Freeman, 1984) is a useful way of analysing the importance of different stakeholders

Freeman, 1984) is a useful way of analysing the importance of different stakeholders

To an organisation.

Stakeholder analysis starts with a mapping of a range of

Stakeholders who are often divided into those who are external and those who are internal

to an organisation. A stakeholder map for British Airways would include:

_ shareholders (may be divided into large and small);

_ directors;

_ workers (may be subdivided and include Trade Union groupings);

_ customers;

_ bankers;

_ key suppliers;

airlines in Oneworld Alliance;

_ local community; and

_ environmental groups.

But it is stakeholder power which will determine the influence that different groups

Have in an organisation’s mission. The power of internal stakeholders is influenced by

Factors such as position in the organisation, control over resources, power of patronage,

Charisma and specialist knowledge. External stakeholders can wield power because of

Control of resources (particularly finance), their constitutional role (e.g., shareholder

Voting rights) and legal agreements (e.g., banks). Sautter and Leisen (1999) discuss

Product

The tourism being a service sold to the customers, tourist experience is the product, which is intangible, and non-storable. The quality of the tourist experience as a product is directly proportional to the quality of the service a tourism business provides. The product must be designed to highlight its features and to satisfy the tourist’s needs. If the product is branded, the customers find it more reliable.

 

Promotion

Promotion is intended to inform the customers about the products, create an image about the product, and position the products in the market. There are various effective ways of promoting the tourism products −

· Advertising the products on television commercials, newspapers, radio stations, and websites.

· Distributing promotional material such as diaries, brochures, keychains, wallets, purses, water bottles, pens, or any small gift item designed for promoting the product.

· Setting Point of Sale (POS) displays at various places such as retail stores, shops, malls, or petrol pumps.

· Promoting tourism products in local fairs.

· Promoting the products with their attractive features on the website of the tourism enterprise.

· Conducting programs of sponsorships, or promoting products by offering them as incentives.

 

 

4.

The term Business Environment is composed of two words ‘Business’ and ‘Environment’. In simple terms, the state in which a person remains busy is known as Business. The word Business in its economic sense means human activities like production, extraction or purchase or sales of goods that are performed for earning profits.

On the other hand, the word ‘Environment’ refers to the aspects of surroundings. Therefore, Business Environment may be defined as a set of conditions – Social, Legal, Economical, Political or Institutional that are uncontrollable in nature and affects the functioning of organization. Business Environment has two components:
1. Internal Environment
2. External Environment

Internal Environment: It includes 5 Ms i.e. man, material, money, machinery and management, usually within the control of business. Business can make changes in these factors according to the change in the functioning of enterprise.

External Environment: Those factors which are beyond the control of business enterprise are included in external environment. These factors are: Government and Legal factors, Geo-Physical Factors, Political Factors, Socio-Cultural Factors, Demo-Graphical factors etc. It is of two Types:
1. Micro/Operating Environment
2. Macro/General Environment

Micro/Operating Environment: The environment which is close to business and affects its capacity to work is known as Micro or Operating Environment. It consists of Suppliers, Customers, Market Intermediaries, Competitors and Public.

(1) Suppliers: – They are the persons who supply raw material and required components to the company. They must be reliable and business must have multiple suppliers i.e. they should not depend upon only one supplier.

(2) Customers: – Customers are regarded as the king of the market. Success of every business depends upon the level of their customer’s satisfaction. Types of Customers:
(i) Wholesalers
(ii) Retailers
(iii) Industries
(iv) Government and Other Institutions
(v) Foreigners

(3) Market Intermediaries: – They work as a link between business and final consumers. Types:-
(i) Middleman
(ii) Marketing Agencies
(iii) Financial Intermediaries
(iv) Physical Intermediaries

(4) Competitors: – Every move of the competitors affects the business. Business has to adjust itself according to the strategies of the Competitors.

(5) Public: – Any group who has actual interest in business enterprise is termed as public e.g. media and local public. They may be the users or non-users of the product.

