Процедуры групповой АМТ-терапии

 

Основные техники АМТ также подходят для групповой терапии и могут проводиться в группах от 6 до 8 человек. При этом в технику предполагается внести некоторые изменения.

Во-первых, увеличивается время занятий. Занятия организуются таким образом, чтобы самый слабый пациент сумел получить необходимые навыки. Например, если он не сумел приобрести навык достижения релаксации, переход ко второму занятию теряет всякий смысл.

Поскольку сцены релаксации должны быть созданы для всех клиентов, это совершенно естественно увеличивает время каждого занятия. В целом продолжительность первого занятия увеличивается до 75 минут. Для обеспечения формирования навыка релаксации у всех участников группы первое занятие можно повторить.

Правило удлинения времени и повторы занятий при необходимости также распространяются на все последующие занятия техники АМТ. Следовательно, на занятие, посвященное формированию ситуации тревоги уровня интенсивности 60, также должно быть отведено 75 минут (занятие 2 по индивидуальной технике АМТ). То же относится к формированию ситуации тревоги с уровнем интенсивности 90 (занятие 4 по индивидуальной технике АМТ).

Занятия для стандартной группы в 6–8 человек могут быть организованы следующим образом:

Занятие 1 – объяснение, идентификация сцены релаксации и тренинг релаксации.

Занятие 2 – повторение занятия 1.

Занятие 3 – идентификация ситуации тревоги (уровень интенсивности 60), инструкция по релаксации, а также инструкция по активации тревоги с последующим контролем релаксации даются терапевтом.

Занятие 4 – самостоятельная релаксация, инициируемая пациентами, активация тревоги с последующим релаксационным контролем – внимание к ранним сигналам тревоги.

Занятие 5 – повторение занятия 4.

Занятие 6 – идентификация ситуации тревоги (уровень интенсивности 90), самостоятельная релаксация, осуществляемая пациентами, ситуация активации тревоги, самостоятельно прекращаемая ими, и самостоятельная инициация контроля релаксации: чередование сцен активации тревоги с уровнями 60 и 90.

Занятие 7 – повторение занятия 6.

Занятие 8 до завершения курса – самостоятельная релаксация, активация тревоги с последующей самостоятельно инициированной пациентом релаксацией при сохранении в сознании ситуации тревоги; чередование ситуаций тревоги с уровнем интенсивности 60 и 90.

Ситуации релаксации и тревоги записываются. В технике индивидуальной терапии АМТ при инициации ситуаций тревоги и релаксации терапевт описывает детали окружающей обстановки и детали, стимулирующие активацию тревоги. В связи с тем что у каждого пациента в группе детали ситуации тревоги отличаются, устная инструкция для группы становится невозможной. Вместо этого с каждым пациентом проводится индивидуальное собеседование с целью определения индивидуальных особенностей ситуации тревоги. Затем предлагается записать сформированную ситуацию тревоги на карточке. В данном случае, когда терапевт дает пациентам инструкцию переключиться на ситуацию тревоги, каждый из них понимает, что инструкция относится к ситуации тревоги, записанной на его индивидуальной карточке.

Сигнализация рукой имеет особое значение для получения важной информации. Например, если пациент не дает сигнала об активации тревоги, терапевт может сказать: «Если Вы смогли испытать переживание активации тревоги уровня интенсивности 60 во время визуализации последней сцены тревоги, дайте мне знак об этом поднятием правой руки». Сигнализация такого рода обеспечивает терапевту важность контролировать успешность каждого во время занятия.

В заключении необходимо отметить, что использование техники АМТ в больших группах неэффективно.

 

 

Литература

 

1. Блюм Г. Психоаналитические теории личности – М.: КСП, 1996.

2. Дельгадо Х. Мозг и сознание. – М., 1971.

3. Джемс У. Психология. – М.: Педагогика, 1991.

4. Кемпинский А. Экзистенциальная психиатрия. – М.: Изд-во «Совершенство», 1998.

5. Кьеркегор С. Страх и трепет: Пер. с дат. – М.: Республика, 1993.

6. Лазарус Р. Теория стресса и психофизиологические исследования. – В сб.: Эмоциональный стресс. – Л.: Медицина, 1970.

