Suspended; multiple; unthinkable; rehabilitative

Cesare Lombroso, professor of psychiatry and anthropology at the University of Turin, sought through firsthand observation and measurement of prison_______ to determine the characteristics of________ _______.Some of his _______ allowed him to establish the existence of 'hereditary criminals'. Lombroso held that such criminals exhibit a higher percentage of physical and mental anomalies than do no criminals. Among these anomalies, werevarious unusual skull sizes and asymmetries of the facial bones.

Other scholars helped to introduce the ideas that crime has ______ causes and that most criminals are not born criminal but are shaped by their ______ and associations. Thus, the emphasis in criminology had turned to experimental ____ ____ and to preventive and _____ measures. Without this contribution into the scientific study of criminals the present-day alternatives to ______ and old-fashioned imprisonment such as probation, _____ sentence, fines, andparole would have been_____________.

Task 3 Answer the following questions:

1. What is Cesare Lombroso famous for?

2. How did he try to relate criminal behavior to a person's appearance?

3. What was Lombroso's contribution to the development of penal system?

 

Task 2.Translate into Russian the words given in bold type in the text.

Task 5 Translate in to English

1.смертная казнь

2.исследование

3.профессор психиатрии и судебной медицины

4.криминальный тип

5.наследственные причины преступления

6.окружающие факторы

7.системы наказаний

8.более гуманное и консервативное отношение с осужденными

9.более полезные члены общества

10.криминальный инстинкт

Task 6 Render the following article into English

Grammar

1. International words.

В современном английском языке большое место занимают слова, заимствованные из других языков, в основном латинского и греческого. Эти слова получили широкое распространение и стали интернациональными.

По корню таких слов легко догадаться о их переводе на русский язык. Например: legal-легальный; doctor-доктор, врач; criminologist-криминалист.

Во всех отраслях науки много интернациональных слов. Сами названия наук также являются интернациональными, например: medicine-медицина, psychology-психология.

Русские слова спутник, лунник вошли в словарный состав всех языков мира.

Все эти слова входят в международный фонд научной терминологии, и умение их видеть очень облегчает чтение и перевод. Однако нужно помнить, что многие интернациональные слова не совпадают по значению в русском и английском языках, поэтому их часто называют ложными друзьями переводчика. Например:

Accurate-точный (а не аккуратный)

Balance-весы (и баланс)

Container-вместилище (и контейнер)

Control-не только контролировать, но и управлять)

Fabric-ткань (а не фабрика)

Fountain-резервуар (и фонтан)

Illumination-освещение (и иллюминация)

Induction-введение (и индукция)

 

Task 1 Find in the text Cesare Lombroso international words.

Unit 7

TASK 1.Match the following headings with the sections of the text below:

The causes of crime

• Psychological and psychiatric theories

• Biological theories

• Multiple causation theory

• Social environment theories

• Theological and ethical theories

• Climatic theory

(1) No one knows why crime occurs. The oldest theory, based on theology and ethics, is that criminals are perverse persons who deliberately commit crimes or who do so at the instigation of the devil or other evil spirits. Although this idea has been discarded by modem criminologists, it persists among uninformed people and provides the rationale for the harsh punishments still meted out to criminals in many parts of the world.

(2) Since the 18^th century, various scientific theories have been advanced to explain crime. One of the first efforts to explain crime on scientific, rather than theological grounds was made at the end of the 18^th century by the German physical and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall, who tried to establish relationships between skull structure and criminal proclivities. This theory, popular during the 19^th century, is now discredited and has been abandoned. A more sophisticated theory - a biological one-was developed late in the 19^th century by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who asserted that crimes were committed by persons who are born with certain recognizable hereditary physical traits. Lombroso's theory was disproved early in the 20^th century by the British criminologist Charles Goring. Goring's comparative study of jailed criminals and law - abiding persons established that so-called “criminal types” with innate dispositions to crime, do not exist. Recent scientific studies have tended to confirm Goring's findings. Some investigators still hold, however, that specific abnormalities of the brain and of the endocrine system contribute to a person's inclination toward criminal activity.

(3) Another approach to an explanation of crime was initiated by the French political philosopher Montesquieu, who attempted to relate criminal behavior to natural or physical environment. His successors have gathered evidence tending to show that crimes against person, such as homicide are relatively more numerous in warm climates, whereas crime against property, such as theft, are more frequent in colder regions. Other studies seem to indicate that the incidence of crime declines in direct ratio to drops in barometric pressure, to increased humidity, and to higher temperature.

 

(4) Many prominent criminologists of the 19^th century, particularly those associated with the Socialist movement, attributed crime mainly to the influence of property. They pointed out that persons who are unable to provide adequately for themselves and their families through normal legal channels are frequently driven to theft, prostitution, and other offences. The incidence of crime especially tends to rise in times of widespread unemployment. Present - day criminologists take a broader and deeper view; they place the blame for most crimes on the whole range of environmental conditions associated with poverty. The living conditions of the poor, particularly of those in slums, are characterized by overcrowding, lack of privacy, inadequate play space and recreational facilities, poor sanitation. Such conditions engender feeling of deprivation and hopelessness and are conducive to crime as a means of escape. The feeling is encouraged by the example set by those who have escaped to what appears to be the better way of life made by crime. Some theorists relate the incidence of crime the general state of a culture, especially the impact of economic crises, wars, and revolutions and the general sense of insecurity and uprooted ness to which these forces give rise. As a society becomes more - unsettled and it's people more restless and fearful of the future, crime rate tends to size. This is particularly true of juvenile crime, as the experience of the United States since World War II has made evident.

