Ex. 16. Look, read, translate and memorize the verbs.

Ex. 17. a) Look through text C and find the ing – forms and ed- forms and analyze them. c) Read and translate the sentences with the ing – forms and ed-forms. c) Read the text again and match the points of the plan with the information in text C. Arrange the plan in the correct order.

Atria and Ventricles

Heart Chambers, Right and Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle

Left Heart – Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

Weight, size and location

Right Heart and Left Heart

Right Heart – Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

Text C. Heart Anatomy

a. The heart is an inner hollow organ. The heart weighs between 7 and 15 ounces (200 to 425 grams) and is a little larger than the size of your fist. The heart is located between the lungs in the middle of the chest, behind and to the left of the breastbone (sternum). The base of the heart is against the third rib. Its apex is against the interspaces between the fifth and the sixth costal cartilages.

b. The heart is divided into 4 heart chambers, the right and left ventricles and atria. The heart, made up mainly of cardiac muscle tissue, is an organ pumping blood to the whole of the body. The inside of the heart is divided into 4 chambers, 2 atria and 2 ventricles.

c. The atria are the chambers that receive blood from circulation. The ventricles are thicker walled chambers, located below the atria and connected with them by openings covered by heart valves. Their function is to pump blood from the heart into circulation.

d. The heart is divided into right and left sides by a septum. Each side consists of one atrium and one ventricle. So the chambers of the heart are named:

• Right atrium
• Right ventricle
• Left atrium
• Left ventricle

The right side of the heart is responsible for pulmonary circulation to the lungs, the left side of the heart dealing with systemic circulation or circulation to the whole body. Normally, there is no communication between the right and left sides of the heart. Communications are present in abnormal conditions like atrial and ventricular septal defects, conditions that commonly go by the name ‘a hole in the heart’.

e. The right atrium receives venous blood from the whole of the body. It has the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava opening into its cavity. While the superior vena cava brings in venous blood from the upper limbs, head and neck regions and walls of the chest and upper abdomen, the inferior vena cava drains the abdomen and the lower limbs.

The blood entering the right atrium is deoxygenated – that is, its oxygen has been used up by the tissues of the body and this blood is rich in carbon dioxide.

The right ventricle is almost triangular in shape. It opens into the pulmonary artery. The deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle is carried by the pulmonary artery to the lungs for the process of gas exchange, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.

f. The left atrium contains the openings of the superior and inferior pulmonary veins above. These blood vessels bring oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium. When the left atrium contracts, the oxygen-rich blood in it is pumped into the left ventricle.

The left ventricle is larger and more muscular than the right ventricle. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium which it pumps into the aorta for circulation to the entire body.

Ex. 18. Read the article “Heart and Palms” and retell it in Russian.

• A palm - ладонь
• dermatoglyphics - дерматоглифика
• a crease – бороздка, складка
• a print - отпечаток
• to damage - поражать
• a fetus - плод
• a sole - подошва ноги
• congenital - врождённый
• hereditary - наследственный
• malformation = disorder - нарушение
• the wrist - запястье
• a three pointed star – трёхконечная звезда
• a routine screening test – обычный проверочный тест

Heart and Palms.

Recently, a medical science called dermatoglyphics has found that creases of the hands can help in the diagnosis of disease. The doctors discovered that baby’s palm print could often show serious heart defects. They believe that any genetic or external factors that damage the organs of the developing fetus can affect the fingers, palm or sole prints. And indeed, researchers have detected a number of congenital and hereditary disorders that leave their marks on the hand or feet. They collected the finger, palm and sole prints from 225 children diagnosed as having congenital heart defects and compared them with the prints of 400 persons without cardiac malformations. Finger and foot prints from both groups were the same. But the palm prints of the heart prints showed difference.

In a normal person there is a point at which three creases near the wrist form a kind of three pointed star. But in nearly all the heart patients, however, it was not situated near the wrist, but higher in the palm, towards the fingers. Doctors note that in many cases children with heart defects may show no symptoms until years after birth – and then it is often too late for successful surgery. The researchers consider that hand prints should be used as a routine screening test for congenital cardiac disease in all babies.

Home work.

Ex. 19. Read, translate and memorize the word combinations:

To be a little larger than the size of your fist, to be divided into 4 heart chambers, for effective pumping of blood, to pump blood from the heart into circulation, to be made up mainly of cardiac muscle tissue, to receive blood from circulation, to be almost triangular in shape, to be carried by the pulmonary artery to the lungs for the process of gas exchange, to contain the openings of the superior and inferior pulmonary veins above.

Ex. 20. Match the medical terms with the sentences:

1. Myocyte, b. Myocardial septum, c. Ventricle, d. Atria, e. Pericardial sac

1. Tissue separating the heart chambers.
2. The fibrous membrane surrounding the myocardium.
3. The upper two chambers of the heart. They are separated from the ventricles by valves and from each other by the atrial septum.
4. The individual cells of the heart.
5. The larger two chambers in the lower portion of the heart.