Ex. 42. Read, analyze and translate the sentences.

1. It was not until 1865 when Joseph Lister first used carbolic acid in surgery.

2. It was previously believed that transmission of the bacterium was restricted to much shorter distances.

3. One cause of chronic tension headaches is overuse of medications for pain.

4. Various tests determine whether the cancer has spread and, if so, what parts of the body are affected.

5. Cholera is typically transmitted by either contaminated food or water. It is in the developed world where seafood is the usual cause, while in the developing world it is more often the water.

6. When a choice is being made about a medication, both safety and efficacy should be considered.

7. The less healthy your heart and arteries, the more likely the advantages of taking aspirin will overweigh any risks.

8. These symptoms should not be ignored. The longer you are postponing the treatment, the worse is the prognosis.

9. The onset of such reaction starts with fever, nausea and vomiting, but any other symptoms are reported.

10. We should understand that the human body is a very complex machine, and whether we like or not things sometimes are going wrong.

Ex. 43. Test yourself. Translate at sight.

 

	Text I. The circulatory system
	Arteries
	Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb. The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner arteries are called arterioles. Arteries carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries.
	Veins
	Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is returned to the heart, it is under less pressure. The heart It is the heart that is the strongest muscle. The heart is divided into two sides. The right side pumps blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soaked blood out to the body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body's blood is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand quarts of blood are pumped each day. The heart is about the same size as your fist. Your heart's job is to pump blood around the body. Its muscles contract and squeeze out blood. The left-hand side pumps blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. The right-hand side pumps stale blood from the body back to the lungs for a fresh supply of oxygen. The heart valves The valves of the heart are located within the chambers of the heart and are responsible for the proper flow of blood through the heart. All of the valves, when functioning normally, act as one-way valves, allowing blood to flow either from one chamber to another, or allowing blood to flow out of the heart, in only one direction. The valves control the flow of blood through the heart. They are opened and closed during the contractions of the heart. The opening and closing functions of the valves are controlled by pressure differences generated within the heart, as well as some muscles located within the heart. The four valves are known as: 1. The tricuspid valve 2. The pulmonic or pulmonary valve 3. The mitral valve 4. The aortic valve
		. Ex. 44. Choose the correct word/phrase to complete these sentences. ….. passing into the right atrium the blood flows through the tricuspid valve. a. after b. before 2. The tricuspid valve closes ….. the pulmonary valve opens. a. as b. before 3. The blood does not take up oxygen until it …... a. reaches the lungs b. returns to the heart as oxygenated blood 4. The muscles of the left ventricle and ….. contract simultaneously. a. the left atrium b. the right ventricle 5. The blood enters the ….. on passing through the mitral valve. a. the left atrium b. the left ventricle 6. ….. the ejection of the blood into the aorta the aortic valve opens. a. before b. during 7. The blood from the superior vena cava enters the heart ….. that from the inferior vena cava. a. before b. at the same time 8. The pressure in the right ventricle increases ….. the contraction of the muscles. a. after b. during 9. The pulmonary valve remains …. while the blood flows into …... a. closed b. open c. pulmonary arteries d. pulmonary veins 10. The mitral valve does not ….. until the left ventricular muscles contract. a. close b. open

Home work.