 

(5)The final major groups of theories are psychological and psychiatric. Studies by such 20^th century investigators as the American criminologist Bernard Glueck and the British psychiatrist William Healy have indicated that about one- fourth of a typical convict population is psychotic, neurotic, or emotionally unstable and another one-fourth is mentally deficient. These emotional and mental conditions do not automatically make people criminals, but do, it is believed, make them more prone to criminality. Recent studies of criminals have thrown further light on the kinds of emotional disturbances that may lead to criminal behavior,

 

(6)Since the mid-20^th century, the notion that crime can be explained by any single theory has fallen into disfavor among investigators. Instead, expert inclines to so-called multiple factor, or multiple causation theories. They reason that crime springs from a multiplicity of conflicting and converging influences-biological, psychological, cultural.economic and political. The multiple causation explanations seem more credible than the earlier, simpler theories.An understanding of the causes of crime is still elusive, however, because the interrelationship of causes is difficult to determine.

Task 2.Write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type, given in the text above.

Task 3. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions and reproduce the context in which they were used:

 

1. мошенничество

2. кража

3. убийство

4. кража с взломом

5. сравнительный анализ преступников и законопослушных граждан

6. соотнести преступное поведение с факторами окружающей среды

7. преступления против человека

8. преступления против собственности

9. совершать преступления умышленно

10. некоторые узнаваемые наследуемые черты

11. выдающиеся учёные- криминологи

12. ряд условий

13. уровень преступности

14. быть склонным к преступной деятельности

15. пролить свет на проблему

16. теория многообразия факторов

17. достоверная теория

Task 4. Find in the text all word combinations with the following words and the translate them:

 

• research

• study

• theory

 

Task 5. Answer the following question:

 

1. What concepts formed the basis of the earliest criminological theories?

2. How did the biological theories develop?

3. What was Montesquieu's approach to causes of crime?

4. What views on crime predominated in the 19^th century?

5. How did criminological theories develop in the 20^th century?

6. What is the relationship between the mental and emotional state of a person and his or her inclinations to crime?

7. What are the latest views on the causes of crime?

 

Unit 8

Punishment

TASK 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words in bold type:

Punishment describes the imposition by some authority of a deprivation — usually painful — on a person who has violated a law, a rule or other norm. When the violation is of the criminal law of society there is a formal process of accusation and proof followed by imposition of a sentence by a designated official usually a judge. Informally, any organized group -most typically - the family may punish perceived wrongdoers.

Because punishment is both painful and guilt producing, its application calls for a justification. In Western culture, four basic justifications have been given: retribution, deterrence rehabilitation, and incapacitation. Incapacitation is the severest from all of these, but more lenient than capital punishment. Most penal historians note gradual trend over the last centuries toward more lenient sentences in Western countries.Capital and corporal punishment are the most popular in the early 19 century, but are seldom invoked by contemporary society. Indeed, in the United States corporal punishment as such appears to be contrary to the 8 Amendment's restrictions on cruel and unusual punishment. Yet the rate of imprisonment in the United States appears to be growing. Furthermore, since the mid-1970s, popular and professional sentiment has taken a distinctly punitive turn and now tends to see retribution and incapacitation — rather than rehabilitation — as the goal of criminal punishment.

Criminal sentences ordinarily embrace four basic modes of punishment. In descending order of severity these are: incarceration, community supervision, fine, and restitution. The death penalty is possible only for certain types of atrocious murders and treason and for more dangerous criminals.

Punishment is an ancient practice whose presence in modern cultures may appear to be out of place because it purposefully inflicts pain. In the minds of most people, however, it continues to find justification.

TASK 2. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions:

authority, authorities justification

community supervision rehabilitation

deterrence restitution

fine retribution

incapacitation sentence

incarceration

TASK 3. The word PUNITIVE has the following meanings in Russian:

1) связанный с применением наказания

punitive article — статья, устанавливающая уголовную санкцию

2) карательный; штрафной

punitive action — карательная мера, карательная акция

 

Match the following English expressions -with their Russian equivalents:

punitive sentencing а) карательная мера

punitive institution b) карательная воздействие

punitive justice c) карательная правосудие

punitive law d) карательная учреждение

punitive legislation e) лишение свободы как кара за совершенное

преступление

punitive measure f) уголовное законодательство

punitive treatment g) уголовный закон

TASK 4. Translate into English.

1)человек, нарушающий закон

2)наказание болезненноe и карательное

3)существует 4 вида оправданий в Западной культуре

4)смертная казнь и телесные наказания были распространены в 19 веке

5)жестокое и необычное наказание

6)основные виды наказаний

7)заключение в камеру, общий надзор, штраф и возмещение ущерба

8)жестокие убийцы и государственные преступники

TASK 5. Work in teams and write down false statements based on the text in Task 1 (no fewer than 6 statement). Present them in class. Use the information from the text in Task 1 to refuse the other team’s false statements.

TASK 6. Complete the following text with the words and expressions from the box: