Exc. 1 соотнесите словосочетания из левой колонки с их английскими эквивалентами в правой.

1. Вступивший в силу 1 января 1994 г a. Capital surplus countries

2. По соглашению b. Side agreements

3. Отменить все тарифы с. To raise the taxes and royalties

4. Дополнительные соглашения d. The disequilibrium in the

international balance of payment

5.Помешать эксплуатации е. To facilitate the expansion

6. Учредить фонд f. to eliminate all tariffs

7. Способствовать расширению g. To prevent exploitation

8. Нестабильность в международном

платежном балансе h. Effective January 1, 1994

9. Страны, имеющие избыток капитала i. Under the agreement

10. Собирать налоги и арендную плату j. To create a fund

 

 

Exc.1 Read and memorize active vocabulary:

to give evidence; to prove by evidence; weak, strong, hearsay evidence

witness; to call (in a witness; to be a witness to smth)

to swear an oath; to be sworn in; to swear at smb (to use swear words); to swear by smth; to swear to loyalty

to examine; cross-examine; cross-examination; to share in the examination

the counsel (unc.) for the prosecution; the defence, for both sides; to prosecute (compare: persecute - persecution; pursue - pursuit)

 

to sum up (the case)

to consider, bring in the verdict of (not) guilty unanimous; unanimity

to offend against the law, a habitual criminal - an old offender - a first offender the past record of crime

to convict of; conviction (compare: to convince of - conviction; it is my firm con­viction that...)', (compare: to persuade); an exconvict

to serve a sentence; a term of...; one's time; to sentence smb to three year impris­onment (to pass a sentence of three years' imprisonment on smb), to hard labour, to death penalty, capital punishment electrocution, execution death through hanging; a severe sentence; to commute a death sentence to life imprisonment, suspended sen­ence.

to decide the questions of fact - of law

to maintain law and o

 

PART 15

Family law

 

Family law is a branch or specialty of law, also denominated "domestic relaations" law, concerned with such subjects as adoption, amendment, divorce, separation, paternity, custody, support and child care. In the past, family law has been closely connected with the law of property and succession, and from the records available, it must have had its principal origins in the economic and property questions created by the transfer of a woman from her father's family to the power and guardianship of her husband. Even in regard to parent and child, such legal concepts as guardianship, custody, and legitimacy were associated with family power structures and family economic interests.

One of the issues that has received a substantially increased amount ofattention, from various points of view, is the very difficult problem of violence within the family. This may take the form of physical violence by one adult member on another (in this case the woman is almost always the victim), or by an adult on a child, or of some other form of violent conduct.

 

1. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations:

- нарушение закона;

- появление в суде;

- разнообразие антиобщественного поведения;

- широкий термин;

- на грани беды;

- непослушный ребенок;

- агрессивный человек;

- получать удовлетворение от своего поведения;

- болеть полиомиелитом или корью;

- требовать различных путей лечения;

- статистический правонарушитель;

- правонарушитель, страдающий расстройством личности;

- по причине незрелости;

- последствия чьих-либо действий;

- под влиянием минуты, сразу;

- направление в суд по делам несовершеннолетних;

- опека;

- не встречать одобрения со стороны кого-либо;

- двусмысленность определения;

- муниципальное постановление;

- непристойная речь;

- возрастные ограничения;

 

 

Exc.2 Vocabulary: read and memorize the active vocabulary and translate the given sentences.

1. care (n) - забота, попечение, попечительство
in care of- на попечении

under the care of- под наблюдением

care proceedings - попечительство

A mother's care for her children is quite natural.

Old people need loving care and attention.

in the care of sb; in sb's charge; under sb's supervision

They left the child in a friend's care.

take sb into/put sb in care

The social worker advised them to put their handicapped child into care.

2. order (n) - порядок; юр. приказ, предписание, распоряжение, указание; инструкция

order (v) - приказывать, предписывать, распоряжаться, давать указания, инструкции

court order - распоряжение суда

order of court- судебный приказ

order of proof- порядок представления доказательств

probation order - судебный приказ о направлении на апробацию

public order - общественный порядок

supervision order - приказ об осуществлении надзора

The police must try to restore order.

He gave orders far the work to be started

a point of order = a question of procedure

I wish to raise a point of order.

She said she wouldn't take orders from a junior clerk.

The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded.

3. incur (v) - нести (ответственность, обязанность, расходы, ущерб)

to incur guilt - принять на себя вину

to incur liability = to incur responsibility - принять на себя ответственность, понести ответственность

to incur sentence - навлечь на себя наказание, понести наказание

Debts incurred by juvenile offenders are normally the responsibility of their parents.

4. guardian (n) - опекун, попечитель

guardian by appointment of court - опекун по назначению суда

legal guardian - опекун по завещанию

special guardian - опекун с ограниченными функциями, опекун в специальных целях

The police are guardians of law and order.

