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Law making process in the UKСодержание книги Поиск на нашем сайте
1. Every British Parliament passes about a hundred laws directly by making acts of Parliament. As it can be a long process, Parliament sometimes passes a very general law leaving a minister to fill in the details. In this way it indirectly passes about 2000 additional rules and regulations. 2. No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the house of Commons and the House of Lords. While a law is still going through Parliament it is called a Bill. There are two main types of bills – Public bills which deal with matters of public importance and Private bills which deal with local matters and individuals. 3. Public and Private bills are passed through Parliament in much the same way. New legislation in Britain usually starts in the House of Lords. In each house a bill is considered in three readings. The first reading is purely formal, to introduce a bill. The second reading is usually the occasion for debate. After the second reading the bill is examined in detail by one of the standing committees. 4. The bill is then returned to one of the houses for the report stage, when it can be amended. If passed after its first reading, it goes to the other house. Amendments made to a bill by the Lords must be considered by the Commons. If the House of Commons does not agree, the bill is altered and sent back to the Lords. In the event of persistent disagreement between the two houses, the Commons prevail. 5. Finally, the bill goes to the monarch for the royal assent. After receiving the Royal assent the bill becomes an Act of Parliament. Nowadays the Royal assent is purely formal.
VII. Прочитайте 5 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: When does the bill become an Act of Parliament?
ВАРИАНТ 4. I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
a) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Spoke – Past Indefinite Active от нестандартного глагола To speak. 1. Roman Law is one of the greatest legal systems that has ever existed. 2. The district court will be hearing a case on extortion next week.
б) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Are classified – Present Indefinite Passive от стандартного глагола to classify.
1. The Bill of Rights is often violated in the judicial and law enforcement practice. 2. For parliamentary elections the United Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies of roughly equal population.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
(While)discussing – Participle I, обстоятельство. Dealing with – Participle I, определение.
(When) questioned – Participle II, обстоятельство. (Had) committed - Participle II, составная часть видовременной формы Past Perfect Active от глагола to commit. 1. Leading international non-governmental organizations involved in the fight for human rights are participating in this conference. 2. Unless properly prepared the investigatory experiment must not be conducted. 3. Amendments and alterations to the Criminal Executive Legislation adopted by June of 1992 had considerably changed penitentiary policy for the better.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in special sessions as occasion may require. 2. The prison should be governed by strictly determined rules respected by the administration. 3. An expert may be invited to participate in the conduct of an investigatory experiment.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них Gerund. Предложения переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции герундия.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. When the bill is introduced it receives its formal ''first reading'', after which it is printed and circulated to members of Parliament. 2. After serving their terms of imprisonment the inmates in our country are citizens with full rights. 3. Criminology is the field of crime studying in its various aspects.
V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The role public plays in fighting crime is very important. 2. The institution authorities should do all they can to reform juveniles.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 абзацы текста. Пояснения к тексту:
1. the County Court – суд присяжных 2. the Crown Court – уголовный суд присяжных. 3. ex officiis – по должности
THE ENGLISH JUDICIAL SYSTEM 1. At the present time the English judicial system is basically pyramidal in organization. 2. At the top of the pyramid is the appellate tribunal, the House of Lords. Beneath it is the Court of Appeal, the intermediate appellate court, which hears both criminal and civil cases. 3. Beneath these appellate courts are two separate systems of trial courts, one for criminal cases, the other for civil cases. 4. On the civil side are the High Court, a court of general jurisdiction, and the County Courts, which have only limited jurisdiction. On the criminal side are the Crown Court, a court of general jurisdiction, and the Magistrates' Courts having only limited jurisdiction. 5. The High Court justices and County judges are all barristers. The justices of the High Court and the County judges are ''ex officiis'' judges of the Crown Court.
VII. Прочитайте 2 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What court hears both criminal and civil appeals?
ВАРИАНТ 5. I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
a) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Spoke – Past Indefinite Active от нестандартного глагола to speak. 1. The Parliament Act 1911 has restricted the life of the House of Commons. 2. A group of police officers is investigating this criminal case now.
б) ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Are classified – Present Indefinite Passive от стандартного глагола to classify.
1. The police service in Great Britain is involved in international cooperation against crime. 2. Family proceedings are normally heard by not more than three lay justices, including both men and woman.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
(While)discussing – Participle I, обстоятельство. Dealing with – Participle I, определение.
(When) questioned – Participle II, обстоятельство. (Had) committed - Participle II, составная часть видовременной формы Past Perfect Active от глагола To commit. 1. The leading countries of the world had adopted the Declaration of Invalids' Rights by 1992. 2. If applied to juvenile offenders this type of treatment gives good results. 3. While sentencing a person to a term of imprisonment the court determines in what institution the convicted criminal must serve his sentence.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it seems necessary for performance of its functions. 2. In cases provided for by legislation citizens shall be given legal assistance free of charge. 3. In jury trials the judge is to decide question of law, to sum up the evidence for the jury and to instruct it on the relevant law, to discharge the accused or to pass sentence.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них Gerund. Предложения переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции герундия.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. One of the purposes of the UNO is achieving international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, humanitarian nature. 2. Before hearing a case in court there is a preliminary investigation of a crime. 3. An arrest is taking a person into custody.
V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. We note imprisonment is a means for educating and not for humiliating human dignity. 2. Methods and operational techniques Criminalistics employs are also used in crime prevention.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4 абзацы текста. LIFE IMPRISONMENT 1. The term ''life imprisonment'' has different meanings in various countries. States impose life sentences for different ranges of offences and the USA that release life sentenced prisoners do it in a variety of ways. Only in exceptional case a life sentence means that a person must spend the rest of his life in prison. 2. Life imprisonment is of particular importance as it is often the most severe penal sanction in countries where the death penalty is not applied. The sentences of life imprisonment can also be used as a form of indefinite preventive detention for the protection of society from ''dangerous'' or incorrigible offenders. 3. Life imprisonment and long-term incarceration produce problems for those serving such sentences: social isolation, total dependence, loneliness, loss of responsibility. They should be recognized as a distinct group of long-term prisoners and should be treated accordingly. 4. Assessment programs that evaluate prisoners suitability for release are essential for the effective management of indeterminate sentences. Life sentenced prisoners generally do not know when they will be released, how they will be released or whether they will be released at all.
