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The United States of AmericaСодержание книги
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· The largest city is New York City · Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic · The Congress consists of Senate and the House of Representatives. · The USA comprises fifty states and a federal district. · The country is situated mostly in central North America. · The country lies between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean. · The United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. · The United States was founded by thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence. · In 1507, German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere "America" after Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci. · Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state. · The president serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. · The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. · The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. · The headquarters of the United Nations is a complex in New York City. · The United States Capitol is the meeting place of the United States Congress, the legislature of the federal government of the United States. Located in Washington, D.C., it sits atop Capitol Hill. · The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. · Children are required in most states to attend school from the age of six or seven. · The New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street, is the world's largest stock exchange. · Denver International Airport is the largest international airport in the United States. · Thomas Edison was an inventor. He is best known for the invention of the electric light, the phonograph, and the telephone. · Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States and the author of the Declaration of Independence. · Martin Luther King Jr. was an American civil rights leader. · George Washington was the first president of the United States. · Benjamin Franklin was an American statesman and scientist. In 1776, he helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence. · Mark Twain the major American writer was the author of the novels Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. · Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American author and journalist, the author of “For Whom the Bell Tolls”, “The Old Man and the Sea”. · Mount McKinley in Alaska is the highest point in the U.S. territory which is 6,194 meters. · 302 foot Statue of Liberty which guards the New York City’s harbor was a gift from the French in 1886. · The flag of the United States of America is often called "Stars and Stripes". · Another name for the American Flag is Old Glory.
Canada
· The largest city is Toronto. · The tallest and longest living tree in Canada is the Douglas Fir. · Official languages are English and French. · Government: Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. · Monarch: Elizabeth II. · The Queen's representative is the Governor General of Canada. · The Parliament consists of Senate and the House of Representatives. · The name Canada comes from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement". · Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations (native Indian peoples), Inuit and Métis. The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" have largely fallen into disuse in Canada and are commonly considered pejorative. · By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth. · It has land border with the USA only and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world. · Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. · The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. · The highest point in Canada is Mount Logan. · The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence. · Canada is a federation of ten provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan) and three territories (Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut). · The border between Canada and the United States is officially known as the International Boundary. · The capital city, Ottawa, was originally named Bytown after Colonel John By.
UNIT 5 THE MOST COMMON PROBLEMS TEENAGERS FACE TODAY Teenagers face real problems on a daily basis during the most awkward growth stages of their lives; between 13 and 19-years-old. During this time, teens are exposed to some overwhelming external and internal struggles. Teens go through, and are expected to cope with hormonal changes, puberty, social and parental forces, work and school pressures, as well as encountering many conditions and problems. Teens feel overwhelmed when faced with unprecedented stresses concerning school and college, and career confusion situations. Those who have absentee parents are exposed to more unfavorable states of life. The issues that teenagers face today vary but these issues can be dealt with easily if parents and other guardians can understand the symptoms of their problems. Parents need to approach their children, who have been suffering from one or more teenage problems, carefully and in a friendly manner to discuss the problems. Many teens feel misunderstood. It is vital that their feelings and thoughts are validated and that the validation comes from their parents. The most common problems that teenagers face today include:
Surprisingly, all of these problems are connected to one another, like a chain reaction. When the teens face self-esteem and body image problems, they can become frustrated, resulting in eating disorders. The teens start feeling stress when they are exposed to peer-pressure and competition at school, or child abuse at home. Many teens take to drinking and smoking in order to relieve the stress. Many may run away from home, play computer games, and start chatting online with strangers. Computer games and online chatting can result in addiction. Many teens feel further stress when they get bullied online. Others may become easy targets of online predators and once treated badly, they turn to more harmful practices. Those who cannot find love at home or support at schools start to build relationships with friends in school or local areas, resulting in unsafe or underage sex, and possible teen pregnancy. Many become addicted to drugs and harm themselves when they cannot get results. Many teens resort to crimes once they feel they cannot get any help or support. However, the most common problems teenagers face today are described below: · Self-Esteem and Body Image Teenagers undergo and have to cope with numerous body changes. Some teenagers feel too fat, too skinny, too tall, too short, etc. This feeling leads them to spend time wishing they were not too skinny, too short, their hair was not too curly or vice versa. The problem with this feeling is that it affects their self-image. As a teenage boy or girl’s body changes, so does the self. When they do not like something in themselves, they have self-esteem and body image problems. They also perceive others, particularly schoolmates, to view them as they view themselves. They can suffer more from these problems when they have trouble adjusting. Hormonal changes have huge effects on the general growth and mood of the teens. Puberty changes tempt teenagers to compare themselves with people around them and when they find they do not match their standards, they feel low. They also compare themselves with those seen on TV, in movies, and in the magazines. Most youths’ ability to develop positive self-esteem is affected by family life and parental criticism. Teenagers who experience negative comments about their appearances, the way they talk, etc., stuff also develop poor self-esteem and body image.
