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Juvenile prisoners in Europe↑ ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 5 из 5 Содержание книги Поиск на нашем сайте
1. All European countries give special attention to avoid imprisonment of juvenile offenders. Crime policy has been strongly influenced by international recommendations and standard rules for juveniles deprived of liberty. The Recommendation of the Council of Europe on ''Social reactions to juvenile delinquency'' emphasizes the use of imprisonment only as a last resort and for the shortest period. 2. Many European countries e. g. Austria, England, Wales, Germany, Netherlands strengthened the efforts to avoid incarceration by extending the scope of community sanctions (mediation, intermediate sanction, community service etc.) This evolution can be observed in Central and Eastern European countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Czech Republic etc. 3. On the other hand a reverse trend of institutionalization can be seen to some extent. The English Criminal Justice Act of 1994 introduced the secure training order for 12-14 years old children. The Crime and Public Order Act of 1998 expanded also the possibilities for more severe reactions (''no more excuses''). In general, the juvenile justice systems kept the policy of imprisonment as a last resort. 4. The juvenile prison regimes and living conditions are more moderate and better than those in prisons for adults. Most juvenile prisons emphasize on specific school education programs and vocational training. Many of the newer prisons provide new methods of organizing leisure time activities. Social workers, teachers, vocational training tutors, psychologists are involved in the process of reformation of juvenile prisoners.
VIII. Прочитайте 4 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What kinds of specialists are involved in the process of reformation of juvenile prisoners?
ВАРИАНТ 3. I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Does not permit – Present Indefinite Active от глагола to permit. Have been tried – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to try.
Are referred to – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to refer to.
1. About 2 per cent of criminal cases are sent to crown courts. 2. The continuity of monarchy in Great Britain has been interrupted only once (Republic of 1649-60) in over a thousand years. 3. At time of arrest a defendant will be advised of charge, right to an advocate, right to bail and etc. 4. The paper ''The Role and Influence of Staff in a Prison System'' was often referred to.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните слова it, that, one. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения этих слов.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The House of Commons has most power within Parliament. It is here that Government is formed. 2. The legislative function of a Parliament consists of making new laws and replacing the old ones. 3. Each state of the USA has its own system of courts similar to that of the Federal courts. 4. It is important to note that Russian criminal procedure is based on the presumption of innocence. 5. One must observe laws of his own country.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. To detect a crime means to expose all its attending features and identify the criminal. 2. If you want to make a will the best man to advise you is a solicitor. 3. The objective of parole is to establish normal adjustment of the individual. 4. A general rule to be followed by every investigator is: nothing at a crime scene is too insignificant.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них независимый причастный оборот и подчеркните его. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The Church of England being separated from the Roman Catholic, the Sovereign appoints top church officials. 2. In our courts the participants of the trial are heard in open court, the press having the right to be present.
V. Перепишите следующие сложные предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. If the jury decide that the accused is not guilty he will be immediately discharged. 2. If the International Law could not influence the course of international relations, it would lose its significance. 3. If the investigator had had more evidence, he would have been able to prove the case.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Найдите и подчеркните в них инфинитивные обороты. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. Crime is considered to be an act which a society is willing to punish if it is done. 2. We expect this man to be an experienced judge.
VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы текста. WOMEN IN EUROPEAN PRISONS
1. Female prisons represent only 4-6% of the prison population in most European countries. The generally small proportion leads to specific problems. Some countries have only one prison for female prisoners e. g. Hungary, Czech Republic, Latvia. This may allow for adequate employment and care services, but often results in the women being detained at great distance from their social relations, thus hampering visits and preparations for their social reintegration. 2. In other countries female prisoners are detained in special wings in male prisons, e. g. local remand prisons (e. g. Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Spain, Austria, Denmark). This makes them closer to their social background, but results in their being held in more secure circumstances than necessary and often with lack of adequate regime and activities. 3. Mothers with small children also raise special problems. Many countries have special prison units for mothers with babies or small children, usually up to 2 or 3 years old. In Belgium, Denmark, Germany children are brought to normal daycare centres in the community during the day, to allow for normal surroundings and contacts outside the prison while the mother takes care of the child in the evening. 4. The absence of and normal prison visits to an imprisoned parent either mother or father are traumatic for (even older) children and parents. In some countries, community volunteers or organizations accompany the children to the prison and offer support and guidance to the children and parents who wish (e. g. in France, in Belgium, in Switzerland). In others, a mother can be allowed an interruption of execution of the sentence in order to visit her children for up to 30 days a year.(e.g. Czech Republic).
VIII. Прочитайте 4 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What can a mother be allowed in order to visit her children?
ВАРИАНТ 4. I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Does not permit – Present Indefinite Active от глагола to permit. Have been tried – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to try.
Are referred to – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to refer to.
