I.Differences in terms of Basic Characteristics of Management Systems

“Japanese managers seem to view the company’s employees as their most important resources. In order to develop these resources to the fullest potential, the typical Japanese companies offer “lifetime employment”. In this way the Japanese use human resources as a competitive weapon. However, the U.S. managers appear to use a type of short run leverage in the area of human resources.”(Martin,1992).

“Career progression is highly predictable, regulated, and automatic. Compensation for young workers is quite low, but they accept low pay with the understanding that their pay will increase in regular increments and be quite high by retirement.”(the U.S. Library of Congress, 1992).

“The Japanese concept of self is very different from the American view. In Japan, each person is believed to possess a unique spirit, soul, mind and heart, but the self-concept is considered an impediment to growth. The Japanese establish identities that incorporate friends, relatives and coworkers in an open way to share feelings and improve on weaknesses.” (Martin,1992). “Japanese believe that sense of being a nation is a very essential part of their lives and the key factor of their great economic development.”(Ayhan, 2008). “The workers relationship within the work group is very important psychologically. On the other hand, U.S. workers are for the most part individualist and strive to appear as macho and self-sufficient as possible.”(Martin,1992).

Another unique aspect of Japanese management is the system of promotion and reward. For instance, Japanese managers choose “Employee Of The Month or Year”. “They reward their employees by giving plaquattes or any kind of prizes.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

“The Japanese apparently live to work and are willing to sacrifice their personal lives for the company. They are more tolerant of long hours and uncomfortable working conditions than U.S. workers. In addition, American workers expect to spend more time with their families.”(Martin,1992).

“Japanese workers are also more loyal to their employers than U.S. workers and in many cases are essentially married to the company for a lifetime. American workers, on the other hand, tend to be loyal to themselves and sometimes their families and frequently use a company only to gain enough experience to move to a better paying position at another firm.”(Martin,1992).

 

II.Differences in terms of Management Functions

a)Planning Activity: “Japanese firms apply long-run strategies. They act by using their sense more than mathematical principles. Long-run goals are taken into account. On the contrary, short-run strategies are put into practice by American companies and aims are seemed as definable concept like profit.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

b)Organizational Structure: “ Large organizational charts are used by Japanese companies. At the top level, board of directors has 40-50 members. Board of directors is supported by advisory board, when board of directors has no idea or not sufficient opinion to reach a decision about company. Nevertheless, organizational charts are not large in American firms and their board of directors consists of 20-25 members. Number of advisors is limited and in minimum level.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

c)Control Process: “Long-run control processes which are independence from definite standards are evolved by Japanese companies. Managers use activity reports as a control instrument, two times in a year. Details are not very important, when reports are read. On the other hand, we are faced with clear, net and strict control processes in American companies. Short-run control processes are used by them.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

 

Consequently, we can safely reach the conclusion that from the managerial perspective, Japan and the USA have some similarities and differences. Their similarities are very few but differences are so many. Because of the fact that Japan is a far-east country and the USA is on a different geography and also they are grown in different cultural backgrounds. However, whatever the conclusion is, there is one thing which is undeniable that their differences can increase or decrease in the future due to the fact that they are competing each other.

 

 

13.

The tourism industry is based on many different components and interrelated parts. For example, transport, accommodation, attractions, activities, marketing and government regulation. Many businesses span more than one sector and the impacts in one part of the tourism industry have significant implications for other sectors.

The tourism industry includes:

1. those sectors which enable the tourist to travel to and from the destination (for example travel agents, airlines, bus companies, tour operators and rental car companies)

2. those sectors which are part of the product at the destination (for example, accommodation, facilities and attractions)

3. the human component of tourism (the labour force)

4. public sector or government agencies, regional tourism organisations, professional associations and industry training organisations.

Direct elements of the Tourism Industry - Those areas of the tourism industry which come into direct contact with tourists

· Sales

· Accommodation

· Transport

· Activities

· Attractions

· Ancillary Services

Indirect elements of the Tourism Industry - Often called support sectors. Those parts of the tourism industry which may not come into direct contact with tourists, but without the rest of the industry could not function.