VII. Прочитайте 3 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What problems do life imprisonment and long term incarceration produce for prisoners?
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № III. ВАРИАНТ 1. I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Does not permit – Present Indefinite Active от глагола to permit. Have been tried – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to try.
Are referred to – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to refer to. 1. A large number of citizens is ordered to attend the court for jury service after being chosen by lot from the list of electors. 2. Vast sums are being spent on building of new prisons but prisons are still overcrowded making rehabilitation of inmates difficult. 3. The legal reform in Russia had been conducted with more success than many other reforms. 4. The article ''Problems of adjustment to society life upon release'' published by Pr. Darell is much spoken about.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните слова it, that, one. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения этих слов.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. It is life imprisonment that is of particular importance as it is often the most severe penal sanction in countries where death penalty is not applied. 2. It was the Parliament Act of 1911 that restricted powers of the House of Lords. 3. It is important to realize life advantages in a free society. 4. Not all bodies of state power in Great Britain are elected ones. 5. One should know that concealment of the criminal and the instruments of the crime or objects acquired criminally are punished by law. . III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The last state to pass the parole law was Mississippi in 1944. 2. John Howard, a great prison reformer, was the first to see awful sanitary conditions and abuses in prisons throughout Europe. 3. To pass a sentence a crime must be investigated and examined by the court in accordance with the criminal procedure established by law. 4. Twelve people are chosen to serve as a jury, but the number of them can be rejected up to seven.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них независимый причастный оборот и подчеркните его. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. Justices of the Peace having no formal qualification, political parties choose and support them for their good reputation. 2. In the court trials against juvenile delinquents an advocate and a public prosecutor must take part without fail, the latter's function being to assist the court to pass a just sentence.
V. Перепишите следующие сложные предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. If an accused is guilty he will be sentenced by a court. 2. If criminality did not exist in our times, there would be no need of finding the ways and means for overcoming this phenomenon. 3. If these parents had ensured proper upbringing of their son, he would not have become an offender.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Найдите и подчеркните в них инфинитивные обороты. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The prison Act (1865) is known to have introduced a new approach to imprisonment. 2. The investigator made a witness present incontrovertible proof.
VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4 абзацы текста. PRISONS IN EUROPEAN SOCIETY 1. Prisons are traditionally supposed to protect society through retribution and deterrence, to reform prisoners into law-abiding citizens. Experienced and research results over the last 40 years however have described prisons as total institutions, implying many detrimental effects on the personal and social situation of prisoners and their families, thus reducing rather than enhancing their chances to lead law-abiding lives. 2. The dependency of prisoners in traditional, authoritarian prisons is also known to increase the risk for prisoners to be victimised by other prisoners or staff, to become unable to cope with freedom and responsibilities upon release, or to engage in deviant prisoners' subcultures, resistance to compensate for the loss of their social identity. 3. International standards, including Council of Europe conventions and resolutions, hence promote the use of imprisonment as a last resort, when other reactions to delinquency are no longer possible. Imprisonment remains the most important penal sanction in many European countries, and prison population have soared in some countries over the last ten or twenty years. 4. Countries with the highest level of prison population in Europe by 2000 are: Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Spain, England, Wales. One can differentiate countries with low level of prison population: Slovenia, Iceland, Scandinavian countries.
VIII. Прочитайте 3 абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What is the most important penal sanction in many European countries?
ВАРИАНТ 2. I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
Does not permit – Present Indefinite Active от глагола to permit. Have been tried – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to try.
Are referred to – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to refer to. 1. Any Justice of the Peace who knows anything about the accused person or the case must be replaced. 2. The research has been made in Russia to provide intensive individual study of typical juvenile delinquents. 3. The ways of studying a crime in its various aspects are being improved. 4. Penology is concerned with punishment prescribed by law and is regarded as an aspect of criminology.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните слова it, that, one. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения этих слов.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. It is the Queen's duty to make appointments to all important state offices, including those of judges, officers in armed forces, diplomats. 2. By the Constitution the Government of the USA is composed of three coordinate branches: the executive one, the legislative one, and the judicial one. 3. The majority of serious crimes are those against property. 4. It is not easy to cross-examine all witnesses in a short period of time. 5. One should know his rights and duties.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. To create a free society in which protection of individual liberty is the main objective of government is the main aim of the Labour Party. 2. A Boston cobbler John Augustus was the first to exercise the practice of probation. 3. The voters within the constituency select one person to serve as a member of the House of Commons. 4. The General Assembly's power to discuss all matters or questions within the scope of the Charter gives it a central position in the organization.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них независимый причастный оборот и подчеркните его. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. The Supreme Court of the USA consists of 9 justices, one of them being appointed as the Chief Justice. 2. Elections in Great Britain being universal, any British citizen from the age of 18 elects a single member to the House of Commons.
V. Перепишите следующие сложные предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. In England if a person has a legal problem he will go and see a solicitor. 2. If we had no civil law corporeal relations would be regulated in some other ways. 3. If this man had not committed a crime he would not have been imprisoned.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Найдите и подчеркните в них инфинитивные обороты. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
1. Crime is considered to be an act which a society is willing to punish if it is done. 2. We want punishment to be certain that we only punish guilty, not the innocent.
VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы текста.
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