4. Before names of meals:
| The Scots have porridge for breakfast.
but: The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.
| 5. Before names of games:
| He plays golf.
| 6. Before parts of the body and articles of clothing, as these normally prefer a possessive adjective:
| Raise your right hand.
He took off his coat.
| 7. When home is used alone, i.e. is not preceded or followed by a descriptive word or phrase:
| He is at home. He went home.
I arrived home after dark.
I sent him home.
| 8. Before the nouns: bed, church, court, hospital, prison, school/college/university, when these places are visited or used for their primary purpose. We can be/get back from school/college/university. We can leave school, leave hospital, be released from prison.
But: When these places are visited or used for other reasonsthe is necessary.
| We go: to bed to sleep; to church to pray; to court as litigants; to hospital as patients; to prison as prisoners; to school/college/university to study; similarly we can be: in bed, sleeping or resting; at church as worshippers; in hospital as patients; at school as students.
Sometimes he goes to the prison to give lectures.
| 9. work = place of work.
| He is at work.
He’s on his way to work.
| 10. We go to sea as sailors. To be at sea = to be on a voyage (as passengers or crew). But to go to or be at the sea = to go to or be at the seaside. We can also live by/ near the sea.
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
The Nominative Case
| The Objective Case
| I – я
he – він
she – вона
it – воно (він, вона)
we – ми
you – ви, ти
they – вони
| me – мене, мені
him – його, йому
her – її, їй
it – його, йому, її, їй
us – нас, нам
you – вас, вам, тебе, тобі
them – їх, їм
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POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Conjoint Form
| Absolute Form
| my– мій, моя, моє, мої
his – його (чоловічий рід)
her – її
its – його (середній рід), її
our – наш, наша, наше, наші
your – ваш, ваша, ваше, ваші, твій, твоя, твоє, твої
their– їхній, їхня, їхнє, їхні
| mine – мій, моя, моє, мої
his – його (чоловічий рід)
hers – її
—
ours – наш, наша, наше, наші
yours – ваш, ваша, ваше, ваші, твій, твоя, твоє твої
theirs – їхній, їхня, їхнє, їхні
|
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Persons
| Singular
| Plural
| 1stpers.
2ndpers.
3rdpers.
| myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself
| сам(а)
| ourselves
yourselves
themselves
| самі себе
| 1. He looked at himself in the mirror.
| A reflexive pronoun usually refers to the subject of a sentence. He and himself refer to the same person.
| 2. He himself answered the phone, not his secretary.
3. He answered the phone himself.
| Sometimes reflexive pronouns are for emphasis.
| 4. She lives by herself.
| The expression by + a reflexive pronoun usually means «alone».
| | | | | |
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Sentences
| -thing
| -body, -one
| -where
| Affirmative
| some
any
| something
що-небудь
anything
усе, що завгодно
| somebody
someone
хтось
хто-небудь
anybody/anyone
усякий
будь-який
| somewhere
anywhere
десь
де-небудь
anywhere
де завгодно
куди завгодно
| Interrogative
| any
| anything
що-небудь
| anybody
anyone
хто-небудь
будь-хто
| anywhere
де-небудь
куди-небудь
| Negative
| not...
any
no
| not... anything
нічого
nothing
| not... anybody
not... anyone
ніхто
nobody/no one
| not... anywhere
ніде, нікуди
nowhere
ніде, нікуди
| Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
| every
| everything
усе
| everybody
everyone
усякий, кожний, усе
| everywhere
скрізь, усюди
|
QUANTITIVE PRONOUNS
few
little
мало, мало хто
недостатньо
| Few birds can be seen in that place. (= almost none)
I know little about painting.
(=almost nothing)
| Few and little have a negative meaning. They mean not enough.
| a few
кілька
a little
трохи
| A few birds can be seen in that place. (= some birds)
I know a little about painting. (=something)
| A few, a little have a positive meaning. They mean some though not much ( many)
|
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Singular
| Plural
| this – цей, ця, це
| that– той, та, те
| these – ці
| those – ті
| | | | |
|