· Infrastructure

· Roads

· Airports

· Communications

· Public Toilets

· Signs

· Manufacturing

· Building Industry

· Electricity

· Water supply

· Sewerage and waste disposal

 

 

15.

State Roles: Planning State Roles:

Planning

• Tourism Planning Approaches

– Boosterism

– – Economic

– – Physical/spatial

– – Community

– – Sustainability

Source: From Hall and Page (2006)

 

State Roles: Development State Roles: Development

• Regulatory instruments

• Voluntary instruments Voluntary instruments

• Expenditure

• Financial incentives

 

Source: From Hall and Page (2006

 

Tourist activities - activities for the formation, promotion and realization of tourist product, as well as other organization of journeys undertaken by business entities.

The main task of the state currently creation in the Russian Federation of modern highly effective and competitive tourist complex providing ample opportunities to meet Russian and foreign consumers of various tourist services, as well as the elaboration of strategies of tourist activity, definition of directions of development, the development assistance organizations of the tourism industry (including by funding the most promising tourist programs), appropriate economic policies, the conclusion of agreements with foreign States with the aim of creating better conditions for economic relations with them.
The state, recognizing the tourist activities one of the priority sectors of economy of the Russian Federation:
- promotes tourism and creates favorable conditions for its development;
- defines and supports the priority directions of tourist activity;
- forms the notion of the Russian Federation as a country favorable for tourism;
- provides support and protection of Russian tourists, tour operators, travel agents and their associations.
The priority directions of state regulation of tourist activity are to support and develop domestic, inbound, social and Amateur tourism.
State regulation of tourist activity in the Russian Federation is carried out by:
- determination of priority directions of development of tourism in the Russian Federation;
- normative legal regulation in the sphere of tourism;
- development and implementation of Federal, branch and regional target programs of tourism development;
- assist in the promotion of the tourist product on domestic and world tourist markets;
- protect the rights and interests of tourists, to ensure their safety;
- assistance to human resources in tourism;
- the development of scientific research in the field of tourism;
standardization and classification of tourist industry;
- formation and conducting the uniform Federal register of tour operators (hereinafter - the register);
- information support of tourism;
- creation of favorable conditions for development of tourist industry;
- rendering of the state services in the sphere of tourism;
- interaction with foreign States and international organizations in the sphere of tourism, including through the offices of the Federal body of Executive power in the sphere of tourism outside the Russian Federation.

Начало формы

Конец формы

 

 

Sex tourism and romance tourism are essentially the same thing – travel for the purpose of engaging in intimate interaction with others present at the destination. The difference between the two is subtle. Some would say that when men do it, it’s sex tourism because for many, perhaps even most, the primary goal is sexual. When women do it, they prefer to call it romance tourism because the primary goal is to engage in a romantic relationship. Even if that includes sex, the primary goal is not sex. I think differentiating between the two is splitting hairs.

The government of the Dominican Republic discourages exploitive sex and/or romance tourism. If you are setting your eyes on local Dominicans under the age of 18, don’t do it. It’s illegal. The age of sexual consent in the Dominican Republic is 18. You can be charged in the country from which your travel began, with a crime. “It is a crime for a United States citizen or permanent resident to travel abroad for the purpose of having sex with a minor and it is a crime for a United States citizen or permanent resident to actually have sex with a minor while abroad”

 

 

16.

Behaviour represents the feelings of any leader, supervisor or manager that expresses his/her interest regarding any organization, or organization’s goals, tasks, resources, and effectiveness and/or the motivation, or job contentment (Einarsen, Aasland, & Skogstad, 2007). As regards the concept of behaviour regarding the present study, behaviour is the approaches or expressions of the employees working in tourism and hospitality industry regarding the nature of their work. Basically, it is feeling of the employees to gauge the job contentment level of the employees working in tourism and hospitality industry.

Organizational behaviour is a field of study, which helps to investigate, understand, explain and improve the attitude and behaviour of the groups and individuals in an organization (Nadiri, & Tanova, 2010).

 

A leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal while leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. Different leadership styles will result in different impact to organization. The leader has to choose the most effective approach of leadership style depending on situation because leadership style is crucial for a team success.

