International criminal police organization or Interpol

Intergovernmental body was established to promote mutual cooperation between police authorities around the world and to develop means of effectively preventing crime.

Founded in Vienna in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946, Interpol, is strictly nonpolitical and is forbidden to undertake any activities of a religious, racial, or military nature. The majority of countries (177 in 1997) belong to Interpol, and only government-approved police bodies may hold membership. The general assembly meets annually to decide policy and to elect the executive committee, consisting of a president, three vice presidents, and nine delegates, all of different nationalities. The general secretariat, based in Lyons, France, is the permanent administrative headquarters. It coordinates the international activities of member countries, holds a library of international criminal records, and organizes regular meetings at which delegates can exchange information on police work. Interpol is financed by contributions from member countries; its budget in 1997 was $28 million.

 

PART 9

Tax law

In general, tax law is concerned only with the legal aspects of taxation, not with its financial, economic, or other aspects. Tax law is body of rules under which a public authority a claim on taxpayers, requiring them to transfer to the authority part of their income or property. The power impose taxes is generally recognized as a right of governments. The tax law of a nation is usually unique tо it, although there are similarities and common elements in the laws of various countries.

The development of tax law as a comprehensive, gen­eral system is a recent phenomenon.The making of decisions as to the merits of various kinds of taxes, the general level of taxation, and the rates of specific taxes, for example, does not fall into thedomain of tax law; it is a political, not a legal, process. Tax law falls within the domain of public law — i.e., the rules that determine and limit the activities and re-iprocal interests of the political community and the members composing it — as distinguished from relationshilps between individuals (the sphere of private law). International tax law is concerned with the problems aris­ing when an individual or corporation is taxed in several countries. Tax law can also be divided into material tax law, which is the analysis of the legal provisions giving rise to the charging of a tax; and formal tax law, which concerns the rules laid down in the law as to assessment, enforcement, procedure, coercive measures,administrative and judicial appeal, and other such matters.

 

Exc.1 Explain the difference between the following nouns:

«evidence» and «testimony» «wages» and «salaries»

Exc.2 Cliches, set expressions and phrases:

- As far as we are concerned, …

- From my point of view, the best thing is that…

- I`d much prefer the question…

- I`d rather prefer to mention …

- I`d like to know if you`ve ever thought about the...

- I`d much prefer to draw your attention to …

Exc.3 Read and memorize the active vocabulary:

EVIDENCE - подтверждение, улика; свидетельское

показание

evidenced, a - засвидетельствованный показаниями

evidence-in-answer - мотивированный ответ на протест

evidence-in-chief - свидетельские показания, полученные

при главном допросе

evident, a - неопровержимый

evidential, a - доказательный

evidentiary, a - доказательственный

INVESTIGATE - расследовать investigation, n – расследование

investigating, a - следственный investigator, n - следователь

JUDGE- судья

judge, n, v - судья, судить

judgement, n - судебное решение

judicial, a - судебный

judicially, adv. - в судебном порядке

judiciary, n - суд, судебная система

judicature, n - отправление правосудия

just, a - справедливый

justice, n - справедливость

justifiable, a - допустимый, позволительный

justification, n - оправдание, правомерность

justified, a - оправданный

justify, v - оправдывать

jurisdiction, n - отправление правосудия, юрисдикция

jurisprudence, n - правоведение, юриспруденция

juristic, a, n - юридический, юрист (ученый)

juror, n - присяжный заседатель

jury, n - состав присяжных заседателей

 

Exc.4 Translate the following into English:

1. Письмо было найдено на третий день после похищения ученого и на второй день после его убийства. В нем содержались неопровержимые улики участия в преступлении хорошо известных всем людей. Весть о расследовании преступления попала на первую полосу самых разных газет. Один из подозреваемых совершил самоубийство.

2. Узнав, что его дело будет вести судья Н., подсудимый понял, что ему грозит самый суровый приговор, который вряд ли удастся смягчить.

3. Она была счастлива, когда поступила в юридическую школу. Она мечтала изучать уголовное право, чтобы стать первоклассным адвокатом. Но карьера ее рухнула не начавшись.

4. Против обвиняемого было множество улик, представленных обвинением. Однако он по-прежнему отказывался признать себя виновным. Остановка в зале суда накалялась с каждым днем.

5. Его судили по обвинению в краже из магазина и приговорили к трем годам тюрьмы. Однако после рассмотрения апелляции суд смягчил приговор на тюремное заключение в течение года.

6. Присутствовавшие на суде были возмущены вынесенным вердиктом суда присяжных о невиновности обвиняемого. Однако суд оправдал его, и он был отпущен на свободу прямо в зале суда.

 

PART 10

Text 1

 

Procedural law

 

Procedural law is commonly contrasted with substantive law, which constitutes the great body of law and defines and regulates legal rights and duties.Procedural law, also called adjective law, is the law governing the machinery of the courts and the methods by which both the state and the individual (the latter including societies, whether incorporated or not) enforce their rights in the several courts. It prescribes the means of enforcing rights or providing redress of wrongs and comprises rules relative to jurisdiction, pleading and practice, evidence, appeal, execution of judgments, representation of counsel, costs, conveyancing and registration, and other matters.

Exc.1 Read and memorize the active vocabulary:

Language notes

Formal language used in courts of law

... 'you are accused of... (give place, date and accusation). Do you plead guilty or not guilty?'

Before giving evidence witnesses swear: 'To tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth', Counsels for the defence or prosecution may be asked if they wish to cross-examine each other's witness.

If found guilty, the accused may be asked: 'Have you anything to say in your defence?'

Then the magistrate delivers 'the sentence'.

He 'sentences' the accused to pay a fine or to serve a period of time in prison - a 'prison sentence'.

for eliciting evidence

Can you tell us exactly what happened on...?

I want you to think carefully and say what you saw on...

Will you explain what led you to believe that...?

Could you give us the facts of what you observed, please, when...?

for casting doubt on evidence

Are you absolutely sure that...?

Can you say without any hesitation that...?

I suggest

put it to you that you may have been mistaken when...

It is possible that you may have imagined that...

summing up evidence

Let us look at the facts of the case...

It has been shown

proved that...

You have heard how...

Evidence has been brought showing that...

persuading the court

I have no doubt that you will agree with me that...

The witnesses for the prosecution have proved conclusively that...

We must make an example of...

A verdict of guilty will act as deterrent to...

Although it has been shown that...

You have heard that the accused is of good character

there are extenuating circumstances

his act can be explained by...

Before condemning the accused, you should consider the effect on his career.

studies of...

future.

giving instructions to court

If you consider that..., then you must come to a verdict of...

If, on the other hand it is your opinion

you are convinced that...

then it is you duty to...

 

 

Text 2

PROFESSIONAL TITLES

Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs.

In Japan, alawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.

In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to he heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Sollicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience

in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.

In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England, as has already happened in Australia.