He is a guardian of an orphaned child.

guardianship (n) - опека, попечительство

Every pensioner needs social guardianship.

guard (n) - охрана, стража

guard (v) - охранять, сторожить

5. adult (n, adj) -взрослый, зрелый, совершеннолетний

His behaviour is not particularly adult.

He is an adult. He is old enough to vote. He is old enough to marry.

6. panel (n) - зд. список (присяжных, арбитров); состав присяжных
panel = jury

panel - шотл. юр. подсудимый, обвиняемый

The panel are the people on a jury.

In law a panel is a list of jurors.

7. refer ( v) - посылать, отсылать (to - к кому-л., чему-л.); направлять (за)

They referred a complaint to another department.

The dispute was referred to the United Nations to arbitration.

You should refer a patient to a specialist for treatment.

The reader is referred to page 5.

referable (adj) - могущий быть приписанным или отнесенным (to - к кому-л., чему-л.)

referral (n) - отправка, отсылка; зд. судебное рассмотрение

the grounds for referral - основания для судебного рассмотрения

8. remit (v) - 1) прекращать, отменять, аннулировать; 2) прощать, помиловать; освобождать (от ответственности, наказания, уплаты); уменьшать ответственность; 3) пересылать, переводить деньги.

to remit the case - отсылать дело

His prison sentence has been remitted.

The taxes have been remitted.

The case has been remitted from the appeal court to a lower tribunal.

remission (n) - прощение, освобождение от уплаты, от наказания; отмена пли смягчение приговора.

9. remand (n) - юр. возвращение (арестованного) под стражу

a person on remand - I) подследственный; 2) арестованный, оставленный под стражей (для продолжения следствия)

remand (v) - 1) юр. отсылать обратно под стражу (для продолжения следствия); 2) отсылать (дело) обратно на доследование

The accused was remanded in custody for a week.

remand centre, remand home - дом предварительного заключения для малолетних преступников

prisoners on remand

detention on remand

a remand prisoner

 

Exc.3 Give Russian equivalents to the words given in bold type.

 

THE LAW AND THE FAMILY

Here, we will look at how the law sees the family a special institution; how some legal systems treat married couples and their children differently from the unmarried; the process of divorce; custody of and responsibility for children; and protection from violence in the home. Finally, we will consider the rights of succession to the property of a family member when they die.

Beyond the mere function of providing a new generation of children, the family is often promoted for its moral contribution to society. Despite a growing labor shortage, the Japanese government has passed very little legislation challenging the assumption that mothers should stay at home rather than go out to work. In Ireland, which is strongly influenced by the doctrines of the Catholic Church, divorce remains illegal.

In some societies the family is thought to be so important that there is very little legal intervention in family life. In many Islamic countries, for example, fathers, brothers and sons are allowed considerable authority over the females in their family. As late as the 1970s, the male head of the household in Switzerland was deemed to represent the interests of everyone within that household, and, consequently, none of the women could vote in national elections. But in many parts of the world, the law now promotes the rights of individuals within the family unit, and regulates family relations through legislation. Raised from the taxes of the working population as a whole, child benefit is paid directly to the mother, and retirement pensions are paid to grandparents, so that they are less dependent upon financial support from a family member. In Sweden, parents can be prosecuted for physically punishing their children and children have a limited capacity to divorce their parents. In Britain, as in many countries, there are special family courts with very strong powers to control and transfer private property in the interests of children. Much of the work of other courts is also directly relevant to family life.

MARRIAGE REQUIREMENTS

Generally, romantic love is the basis of marriage in this country, but this is a relatively recent development. In the past bride seizure, payment and parental arrangement were regarded as the normal methods for deciding on marriage partners. To be legally valid, a marriage must be: voluntary, between two single people, who are over sixteen, of the opposite sex and not closely related.

Both man and woman must be acting voluntarily. Force, fear and duress will all invalidate the marriage. But it must be real duress: for instance, social pressure and the desire to please one's parents do not invalidate the marriage.

The marriage will also be invalid if one of the couple does not realize what he or she is doing (e.g. if drink or old age affects their awareness of what is happening).

Similarly, if there was a mistake as to the identity of the other partner the marriage would be invalid. But other mistakes will not invalidate it. For instance, if the man is mistaken as to the financial standing, social status or career prospects of his wife, he cannot argue that he would not otherwise have married her and so claim that the marriage is invalid. Duress and social pressure can also invalidate the marriage. This can be a particular problem with arranged marriages.

A nineteen-year-old Hindu girl was forced into an arranged marriage. Had she not agreed, her parents would have thrown her out of the house, leaving her homeless and penniless. The Court of Appeal granted a declaration that the marriage was a nullity — the crucial question in these cases is whether the threats, pressure, or whatever it is, is such as to destroy the reality of the consent and overbear the will of the individual. So, in many ways it was the threat of homelessness and social ostracism that were the key factors in this case, and not so much the mere parental and social pressure.

This case should not be taken as showing that all arranged marriages can be set aside, but it is clear evidence of a change of attitude by the courts in being prepared to tackle this difficult problem.