To be taken into account for an assessment of the trend in tourism, in relation to regional, national or foreign markets.

1. determination of market characteristics

Measurement of market potentials

Market share analysis

Sales analysis

Studies of tourism business trends.

 

 

6.

Like any business, a hotel is similar to a complex machine. Composed of many parts, it functions optimally when each facet runs in harmony with the others. This is best accomplished when the organization as a whole is maintained and tended by those with experience as well as integrity.

 

A hotel manager, hotelier, or lodging manager is a person who manages the operation of a hotel, motel, resort, or other lodging-related establishment. Management of a hoteloperation includes, but is not limited to management of hotel staff, business management, upkeep and sanitary standards of hotel facilities, guest satisfaction and customer service, marketing management, sales management, revenue management, financial accounting, purchasing, and other functions. The title "hotel manager" or "hotelier" often refers to the hotel's General Manager who serves as a hotel's head executive, though their duties and responsibilities vary depending on the hotel's size, purpose, and expectations from ownership. The hotel's General Manager is often supported by subordinate department managers that are responsible for individual departments and key functions of the hotel operation.

 

The size and complexity of a hotel management organizational structure varies significantly depending on the size, features, and function of the hotel or resort. A small hotel operation normally may consist of a small core management team consisting of a Hotel Manager and a few key department supervisors who directly handle day-to-day operations. On the other hand, a large full-service hotel or resort often operates similar to a large corporation with an executive board headed by the General Manager and consisting of key directors serving as heads of individual hotel departments. Each department at a large hotel or resort may normally consist of subordinate line-level managers and supervisors who handle day-to-day operations.

 

 

7.

Managing tourism destinations is an important part of controlling tourism's environmental impacts. Destination management can include land use planning, business permits and zoning controls, environmental and other regulations, business association initiatives, and a host of other techniques to shape the development and daily operation of tourism-related activities.

The term "destination" refers broadly to an area where tourism is a relatively important activity and where the economy may be significantly influenced by tourism revenues. Destination management is complicated by the fact that a single, recognizable destination may include several municipalities, provinces, or other government entities - in island environments it may be the entire country.

What is a tourist destination? Is it a hotel, city,country or region, Bierman (2003, P.2) defines a destination as “a country, state, region, city or town which is marketed or markets itself as a place for tourists to visit.

 

Destination is the basic component of tourism. Identifying and capturing the essence of the place is vital for the tourism business to do well. If an attractive place is turned into a destination, the place generates high revenue from tourism.

Today, Destination Management is an important subject in tourism studies. It focusses on the development and management of destinations to provide highly satisfying experience to the visitors without hampering the local culture and environment.

What is a Tourist Destination?

A tourist destination can be a city, town, or other area. It is dependent on the revenues accruing from tourism. It is marketed or markets itself as a place for tourists to visit. It may contain more than one tourist attractions. For example, Roros, Norway is a destination with the label of mining town since last 85 years.

How Can a Destination Attract Tourists?

A tourist destination has certain characteristics that attract tourists to spend time there. It can attract tourists for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, flora and fauna, natural or built beauty, offering leisure, adventure and amusement.

 

The Five A’s

The following five A’s define the tourist needs and demands −

Accessibility

It is the ability to reach to a place of destination by opting one or multiple means of transportation. The transportation should be timely, convenient, inexpensive, and safe. Today there are various means of transportation like airlines, railways, surface transportation, and water transportation.

Accommodation

It is a place where the tourists can avail food and shelter on payment. Today, a wide range of accommodations are available ranging from a basic budget accommodation to elite class seven-star hotel suites.

Attraction

It is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited, natural or cultural value, historical significance, or natural or artificial beauty. The attraction creates a desire to travel to a specific tourist destination. They also offer leisure, comfort, adventure, or amusement.

For example, Paris draws tourists by offering Fashion as attraction.

Attractions

They are the places the tourists perceive as the satisfaction of their leisure-oriented needs.

· Natural Attractions − Caves, canyons, rocks, waterbodies, landscapes.

· Man-Made Attractions − Theme parks, towers, bridges, architecture, temples, mosques, churches, and monuments.

· Cultural Attractions − Historical sites, monuments, local arts and crafts, local folk core, music and dance.

Transportation

They are the modes of commuting.

· Road − Car, bus, cycle.

· Rail − Long distance, high speed, commuter, or intercity trains.

· Water − Boats, ferries, cruises.

· Air − Carriers that operate on fixed schedule, Charters that operate as and when required.

Intermediaries

They are the mediators.

· Travel Agents − The business of selling hospitality and tourism products.

· Tour Operators − They deal with the operating components for rates.

Destination

It is the place the tourists visit. It is composed of −

· Accommodation − Hotel, motel, lodge, guest house, B&B.

· Restaurant − Specialty restaurants, themed restaurants, branded restaurants such as CCD, KFC, Bistros, and takeaway food joints.

· Tourist Facilities − Pubs, entertainment parks, shopping centers, and casinos.