7. Марсон П. 25 ключевых книг по психоанализу: Пер. с фр. – Челябинск: «Урал LTD», 1999.

8. Раттер М. Помощь трудным детям: Пер. с англ./ Общ. ред. А.С. Спиваковской. – М.: Прогресс, 1987.

9. Рейковский Я. Экспериментальная психология эмоций. – М.: Прогресс, 1972.

10. Рикфорт Ч. Критический словарь психоанализа – СПб., 1995.

11. Роджерс К. Взгляд на психотерапию: Становление человека. – М.: Прогресс-Универс, 1994.

12. Стреляу Я. Роль темперамента в психическом развитии. – М.: Прогресс, 1982.

13. Тиллих П. Теология культуры. Пер. с англ. – М.: Юрист, 1995, 479с.

14. Фрейд А. Психология «Я» и защитные механизмы. – М., Педагогика, 1993.

15. Фрейд А. Теория и практика детского психоанализа. Пер. с англ. – М.: Апрель-Пресс. Издательство ЭКСМО-Пресс, 1999.

16. Фрейд З. Введение в психоанализ: Лекции. – М.: Наука, 1989.

17. Фромм Э. Анатомия человеческой деструктивности: Перевод – М.: Республика, 1994.

18. Хекхаузен Х. Мотивация и деятельность. Т.1 – М.: Педагогика, 1986.

19. Хорни К. Невротическая личность нашего времени; Самоанализ: пер. с англ. – М., Изд. группа «Прогресс» – «Универс», 1993.

20. Эриксон Э. Детство и общество. – СПб., 1996.

21. Юнг К. Архетип и символ. – М.: Ренессанс, 1991.

22. Юнг К. Собрание сочинений. Конфликты детской души. Пер. с нем. – М.: Канон, 1997.

23. Abramson L., Alloy L., Metalsky G. The cognitive diathesis – stress theories of depression: Toward and adequate evaluation of the theories’ validities. – In: L.Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression. New York, 1988, pp. 3-30.

24. Achenbach T. Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. University of Vermont, 1991.

25. Achenbach T. The child behavior profile: I. Boys aged 6-11. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, Vol. 46, pp. 478–488.

26. Achenbach T., Connors G., Quay H. e.a. Replication of empirically derived syndromes as a basis for taxonomy child/adolescent psychopathology. – J. of Abnorm. Child Psychol., 1989, Vol. 17, pp. 299–323.

27. Achenbach T., Edelbrock C. The child behavior profile: II. Boys aged 12–16 and girls aged 6-11 and 12–16. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1979, Vol. 47, pp. 223–233.

28. Achenbach T., Howell C., Quay H., Conners C. National survey of competencies and problems among 4 to 16 year-olds: Parent’s reports for normative and clinical samples. – In: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1991.

29. Ackerson L. Children’s behavior problems. Chicago University, 1931.

30. Ainsworth M. Individual Differences in strange-situation behavior of one year olds. In: H. Schaffer (Ed.), The Origins of Human Social Relations. Academic Press, London-New York, 1971, p.145.

31. Alder A. Uber den nervosen Charakter. Munchen, 1928.

32. Alloy L., Kelly K., Mineka S., Clements. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression disorders: A helplessness – hopelessness perspective. – In: J.Maser, C. Cloninger (Eds). Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Washington, 1990.

33. Allport G. Pattern and Growth in Personality. N-Y: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961.

34. Allport G. The Individual and His Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1970.

35. Anthony S. The Discovery of Death in Childhood and After. Allen Cane, London, 1971.

36. Arnold M. Stress and Emotion. In: Psychological Stress – New York, 1967, pp. 123–130.

37. Ayllon T., Smith D., Rogers M. Behavioral management of school phobia. – J. Behav. Ther. Psychiatry, 1970, Vol. 1, pp. 125–138.

38. Bandura A. Social Learning Theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff, New York, 1977.

39. Bandura A., Menlove F. Factors determining vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior through symbolic modeling. – J. Pern. and Soc. Psych., 1968, Vol. 5, pp. 16–23.