1. A conference on prisoners rights is being held in Moscow now. 2. After all evidence has been given the judge summarizes the case, both law and facts, for the jury. 3. The first legislation on indeterminate sentence was passed by Michigan in 1867. 4. The UNO has been called upon to play an important role in the affairs of mankind.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните слова it, that, one. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения этих слов.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. Besides judicial function the International Court of Justice performs consultative ones. 2. It was Edward Henry who worked out fingerprint classification system. 3. Each state of the USA has a constitution similar to that of the entire nation. 4. It is generally believed that unemployment plays a great role in crime rates. 5. One who is arrested may refuse to answer the police questions or insist on answering only in presence of a solicitor as a legal adviser.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. It is necessary to be a registered elector between the ages of 18 and 65 to qualify for jury. 2. All prisoners to be released through the parole procedure should be selected and supervised. 3. The investigator is seldom the first to arrive at the scene of a crime. 4. The most important question to be discussed when speaking about probation is that of adequate supervision.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них независимый причастный оборот и подчеркните его. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The General Assembly is composed of all member states, each member having not more than five representatives in the Assembly. 2. A bill being signed by the Queen, it becomes an act of Parliament.
V. Перепишите следующие сложные предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. If a parolee commits another offence against the law he may be returned to an institution. 2. If there were no international law it would be difficult to regulate the relations between countries. 3. Criminality would have been liquidated long ago if all people had observed the law.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Найдите и подчеркните в них инфинитивные обороты. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. Parole is known to be composed of three fundamental processes: preparation, selection, supervision. 2. One may expect this method to be reliable for criminals' reformation.
VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста. CRIMINALISTICS 1. To eradicate infringements on the law and order it is necessary to improve crime detection techniques. Criminalistics plays an important role in this field. Methods and means employed by Criminalistics are also used in crime prevention. 2. By examining and generalizing the methods of crime detection techniques Criminalistics creates better methods for crime control. Criminalistics is characterized by a comprehensive use of scientific and technical achievements, the tactics and methods of crime detection in the interests of justice. 3. The definition of Criminalistics as a science of crime detection most fully reflects its basic purposes: to improve crime detection techniques and instruct how to uncover crimes. 4. The Criminalistics analysis allows to establish most typical situations in committing certain types of crimes.
5. This analysis allows to obtain generalized information of the personality of criminals, particular features in planning crimes, typical conditions, methods, means and instruments of crime.
VIII. Прочитайте 5 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What does the Criminalistics analysis allow to obtain?
ВАРИАНТ 5. I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Does not permit – Present Indefinite Active от глагола to permit. Have been tried – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to try.
Are referred to – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to refer to.
1. Crimes are uncovered through criminal procedure and operative-search activities. 2. The problem of indeterminate sentence is being widely discussed in many countries. 3. Capital punishment has been abolished in some countries. 4. This experiment held in one of the correctional institutions was much spoken about.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните слова it, that, one. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения этих слов.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. In the United States the district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal court system. 2. It was the state of Massachusetts that first enacted the parole law in 1837. 3. We can say that the task of legislation is that of regulating social conflicts. 4. It is important to stress that equal rights are accompanied by equal obligations. 5. One must always consider the close connection between the law and juridical status of persons in society, that is, the rights and duties which he can exercise in the given social conditions.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. To eradicate infringements on the law and order, and to do away with crime it is necessary to persistently improve crime detention techniques. 2. Inspector Edward Henry was the first to work out fingerprint classification system. 3. The speaker emphasizes the role to be played by the Municipal Police in the fight against economic crimes. 4. All Criminalistics methods to detect crimes should be reliable and lawful.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них независимый причастный оборот и подчеркните его. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The post of the US President is elective, the presidential elections taking place every 4 years. 2. The district courts being the primary link of the judiciary, most of criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.
V. Перепишите следующие сложные предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. If the conduct of a prisoner is extremely bad he may be transferred by a court decision to an institution with a stricter regime. 2. If a person violates a law he will be punished. 3. If the investigation had been conducted with greater thoroughness the case would have been solved much sooner.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Найдите и подчеркните в них инфинитивные обороты. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The witness expected the investigator to ask him questions about the details of the incident. 2. If a parolee commits another offence against the law he is quite likely to be returned to confinement.
VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста. SEARCH 1. Search is an action widely practiced in investigation. If the investigator has enough grounds to believe that instruments of a crime, articles or valuables obtained in a criminal way are in certain premises, or with a person, he makes a search to find them. A search may be made for locating wanted person. 2. A search must be sanctioned by a procurator. Only in exceptional cases the legislator may allow a search without the procurator' s sanction, though the procurator should be notified in writing about the search within twenty-four hours. 3. Before making a search the investigator should have the information about the place of search. 4. On the basis of the materials of a criminal case and the data obtained during the operative-search activities, the investigator should form the idea of the personality of the criminal, the member of his family and their way of life. 5. The main tactical rule of a search is the surprise effect giving the criminal no chance to escape.
VIII. Прочитайте 5 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What is the main tactical rule of a search?
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