Activities

They include activities the tourists are interested to engage in −

· Adventure Sports − Mountain biking, bungee jumping, rafting, and other similar activities.

· Leisure − Basking on beaches, swimming, dining near waterbody.

· Business Activities − Attending seminars, business meetings, promotions.

· Health Activities − Attending Yoga sessions, exercising, undergoing naturopathy, and similar such activities.

 

8.

 

The tour is decided and planned spontaneously as well as ahead of the date of travelling.

In this tourism, local language preparation and the study of local culture and norms is recommended.

It is a personal, family, or friends’ activity being small number of people involved.

The tourists desire for experience and knowledge.

The tourists are keen to cooperate in keeping local economy, culture, and environment thereby generating a positive experience for the locals, the tourism business, and the tourists themselves.

 

9.

Sustainability of the natural and cultural environment, recognising that tourism has

a unique reason to be concerned about these issues owing to its dependency on the appeal of unspoilt landscapes and accessible local heritage, including the importance of the sustainable consumption of natural resources such as water and energy. Policies and actions to conserve cultural and natural assets and biodiversity, including through the expansion and effective management of protected areas, are important for tourism. Likewise the sector itself should ensure that its actions help to conserve and safeguard these assets rather than threaten them. The contribution of tourism to climate change, especially through emissions from transport and accommodation enterprises, requires mitigation measures to be taken globally and locally. At the same time it is critical that the sector adapts to the impact of climate change, in the way that tourism is planned, for example on coasts, and in terms of the effect on markets. In general, actions should be taken to promote sustainable production and consumption in the sector, including reducing the use of resources such as water and energy. Instruments such as planning controls, impact assessment, certification and financial incentives should be used to increase sustainability in both the development and the operation of tourism businesses, taking account of international experience, standards and conventions. In turn, this requires effective measurement and monitoring of the impacts of the sector, through the use of appropriate indicators.

 

10.

· A developing (less developed; not developed) country (LEDC) is a poor country. Development is often taken to mean the wealth of a country.

 

The less developed countries (LEDCs) are relatively poor countries.

ledc
Birth Rate	High 20-45 people born per 1000 people
Death Rate	High due to poor health care and widespread disease
Natural Increase	High 2-3.5% or more
Infant Mortality	A high proportion of children die before the age of 5 in LEDCs due to poor health care. About 35,000 babies die every day in LEDCs due to poor health care and lack of food
People per doctor	Few people in LEDCs have access to a doctor unless they are wealthy
Life Expectancy	Life expectancy is low in LEDCs due to poor medical care and quality of life
Housing	Housing in LEDCs is often inadequate with no access to clean running water or electricity. Shanty towns are large areas which develop in LEDCs and consist of poorly built properties
Literacy	Literacy rates in LEDCs are low because people cannot afford to send their children to school and some areas may not even have schools due to a lack of teachers
GNP	The poorest LEDCs (with GNPs under US$1250) are mainly in the continents of Africa and Asia. They lie on the southern side of the North-South Line

 

 

Availabilty of resources

LEDCs are the countries which produce many of the worlds raw materials. They then sell these raw materials to MEDCs for relatively low prices.

 

Many LEDCs cannot afford the modern technology which would help to ensure better medical care and improve levels of employment.

In LEDCs much of the food is produced on small, inefficient subsistence farms and together with problems caused by extreme weather, means that food production on a national scale may be inadequate to feed all the people.

 

The MEDCs then use the products to manufacture high value goods which they can sell for a great profit

 

. Many LEDCs export primary products.

· These include things like oil, cotton, iron, bananas, coffee and cocoa. MEDCs export a greater number and range of secondary products.

· These are often manufactured goods which are made from primary products from LEDCs.

Over 50% of trade takes place between MEDC countries, for example, the trading of cars to provide everybody with a greater choice.

Less trading happens between LEDCs as most of the LEDCs produce the same products.

Rich countries in North America, especially the USA, and countries in free trade areas, such as the EU, dominate world trade.

 

12.

The world consists of many countries which are called developed, developing and under-developed countries. Japan and the United States of America are developed countries. They are not only developed countries but also the most powerful countries. Although, there are some similarities and several differences between Japan and the USA in terms of management models. “The success which has been attained by Japan in the international economic arena especially from the Second World War until now is taken interest. Japanese started to industrialize their country with some disadvantages such as scarcity of raw materials and dependence on import.

 

Japan, today, is continuing to take interest with its national income and its share in world trade.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

On the other hand, the USA is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2011 gross domestic product (GDP) of “US$15.8 trillion”.(World Economic Outlook Database, May 2011). “If we research more, we can understand that developments of both Japan and the USA in economy come from firms’ successes. It is essential to say that these great successes result from effective management system.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

Japan and American management models have some resemblances.“ In Japan, we can see commities in companies’ organizational structures. Similarly, firms have commities in their organizational structures in the USA. So, commities are prevalent part of the firms which are located in Japan and the USA. One another similarity between Japanese and the USA companies is that they both prepare periodic activity reports.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

There are so many differences between Japan and American management models with respect to their similarities.