· Bullying The latest edition of bullying is cyber bullying. It can get as worse as it gets in the real life experience of the teens. Cyber bullies use cruel instant messages, text messages, emails online, and voice messages in many cases. Bullying is a very offensive behavior and crime. Bullying leads to more violent behavior in the bullies in their adult years. They eventually get rejected by their peers, lose friendships and become depressed as they age. Parents, teachers, and people in general should educate their teenagers about bullying and tell them to report any act of bullying to them. Media can also educate the teenage children about bullying when some teenagers are bullies. · Depression Depression symptoms in teenagers may be exhibited in various ways. Changes in sleep patterns, eating habits, declined interest in normal and healthy activities, dropping grades in school and college, and preferred isolation are all signs of depression. When teenagers exhibit one or all of these symptoms parents should intervene immediately. If teenagers begin talking about their depression, then they should be allowed to express their feelings, and parents should validate their feelings by listening to them without interrupting the conversation.
· Drugs and Alcohol Youths, particularly those who are in their early teens who drink, put themselves at risks for many problems. For example, they face problems with the law, at school, with their parents, and peers. In the USA, drug abuse is a major problem affecting millions of teenagers, along with their parents and families. It is an imperative that parents, schools, media, etc., educate the young children about the dangers of drugs and alcohol, and how drugs affect their bodies. If they are taught properly, then they will be able to make an educated choice. · Cyber Addiction
Cyber addiction can be just as harmful as addiction to drugs or drinking alcohol. Teenagers who spend unhealthy amounts of time on the Internet or online suffer from a condition recognized as Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). Those who have IAD conditions may experience distress, withdrawal symptoms including obsessive thoughts, tremors, and other mental and physical problems. Cyber addiction impairs the quality of their lives. Parents should talk to their children and agree on a list of rules that clearly say when to use the internet, which sites they should visit and what safety measures they should follow. Teachers can also ensure safe browsing of the web at schools and colleges for teenage students. Final Thoughts Problems that teenagers are faced with today are multifarious but interrelated in many cases. One problem invites another, then to more problems. Parents, teachers and other guardians should be well aware of the problems that today’s teenagers are facing and be prepared to eliminate the problems to their best abilities. The sad fact is, even in solid and stable family units, teenagers may face with uncertainly, confusion and wrong directions involving their lives. Those who have witnessed and experienced broken homes, unsafe sex, alcohol, drug abuse, and bullying issues, show themselves differently in the community they live in. Proper parenting is vital, especially in the very formative years of the children, so that they can grow up with the manners and teachings taught by their parents. TEENAGE PROBLEMS IN THE USA · Unemployment · Youth organizations
There are about 3000 clubs in Great Britain, which are united into the National association of Boys Clubs. The members of these clubs participate in theatre, poetry, photography, sports and other activities. In the USA and the UK there are interest clubs, such as theatre - club, amateur composers and amateur poets clubs, and for those who love songs and playing guitar or other musical instruments. They say, bird - watching clubs are very popular in Great Britain. So we may say that there is no problem of spending free time for young people in English - speaking countries.
· Spending free time It seems to me, American boys and girls have more free time after school. Some of them have an opportunity to work and earn money if they want. Many American students earned money for traveling themselves. Pity we can’t earn such sum of money and travel abroad. I should say all young people - American, British and Russian have the same very important problems: use of alcohol and drugs, smoking, early pregnancy and some others. It seems to me we have to decide these problems together, because they are very difficult problems. They create danger for the nation’s health. It is a great problem of man’s ecology. I have not mentioned British youth organizations, which help young people to decide many problems. I mean Boy Scouts and Girl Guides and Woodcraft Folk. · Drugs Another problem of young people is drugs. This is a relatively new problem but it is becoming more and more dangerous. Million young people today are using drugs, and most of them will die. Usually they want just to try it, then again and again and after year may be two years they will die. It is true. Because there are no medicine to help you. That’s why never does it, if you do - it goes bad, very bad. I think that police must work hard to protect young people from drugs. Because drugs will kill our young generation and our future will be very bad.
· AIDS
UNIT 6 SOCIAL STUDIES The contemporary social studies curriculum has its roots in the Progressive education movement of the early twentieth century. With its emphasis on the nature of the individual learner and on the process of learning itself, the movement challenged the assumptions of subject-centered curricula. Until this time, the social studies curriculum was composed of discrete subject areas, with a primary emphasis on history. To a slightly lesser degree, geography and civics were also featured, completing the triumvirate. There were indications that change was coming when the 1893 Report of the Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies advocated an interdisciplinary approach in the social studies. By 1916 the National Education Association (NEA)'s Committee on the Social Studies was urging that an interdisciplinary course of instruction be created based on the social sciences. When the NEA 1916 report established social studies as the name of the content area, it presented the scope and sequence that is still in use at the start of the twenty-first century. Social studies received further support when the 1918 Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education called for the unified study of subject areas heretofore taught in isolation. This course, called social studies, would have as its main goal the cultivation of good citizens. The emphasis on citizenship development was understandable. At the time, because of increased immigration from non-English speaking countries, educators were given the task of teaching English and "the American way of life" in addition to their content areas. As World War I raged in Europe, social studies courses were viewed as a means of developing patriotism among the new foreign-born citizens. Indeed, citizenship education was one of the main missions of the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) when it was formed in 1921. What began as a service organization intending to close the gap between social scientists and secondary school teachers soon advanced an integrated study of the social studies and a broader conception of social studies education.
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