40. Barlow D. Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York, 1988.

41. Barrat E. Anxiety and impulsiveness: Towards a neuropsychological model. In Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research / Ed. Ch. Spielberger – Vol. 1, New York – London, 1972, pp.195–222.

42. Basowitz H., Persky H., Korchin S. and Grinker R. Anxiety and Stress. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.

43. Basowitz M. Anxiety and stress. New York, 1955, 278 p.

44. Basowitz M., Persky H., Korchin S., Grinker R. Anxiety and stress. An Interdisciplinary Study of life situations – New York, 1955, pp.85 – 109.

45. Basselman B. Neurosis and psychosis. 3-ed., Springfield, 1964, pp. 11–13.

46. Beck A. Cognition, anxiety and psychophysiological disorders – In: Anxiety. Current trends in theory and research. Vol.2/ Ed. Ch.Spielberger – New York – London, 1972, p.343.

47. Beck A., Emery G. Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York, 1985.

48. Beck A., Stewart B., Clark L. Cognitive specificity and positive-negative affectivity: Complementary or contradictory views on anxiety and depression? – J. of Abnorm. Psychology, 1990, Vol. 99, pp. 148–155.

49. Beidel D., Neal A., Lederer A. The feasibility and validity of a daily diary for the assessment of anxiety in children. – J. Behavior Therapy, 1991, Vol. 22, pp. 505–517.

50. Bender L. Anxiety in Disturbed Children. In Hoch, Paul H., and Zubin J. (Eds), Anxiety. N-Y, 1950.

51. Berge A. L’enfant an caractere dificile. Paris, Libraire Hachette, 1970.

52. Bieber I. A Concept of Psychopathology. Current Approaches to Psychoanalysis. Hoch P. and Zubin J. (Eds) – N-Y, 1960.

53. Blagg N. School phobia and its treatment. London, 1987.

54. Blan A., Huse W. Anxiety (“actual”) neuroses as a cause of behavior disorders. – Amer. J. Orthopsychiat, vol. 26, p.108, 1956.

55. Blau A. A unitary hypothesis of emotion: Anxiety, emotions of displeasure and affective disorders – J. Psychoanal. Quart, vol. 24, 1955, p.75.

56. Blumberg S., Izard C. Discriminating patterns of emotions in 10– and 11-year-old children’s anxiety and depression. – J. Personality and Social Psychology, 1986, Vol. 51, pp. 852–857.

57. Borkovec T., Hu S. The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic image – J. Behav. Res. Ther., 1990, vol. 28, pp. 69–73.

58. Bower T. Development in Infancy. Freeman, San Francisco, 1974.

59. Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York, 1975, Vol. 11, pp. 454–489.

60. Bowlby J. Psychopathology of anxiety: The role of affectional bonds. In: M.Cader (Ed). Studies in Anxiety. R.M.P.A. Headley. Kent, 1969, pp. 96-108.

61. Bowlby J. Separation anxiety – Int. J. Psychoanal., 1960,vol. 41, p.89.

62. Bowlby J. The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. – Int. J. Psychoanal., 1951, Vol. 39, pp. 350–357.

63. Brown J. The motivation of behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950.

64. Brown T., Barlow D. Comorbidity among anxiety disorders: Implications for treatment and DSM-IY. – J. of Cons. and Clin. Psychology, 1992, Vol. 60, pp. 835–844.

65. Buss A. Two anxiety factors in psychiatric patients. – J. Abn. Soc. Psychol., 1962, vol. 62, p.426.

66. Campos J., Emde R., Gaenbauer T. and Henderson C. Cardiac and behavioral interrelationships in the reactions of infants to strangers. – J. Devel. Psychol., 1975, vol. 11, p. 589–601.

67. Cannon W. The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and an alternative theory. – Am. J. Psychol., 1927, Vol. 39, pp. 106–124.

68. Carron A. Reactions to “anxiety and motor behavior” – Journal of Motor Behav., 1971, Vol. 2, pp. 181–188.

69. Castaneda A., McCandless B., Palmero D. The children’s form of the Manifest Anxiety Scale. – J. Child Development, 1956, Vol. 16, pp. 317–326.

70. Cattell R. Anxiety and motivation: theory and critical experiments – In: Anxiety and behavior / Ed. Ch. Spielberger. New York – London, 1966, p.23.

