Ex. 21. Analyze the ing – forms and – ed forms, read and translate the sentences.

1. Because different doses of drugs will affect people in different ways, there could be negative consequences from abusing these drugs.

1. In pneumonia studies conducted in adults comparing Clarithromycin to Erythromycin there were fewer adverse reactions involving the digestive system in clarithromycin–treated patients.
2. Such 4-drug regimen has decreased the frequency of rejection without increasing the infection, 5 milligrams of the drugs being given each day during initial 2 weeks following transplantation.
3. Patients followed-up allow the pharmacist to assess therapy and make necessary prescriptions.
4. Surgery for lung cancer has an operative death rate of about 44%, it depending on the patient’s lung function and other risk factors.
5. The gallbladder being not an essential organ, its removal is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on woman. It is even performed on pregnant women with low risk to both the baby and the mother.
6. If untreated scarlet fever can sometimes result in serious conditions that affect human organs including the heart and kidneys.
7. Addiction to alcohol and other drugs of abuse is a complex phenomenon influenced by generic and environment determination.

Ex. 22. Read and translate text C according to the plan.

Ex. 23. Look at the diagram and complete the sentences with the words from the list:

· is lined with

· consist of

· is divided

· are separated

· is filled

· is attached to

· is covered by

· consist of

 

 

1. The heart ….. the pericardium.

2. The pericardium …..the serous pericardium and the fibrous sac.

3. The fibrous sac …… inferior vena cava.

4. The fibrous sac ….. the serous pericardium

5. The serous pericardium ….. visceral layer and parietal layer.

6. The heart….. into 4 heart chambers.

7. The heart ….between the lungs in the middle of the chest

1. The atria…..from the ventricles by valves and from each other by the atrial septum.
2. The heart ….. with the blood.

Ex. 24. Be ready to describe heart anatomy. Picture 2 will help you in your work.

3.

Class work.

Ex. 25. Read, translate and memorize the Heart Function Terms.

Terms Related to Heart Function:

· Contraction – Also known as systole, the mechanical function that pumps blood out of the heart. Caused by involuntary electrical impulses in the specialized cells of the heart. Atrial systole – Contraction of both atria at the same time, pushing blood into the ventricles. The atria begin to relax as the ventricles contract.

· Ventricular systole – Contraction of the ventricles, pushing blood into the lungs and aorta

· Diastole – Relaxation of the heart, allowing blood to flow into the atria.

· Node – Component of the electrical conductance system in the cardiac tissue.

· Sinoatrial (SA) node - The natural pacemaker of the heart, initiates systole in the right atrium.

· Atrioventricular (AV) node – In the atrial septum, receives signal from the SA node.

· Purkinje fibers and the bundle of His - Other electrical conduction fibers that stimulate contraction of the ventricles.

Ex. 26. Read text D and answer the questions. Find your answers in the text.

1. What is the heart responsible for?
2. How does the right atrium work?
3. What process takes place in the lungs?
4. How does the left atrium work?
5. How is the heart controlled?

6. How many times per year does the heart contract?

7. What is a normal rate of heartbeat?

Text D. About the Heart Work.

The heart is the organ responsible for pumping blood through the lungs and body. The right atrium receives the blood from the body after the body’s organs have extracted the needed oxygen. The blood in the right atrium is pumped into the right ventricle, which then pumps the blood to the lungs. In the lung, the CO₂ that is in the blood is removed and new oxygen is added. The blood then flows into the left atrium. The left atrium then pumps the newly oxygenated blood to the left ventricle, which then pumps this newly oxygenated blood back out to the body’s organs. The heart is controlled by the autonomic nervous system of the brain that tells the heart to speed up or slow down depending on the body’s needs. The left heart is responsible for the blood pressure measurement you hear at the doctor’s office. The heart is a tireless pump. If you consider a resting heart rate of 70 beats per minute x 60 minutes per hour x 24 hours a day x 365 days per year, your heart, if you stayed at a resting heart rate of 70 will contract or "pump" over 36 million times per year!

Ex. 27. Translate text E at sight. Entitle the text.

Text E.

The heart is located between the lungs in the middle of the chest, behind and to the left of the breastbone (sternum). The base of the heart is against the third rib, its apex being against the interspace between the fifth and the sixth costal cartilages.

A double-layered membrane called the pericardium surrounds the heart like a sac. The outer layer of the pericardium surrounds the roots of the heart’s major blood vessels and is attached by ligaments to the spinal column, diaphragm, and other parts of the body. The inner layer of the pericardium is attached to the heart muscle. A coating of fluid separates the two layers of membrane, letting the heart move as it beats, yet still be attached to your body.

The heart has 4 chambers. The upper chambers are called the left and right atria, and the lower chambers are called the left and right ventricles. A wall of muscle called the septum separates the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles. The left ventricle is the largest and strongest chamber in the heart. The left ventricle’s chamber walls are only about a half-inch thick, but they have enough force to push blood through the aortic valve and into your body. The healthy function of the heart is influenced by the good work of any chamber.

By the end of a long life, a person’s heart beats about (expanded and contracted) more than 3.5 billion times. In fact, each day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 2,000 gallons (7,571 liters) of blood.

Ex. 28. a) Translate the title of the article. b) Read the article and retell it in Russian.

• A tale - рассказ
• a crease – бороздка, складка
• creased - искривлённый
• an earlobe – мочка уха
• a habit - привычка
• to run a risk – подвергаться риску
• a sign - признак
• a trouble = a disease
• to worry - беспокоиться

A Tale of Creased Earlobes.

Doctors know that anyone with high blood pressure, an elevated level of cholesterol in the blood and a big smoking habit runs a greater than average risk of a heart disease. Now heart specialists have found another very important prognostic sign – creased earlobes.

The crease runs from the lowest corner of the ear-opening diagonally down the lobe. Its potential significance was first observed in 1960s by doctors working in Air Force hospital. They noticed that a high proportion of young airmen admitted to the coronary care unit had creased lobes and later concluded that they might be a sign of a heart disease.

Only one of the eleven who did not have the crease had a heart trouble. The crease may be a good clue for the doctors. But in the absence of such established symptoms as chronic chest pains, a person who finds that his lobes are creased shouldn’t worry.

Home work.