Exc.1 Give Russian equivalents to the words given in bold type.

Article 6

1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right to work, which includes the right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work which he freely chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate steps to safeguard this right.

The steps to be taken by a State to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include tech­nical and vocational guidance and training programmes, policies and techniques to achieve steady eco­nomic, social and cul­tural development and full and productive em­ployment under condi­tions safeguarding fun­damental political and economic freedoms to the individual.

Article 7

The States Parties to the present Covenant rec­ognize the right of eve­ryone to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of work which ensure, in particular:

(a) Remuneration which provides all work­ers, as a minimum, with:

(b) Fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value without

distinction of any kind, in particular women being guaranteed conditions of work not inferior to those enjoyed by men, with equal pay for equal work;

(c) A decent living for themselves and their families in accordance with the provisions of the present Covenant;

(d) Safe and healthy working conditions;

(e) Equal opportunity for everyone to be promoted in his employment to an appropriate higher level, subject to no considerations other than those of seniority and competence; Rest, leisure and reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay, as well as remu­neration for public holidays.

Article 9

The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance.

Article 11

1. The States Parties to the present Covenantrecognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improve­ment of living conditions.

2. The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international co-operation, the measures, including specific programmes.

Article 12

1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.

Article 13

The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to education. They agree that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They further agree that education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free soci­ety, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the mainte­nance of peace.

Article 15

1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone:

To take part in cul­tural life;

To enjoy the bene­fits of scientific prog­ress and its applica­tions;

To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any sci­entific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

 

Exc. 2 Translate into English following sentences:

 

1. Участвующие в на­стоящем Пакте госу­дарства признают право каждого челове­ка на образование.

2. Участвующие в настоящем Пакте госу­дарства признают право каждого челове­ка на наивысший достижимый уровень физического и пси­хического здоровья.

3. Участвующие в настоящем Пакте госу­дарства, признавая основное право каж­дого человека на свободу от голода, долж­ны принимать необ­ходимые меры инди­видуально и в порядке международного со­трудничества, вклю­чающие проведение конкретных программ.

4. Укаж­дого человека есть право на получение возможности зарабатывать себе на жизнь трудом, который он свободно вы­бирает или на который он свободно соглаша­ется, и предпринимать надлежащие шаги к обеспечению этого права.

 

Prohibition of slavery

Slavery Convention:

«Slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised.»

«The slave trade in­cludes all acts Involved in the capture, acquisi­tion or disposal of a person with intent to reduce him to slavery; all acts involved in the acquisition of a slave with a view to selling or exchanging him; all acts of disposal by sale or exchange of a slave acquired with a view to being sold or ex­changed, and, in gen­eral, every act of trade or transport in slaves.»

 

Genocide

Convention on the Pre­vention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno­cide:

«In the present Conven­tion, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, In whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

 

a)Killing members of the group;

b)Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

c)Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

d)Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.»

«Crimes against humanity» are defined as «murder, extermination, enslave­ment, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious ground.»

Prohibitions of discrimination

International Conven­tion on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: «In this Convention, the term «racial discrimina­tion» shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoy­ment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cul­tural or any other field of public life.»

Freedom from torture

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or De­grading Treatment or Punishment:

«For the purposes of this Convention, the term «torture» means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as ob­taining from him or a third person information or a confession, pun­ishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is sus­pected of having com­mitted, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any rea­son based on discrimi­nation of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquies­cence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or inci­dental to lawful sanctions.»

Rights of refugees

Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees:

«In this Convention, the term «refugee» shall mean a person who owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, mem­bership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that coun­try; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual resi­dence as a result of such events, is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.»

 

Exc.1 Translate into Russian following sentences:

1. Конвенция относи­тельно рабства: «Рабство есть состоя­ние или положение человека, над которым осуществляются атри­буты права собствен­ности или некоторые из них».

2. Торговля невольниками включает всякий акт захвата, приобре­тения или уступки че­ловека с целью прода­жи его в рабство.

3. «Преступления против человечности»определяются как «убийства, ис­требление, порабоще­ние, ссылка и другие жестокости, совершен­ные в отношении гра­жданского населения до или во время вой­ны, или преследования по политическим, расовым или религиоз­ным мотивам.»

4. «Расо­вая дискриминация» означает любое разли­чие, исключение, огра­ничение или предпоч­тение, основанное на признаках расы, цвета кожи, родового, нацио­нального или этниче­ского происхождения, имеющие целью или следствием уничтоже­ние или умаление при­знания.

5. Геноцид - действия, совер­шаемые с намерением уничтожить полностью или частично, какую-либо национальную, этническую, расовую или религиозную груп­пу как таковую.

6. «Пытка» означает любое действие, кото­рым какому-либо лицу умышленно причиняется сильная боль или страдание, физическое или нравственное, чтобы получить от него или от третьего лица сведения или призна­ния, наказать его за действие, которое со­вершило оно или третье лицо или в со­вершении которого оно подозревается.

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