Macro/General Environment: – It includes factors that create opportunities and threats to business units. Following are the elements of Macro Environment:

(1) Economic Environment: – It is very complex and dynamic in nature that keeps on changing with the change in policies or political situations. It has three elements:
(i) Economic Conditions of Public
(ii) Economic Policies of the country
(iii)Economic System
(iv) Other Economic Factors: – Infrastructural Facilities, Banking, Insurance companies, money markets, capital markets etc.

(2) Non-Economic Environment: – Following are included in non-economic environment:-
(i) Political Environment: – It affects different business units extensively. Components:
(a) Political Belief of Government
(b) Political Strength of the Country
(c) Relation with other countries
(d) Defense and Military Policies
(e) Centre State Relationship in the Country
(f) Thinking Opposition Parties towards Business Unit

(ii) Socio-Cultural Environment: – Influence exercised by social and cultural factors, not within the control of business, is known as Socio-Cultural Environment. These factors include: attitude of people to work, family system, caste system, religion, education, marriage etc.

(iii) Technological Environment: – A systematic application of scientific knowledge to practical task is known as technology. Everyday there has been vast changes in products, services, lifestyles and living conditions, these changes must be analysed by every business unit and should adapt these changes.

(iv) Natural Environment: – It includes natural resources, weather, climatic conditions, port facilities, topographical factors such as soil, sea, rivers, rainfall etc. Every business unit must look for these factors before choosing the location for their business.

(v) Demographic Environment:- It is a study of perspective of population i.e. its size, standard of living, growth rate, age-sex composition, family size, income level (upper level, middle level and lower level), education level etc. Every business unit must see these features of population and recongnise their various need and produce accordingly.

(vi) International Environment: – It is particularly important for industries directly depending on import or exports. The factors that affect the business are: Globalisation, Liberalisation, foreign business policies, cultural exchange.

Characteristics:-

1. Business environment is compound in nature.

2. Business environment is constantly changing process.

3. Business environment is different for different business units.

4. It has both long term and short term impact.

5. Unlimited influence of external environment factors.

6. It is very uncertain.

7. Inter-related components.

8. It includes both internal and external environment.

Consumer behaviour refers to the process of acquiring and organizing information in the direction of a purchase decision and of using and evaluating products and services. This process encompasses the stages of searching for, purchasing, using, evaluation and disposing of products and services. The tourist buying decision presents some unique aspects: it is an investment with no tangible rate of return, and the purchase is often prepared and planned through savings made over a considerable period of time. That is, the vacation tourist will invest with no expectation of material and economic return on his or her purchase of an intangible satisfaction.

As travellers become more sophisticated in their vacationing behaviour, research must continue to become more sophisticated to explain this behaviour. There are many factors that influence an individual’s behaviour. To take adequate actions in the area of tourism marketing, one must understand how people perceive such things as destination areas, air travel, travel distances and travel advertising; how they learn to consume and to travel; how they make travel decisions; and how personality affects those

decisions. One must also analyse what motivations influence the individuals’ travel decisions; how attitudes are formed; and how various groups affect travel behaviour.
The rise in the cost of energy, the trend to smaller family units and to live in smaller spaces, the improvement of forms of communication and the access of more people to higher education, are examples of general and diverse factors that have

Market share analysis

Sales analysis

The Five A’s

The following five A’s define the tourist needs and demands −

Accessibility

It is the ability to reach to a place of destination by opting one or multiple means of transportation. The transportation should be timely, convenient, inexpensive, and safe. Today there are various means of transportation like airlines, railways, surface transportation, and water transportation.

Accommodation

It is a place where the tourists can avail food and shelter on payment. Today, a wide range of accommodations are available ranging from a basic budget accommodation to elite class seven-star hotel suites.

Attraction

It is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited, natural or cultural value, historical significance, or natural or artificial beauty. The attraction creates a desire to travel to a specific tourist destination. They also offer leisure, comfort, adventure, or amusement.