 

Why people behave in a similar way? Do they have shared beliefs and values? Most likely, our minds shape our actions and once people talk the same language and do things similarly, they formed a culture. Different cultures can be seen in countries, companies and communities.

We grow up with our national culture values such as certainty vs. uncertainty, risk-taking vs. risk-averse and good vs. evil, and held them deeply and change gradually over time. Geert Hofstede, a Dutch social psychologist, has identified six dimensions of national culture: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, long-term orientation and indulgence vs. restraint. The dimension scores vary across countries. Power distance is high in Latin, Asian and African countries and low in Germanic, Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon nations. Latin and Germanic countries and Japan are high in uncertainty avoidance; Chinese, Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon countries are more uncertainty accepting.
On the other hand, corporate culture is comprised of dress code, systems and 'culture carriers' like its founder, CEO and managers. Companies' practices are developed and learned from the job to achieve their mission and targets. Besides, individuals can move from company to company. Thus they are more superficial and adaptable than those national culture core values. According to Hofstede, national cultures belong to anthropology; organizational cultures to sociology. Within a large company, various departments can even exhibit different cultures due to working with the different individuals.

Can corporate culture weaken national culture?

Almost all successful businesses had developed a strong and positive culture, not just based on management and administration, but leadership and empowerment. For example, Toyota introduced their "Toyota Way" and their clear devotion to teamwork and continuous improvement ("Kaizen") has given them a competitive advantage and attracted many companies to learn from them. With strong and clear corporate culture, companies can enjoy many benefits such as similar standards can be maintained, increased loyalty, higher motivation & productivity and increased management control.

 

 

19.

 

Tourism industry trends can be ascertained with regard to the following parameters. Market analysts researching in tourism industry trends predict or provide a general layout of the trends with respect to outcomes of tourism which is inbound, e-business in the tourism industry, development and promoting tourism in tribal areas, trends in tourism farming, tourism requirements, development of strategies in the context of tourism, tourism markets worldwide, selling or promoting tourist destination etc.,.

 

Tourism trends and economy worldwide:

Tourism industry is a fast developing sector for the economy worldwide. Statistical data suggests that the tourism industry in the global scenario makes up 11% of GDP. Tourism industry trends also suggest that as many as 200 million people are engaged worldwide in the tourism industry. Statistical data opine that as many as 700 million travelers travel to international places annually. Several other industries which are in some way related to the tourism industry is doing pretty well. With every passing day, with the advent of latest technologies and reaching out to people becoming is a child's play. Importance of bettering relationships with the neighboring countries, establishing newer networks across the globe has taken the tourism industry to it's zenith.

 

 

 

20.

Skill Requirements

· Being personable, engaging and well-informed are required to be competent and successful in the field of tourism management. A tourism manager must be a good listener to be able to recommend sights and attractions that are of genuine interest to specific travelers. She needs to have good computer skills to research prices, event details and walking or driving directions for tourists. Tourism-management personnel have to excel at negotiating package deals that appeal to visitors while making a profit for the tourism company. Good math skills are required to calculate discounts and collect payments for services and tickets.

Job Duties

· Tourism-management jobs often require approaching people as they arrive in a hotel lobby or airport to offer them guided tours or tickets to local shows and attractions. A tourism manager has to quickly develop rapport with a wide range of personalities to market and sell services. He must maintain accurate records of transactions and keep his inventory of promotional materials adequate and current. A good part of his job requires him to visit local merchants and tourist attractions to negotiate mutually beneficial deals that generate profits and increase traffic for their companies and his.

Work Conditions

· Tourism-management jobs can be performed in a variety of environments including lobbies, airport waiting areas, travel agency offices or freestanding kiosks in areas heavily populated with tourists. The atmosphere is usually energetic and upbeat, fueled by the positive attitudes of people seeking fun and enjoyment. A good part of the job requires standing or walking to interact with potential customers. A tourism manager may be required to wear business casual attire or clothes that reflect a particular event she is promoting. Hours are usually erratic and often include evenings, weekends and holidays.

Educational Requirements

· A high school diploma or equivalent is required to apply for a job in tourism management. A degree in history, public relations or tourism management is preferred. Knowledge of local historical facts and attractions is desirable. Some tourism companies offer on-the-job training to new employees.