For example, Paris draws tourists by offering Fashion as attraction.

Attractions

They are the places the tourists perceive as the satisfaction of their leisure-oriented needs.

· Natural Attractions − Caves, canyons, rocks, waterbodies, landscapes.

· Man-Made Attractions − Theme parks, towers, bridges, architecture, temples, mosques, churches, and monuments.

· Cultural Attractions − Historical sites, monuments, local arts and crafts, local folk core, music and dance.

Transportation

They are the modes of commuting.

· Road − Car, bus, cycle.

· Rail − Long distance, high speed, commuter, or intercity trains.

· Water − Boats, ferries, cruises.

· Air − Carriers that operate on fixed schedule, Charters that operate as and when required.

Intermediaries

They are the mediators.

· Travel Agents − The business of selling hospitality and tourism products.

· Tour Operators − They deal with the operating components for rates.

Destination

It is the place the tourists visit. It is composed of −

· Accommodation − Hotel, motel, lodge, guest house, B&B.

· Restaurant − Specialty restaurants, themed restaurants, branded restaurants such as CCD, KFC, Bistros, and takeaway food joints.

· Tourist Facilities − Pubs, entertainment parks, shopping centers, and casinos.

Activities

They include activities the tourists are interested to engage in −

· Adventure Sports − Mountain biking, bungee jumping, rafting, and other similar activities.

· Leisure − Basking on beaches, swimming, dining near waterbody.

· Business Activities − Attending seminars, business meetings, promotions.

· Health Activities − Attending Yoga sessions, exercising, undergoing naturopathy, and similar such activities.

 

8.

 

The tour is decided and planned spontaneously as well as ahead of the date of travelling.

In this tourism, local language preparation and the study of local culture and norms is recommended.

It is a personal, family, or friends’ activity being small number of people involved.

The tourists desire for experience and knowledge.

The tourists are keen to cooperate in keeping local economy, culture, and environment thereby generating a positive experience for the locals, the tourism business, and the tourists themselves.

 

9.

Sustainability of the natural and cultural environment, recognising that tourism has

a unique reason to be concerned about these issues owing to its dependency on the appeal of unspoilt landscapes and accessible local heritage, including the importance of the sustainable consumption of natural resources such as water and energy. Policies and actions to conserve cultural and natural assets and biodiversity, including through the expansion and effective management of protected areas, are important for tourism. Likewise the sector itself should ensure that its actions help to conserve and safeguard these assets rather than threaten them. The contribution of tourism to climate change, especially through emissions from transport and accommodation enterprises, requires mitigation measures to be taken globally and locally. At the same time it is critical that the sector adapts to the impact of climate change, in the way that tourism is planned, for example on coasts, and in terms of the effect on markets. In general, actions should be taken to promote sustainable production and consumption in the sector, including reducing the use of resources such as water and energy. Instruments such as planning controls, impact assessment, certification and financial incentives should be used to increase sustainability in both the development and the operation of tourism businesses, taking account of international experience, standards and conventions. In turn, this requires effective measurement and monitoring of the impacts of the sector, through the use of appropriate indicators.

 

10.

· A developing (less developed; not developed) country (LEDC) is a poor country. Development is often taken to mean the wealth of a country.

 

The less developed countries (LEDCs) are relatively poor countries.

ledc
Birth Rate	High 20-45 people born per 1000 people
Death Rate	High due to poor health care and widespread disease
Natural Increase	High 2-3.5% or more
Infant Mortality	A high proportion of children die before the age of 5 in LEDCs due to poor health care. About 35,000 babies die every day in LEDCs due to poor health care and lack of food
People per doctor	Few people in LEDCs have access to a doctor unless they are wealthy
Life Expectancy	Life expectancy is low in LEDCs due to poor medical care and quality of life
Housing	Housing in LEDCs is often inadequate with no access to clean running water or electricity. Shanty towns are large areas which develop in LEDCs and consist of poorly built properties
Literacy	Literacy rates in LEDCs are low because people cannot afford to send their children to school and some areas may not even have schools due to a lack of teachers
GNP	The poorest LEDCs (with GNPs under US$1250) are mainly in the continents of Africa and Asia. They lie on the southern side of the North-South Line

 

 

Availabilty of resources

LEDCs are the countries which produce many of the worlds raw materials. They then sell these raw materials to MEDCs for relatively low prices.

 

Many LEDCs cannot afford the modern technology which would help to ensure better medical care and improve levels of employment.

In LEDCs much of the food is produced on small, inefficient subsistence farms and together with problems caused by extreme weather, means that food production on a national scale may be inadequate to feed all the people.

 

The MEDCs then use the products to manufacture high value goods which they can sell for a great profit

 

. Many LEDCs export primary products.

· These include things like oil, cotton, iron, bananas, coffee and cocoa. MEDCs export a greater number and range of secondary products.

· These are often manufactured goods which are made from primary products from LEDCs.

Over 50% of trade takes place between MEDC countries, for example, the trading of cars to provide everybody with a greater choice.

Less trading happens between LEDCs as most of the LEDCs produce the same products.

Rich countries in North America, especially the USA, and countries in free trade areas, such as the EU, dominate world trade.

 

12.

The world consists of many countries which are called developed, developing and under-developed countries. Japan and the United States of America are developed countries. They are not only developed countries but also the most powerful countries. Although, there are some similarities and several differences between Japan and the USA in terms of management models. “The success which has been attained by Japan in the international economic arena especially from the Second World War until now is taken interest. Japanese started to industrialize their country with some disadvantages such as scarcity of raw materials and dependence on import.

 

Japan, today, is continuing to take interest with its national income and its share in world trade.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

On the other hand, the USA is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2011 gross domestic product (GDP) of “US$15.8 trillion”.(World Economic Outlook Database, May 2011). “If we research more, we can understand that developments of both Japan and the USA in economy come from firms’ successes. It is essential to say that these great successes result from effective management system.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

Japan and American management models have some resemblances.“ In Japan, we can see commities in companies’ organizational structures. Similarly, firms have commities in their organizational structures in the USA. So, commities are prevalent part of the firms which are located in Japan and the USA. One another similarity between Japanese and the USA companies is that they both prepare periodic activity reports.”(Vergiliel Tüz, 2001).

There are so many differences between Japan and American management models with respect to their similarities.

13.

The tourism industry is based on many different components and interrelated parts. For example, transport, accommodation, attractions, activities, marketing and government regulation. Many businesses span more than one sector and the impacts in one part of the tourism industry have significant implications for other sectors.

The tourism industry includes:

1. those sectors which enable the tourist to travel to and from the destination (for example travel agents, airlines, bus companies, tour operators and rental car companies)

2. those sectors which are part of the product at the destination (for example, accommodation, facilities and attractions)

3. the human component of tourism (the labour force)

4. public sector or government agencies, regional tourism organisations, professional associations and industry training organisations.

Direct elements of the Tourism Industry - Those areas of the tourism industry which come into direct contact with tourists

· Sales

· Accommodation

· Transport

· Activities

· Attractions

· Ancillary Services

Indirect elements of the Tourism Industry - Often called support sectors. Those parts of the tourism industry which may not come into direct contact with tourists, but without the rest of the industry could not function.

· Infrastructure

· Roads

· Airports

· Communications

· Public Toilets

· Signs

· Manufacturing

· Building Industry

· Electricity

· Water supply

· Sewerage and waste disposal

 

 

15.

State Roles: Planning State Roles:

Planning

• Tourism Planning Approaches

– Boosterism

– – Economic

– – Physical/spatial

– – Community

– – Sustainability

Source: From Hall and Page (2006)

 

State Roles: Development State Roles: Development

• Regulatory instruments

• Voluntary instruments Voluntary instruments

• Expenditure

• Financial incentives

 

Source: From Hall and Page (2006

 

Tourist activities - activities for the formation, promotion and realization of tourist product, as well as other organization of journeys undertaken by business entities.

The main task of the state currently creation in the Russian Federation of modern highly effective and competitive tourist complex providing ample opportunities to meet Russian and foreign consumers of various tourist services, as well as the elaboration of strategies of tourist activity, definition of directions of development, the development assistance organizations of the tourism industry (including by funding the most promising tourist programs), appropriate economic policies, the conclusion of agreements with foreign States with the aim of creating better conditions for economic relations with them.
The state, recognizing the tourist activities one of the priority sectors of economy of the Russian Federation:
- promotes tourism and creates favorable conditions for its development;
- defines and supports the priority directions of tourist activity;
- forms the notion of the Russian Federation as a country favorable for tourism;
- provides support and protection of Russian tourists, tour operators, travel agents and their associations.
The priority directions of state regulation of tourist activity are to support and develop domestic, inbound, social and Amateur tourism.
State regulation of tourist activity in the Russian Federation is carried out by:
- determination of priority directions of development of tourism in the Russian Federation;
- normative legal regulation in the sphere of tourism;
- development and implementation of Federal, branch and regional target programs of tourism development;
- assist in the promotion of the tourist product on domestic and world tourist markets;
- protect the rights and interests of tourists, to ensure their safety;
- assistance to human resources in tourism;
- the development of scientific research in the field of tourism;
standardization and classification of tourist industry;
- formation and conducting the uniform Federal register of tour operators (hereinafter - the register);
- information support of tourism;
- creation of favorable conditions for development of tourist industry;
- rendering of the state services in the sphere of tourism;
- interaction with foreign States and international organizations in the sphere of tourism, including through the offices of the Federal body of Executive power in the sphere of tourism outside the Russian Federation.

Начало формы

Конец формы

 

 

Sex tourism and romance tourism are essentially the same thing – travel for the purpose of engaging in intimate interaction with others present at the destination. The difference between the two is subtle. Some would say that when men do it, it’s sex tourism because for many, perhaps even most, the primary goal is sexual. When women do it, they prefer to call it romance tourism because the primary goal is to engage in a romantic relationship. Even if that includes sex, the primary goal is not sex. I think differentiating between the two is splitting hairs.

The government of the Dominican Republic discourages exploitive sex and/or romance tourism. If you are setting your eyes on local Dominicans under the age of 18, don’t do it. It’s illegal. The age of sexual consent in the Dominican Republic is 18. You can be charged in the country from which your travel began, with a crime. “It is a crime for a United States citizen or permanent resident to travel abroad for the purpose of having sex with a minor and it is a crime for a United States citizen or permanent resident to actually have sex with a minor while abroad”

 

 

16.

Behaviour represents the feelings of any leader, supervisor or manager that expresses his/her interest regarding any organization, or organization’s goals, tasks, resources, and effectiveness and/or the motivation, or job contentment (Einarsen, Aasland, & Skogstad, 2007). As regards the concept of behaviour regarding the present study, behaviour is the approaches or expressions of the employees working in tourism and hospitality industry regarding the nature of their work. Basically, it is feeling of the employees to gauge the job contentment level of the employees working in tourism and hospitality industry.

Organizational behaviour is a field of study, which helps to investigate, understand, explain and improve the attitude and behaviour of the groups and individuals in an organization (Nadiri, & Tanova, 2010).

 

A leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal while leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. Different leadership styles will result in different impact to organization. The leader has to choose the most effective approach of leadership style depending on situation because leadership style is crucial for a team success.

 

Why people behave in a similar way? Do they have shared beliefs and values? Most likely, our minds shape our actions and once people talk the same language and do things similarly, they formed a culture. Different cultures can be seen in countries, companies and communities.

We grow up with our national culture values such as certainty vs. uncertainty, risk-taking vs. risk-averse and good vs. evil, and held them deeply and change gradually over time. Geert Hofstede, a Dutch social psychologist, has identified six dimensions of national culture: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, long-term orientation and indulgence vs. restraint. The dimension scores vary across countries. Power distance is high in Latin, Asian and African countries and low in Germanic, Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon nations. Latin and Germanic countries and Japan are high in uncertainty avoidance; Chinese, Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon countries are more uncertainty accepting.
On the other hand, corporate culture is comprised of dress code, systems and 'culture carriers' like its founder, CEO and managers. Companies' practices are developed and learned from the job to achieve their mission and targets. Besides, individuals can move from company to company. Thus they are more superficial and adaptable than those national culture core values. According to Hofstede, national cultures belong to anthropology; organizational cultures to sociology. Within a large company, various departments can even exhibit different cultures due to working with the different individuals.

Can corporate culture weaken national culture?

Almost all successful businesses had developed a strong and positive culture, not just based on management and administration, but leadership and empowerment. For example, Toyota introduced their "Toyota Way" and their clear devotion to teamwork and continuous improvement ("Kaizen") has given them a competitive advantage and attracted many companies to learn from them. With strong and clear corporate culture, companies can enjoy many benefits such as similar standards can be maintained, increased loyalty, higher motivation & productivity and increased management control.

 

 

19.

 

Tourism industry trends can be ascertained with regard to the following parameters. Market analysts researching in tourism industry trends predict or provide a general layout of the trends with respect to outcomes of tourism which is inbound, e-business in the tourism industry, development and promoting tourism in tribal areas, trends in tourism farming, tourism requirements, development of strategies in the context of tourism, tourism markets worldwide, selling or promoting tourist destination etc.,.

 

Tourism trends and economy worldwide:

Tourism industry is a fast developing sector for the economy worldwide. Statistical data suggests that the tourism industry in the global scenario makes up 11% of GDP. Tourism industry trends also suggest that as many as 200 million people are engaged worldwide in the tourism industry. Statistical data opine that as many as 700 million travelers travel to international places annually. Several other industries which are in some way related to the tourism industry is doing pretty well. With every passing day, with the advent of latest technologies and reaching out to people becoming is a child's play. Importance of bettering relationships with the neighboring countries, establishing newer networks across the globe has taken the tourism industry to it's zenith.

 

 

 

20.

Skill Requirements

· Being personable, engaging and well-informed are required to be competent and successful in the field of tourism management. A tourism manager must be a good listener to be able to recommend sights and attractions that are of genuine interest to specific travelers. She needs to have good computer skills to research prices, event details and walking or driving directions for tourists. Tourism-management personnel have to excel at negotiating package deals that appeal to visitors while making a profit for the tourism company. Good math skills are required to calculate discounts and collect payments for services and tickets.

Job Duties

· Tourism-management jobs often require approaching people as they arrive in a hotel lobby or airport to offer them guided tours or tickets to local shows and attractions. A tourism manager has to quickly develop rapport with a wide range of personalities to market and sell services. He must maintain accurate records of transactions and keep his inventory of promotional materials adequate and current. A good part of his job requires him to visit local merchants and tourist attractions to negotiate mutually beneficial deals that generate profits and increase traffic for their companies and his.

Work Conditions

· Tourism-management jobs can be performed in a variety of environments including lobbies, airport waiting areas, travel agency offices or freestanding kiosks in areas heavily populated with tourists. The atmosphere is usually energetic and upbeat, fueled by the positive attitudes of people seeking fun and enjoyment. A good part of the job requires standing or walking to interact with potential customers. A tourism manager may be required to wear business casual attire or clothes that reflect a particular event she is promoting. Hours are usually erratic and often include evenings, weekends and holidays.

Educational Requirements

· A high school diploma or equivalent is required to apply for a job in tourism management. A degree in history, public relations or tourism management is preferred. Knowledge of local historical facts and attractions is desirable. Some tourism companies offer on-the-job training to new employees.

 

Freeman, 1984) is a useful way of analysing the importance of different stakeholders

To an organisation.