71. Cattell R. Psychological definition and measurement of anxiety. – J. Neuropsychiat, 1964, vol.5, p.396.

72. Cattell R., Scheier I. The meaning and measurement of neuroticism and anxiety, New York: The Roland Press Company, 1961, p.2.

73. Clark D., Beck A. Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression. -In: P Kendall and D. Watson (Eds), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features. – San Diego, 1989, pp. 379–411.

74. Clark L. The anxiety and depressive disorders: Descriptive psychopathology and differential diagnosis. – In: P Kendall and D. Watson (Eds), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features. – San Diego, 1989, pp. 83-130.

75. Cloninger C. Anxiety and theories of emotions. – In: Handbook of Anxiety, Vol. 2, K. Noyes, M. Roth, G. Burrows (Eds), pp. 1-29, Amsterdam, 1988.

76. Costello A., Edelbrock C., Dulcan M., Kalas R., Klaric S. Report on the NIMN Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DIS-C). Washington, National Institute for Mental Health, 1984.

77. Costello E., Angold A. – J. Amer. Acad. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1988, Vol. 27, pp. 726–737.

78. Crosby J. Theories of Anxiety: a theoretical perspective – Am.J. Psychoanal., 1976, vol. 36, p.237.

79. Crowe R. The genetics of panic disorder and agoraphobia. – J. Psychiatric Developments, 1985, Vol. 2, pp. 171–186.

80. Dabrowski K. Spoleczno-wichowawcza psychiatrie dziecieca. Wyd. 2, Warczawa, PZWS, 1964.

81. De Ruiter, Rijken H., Garssen e.a. Comorbidity among the anxiety disorders. – J. of Anxiety Disorders, 1989, Vol. 3, pp. 57–68.

82. Dollard J., Miller N. Personality and psychotherapy. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1950.

83. Dowrick P. Self Modeling: A Videotape Training Technique for disturbed Children. University of Auckland, 1976.

84. Dowrick P. Suggestions for the use of edited video replay in training behavioral skills. – J. Practical Approaches to Dev. Handicap., 1978, Vol. 2, pp. 21–24.

85. Dowrick P., Raeburn J. Video editing and medication to produce a therapeutic self model. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977, Vol. 45, pp. 1156–1158.

86. Durand-Dassier J. Structure et psychilogie de relation. Paris, L’Epi, 1969.

87. Dweck C., Worthman C. Learned helplessness, anxiety and achievement. – In: H.Krone, L.Laux (Eds) Achievement, stress and anxiety. New York, 1982, pp. 93-125.

88. Endler N., Hunt J., Rosenstein A. An S-R inventory of anxiousness. – J. Psychol. Monogr., 1974, Vol. 76, pp. 145–162.

89. Epstein S. The nature of anxiety with emphasis upon its relationship to expectancy – In: Anxiety, current trends in thory and research, vol. 2 / Ed. Ch. Spielberger. New York – London, 1972, p.291.

90. Epstein S. Toward a unified theory of anxiety – In: Progress in Experimental Personality Research / Ed. B.Macher. – New York, 1967, pp. 1-87.

91. Evers W., Schwazz J. Modifying Social withdrawal in preschoolers: The effects of filmed modeling and teacher praise. – J. Abnorm. Child Psychology, 1973, Vol. 1, pp. 248–256.

92. Eysenck H. The Structure of Human Personality. London, 1953, 348 p.

93. Eysenk H. A genetic model of anxiety – In: Stress and Anxiety, Vol. 2 / Eds. Z.Sarason, Ch.Spielberger – Washington, 1975, pp. 81-116.

94. Eysenk H. The biological basis of personality. Thomas Springfield, 1967.

95. Eysenk M. Cognitive factors in clinical anxiety: Potential relevance to therapy – In: New Concepts in Anxiety / Eds. M.Briley, S.File – CRH Press, 1991, pp. 418–433.

96. Eysenk S. Anxiety and the natural history of neurosis. – In: Stress and anxiety. Vol.1 / Eds. Ch. Spielberger, J. Sarason. New York, 1975, p.51.

97. Ferenczi S. Confusion to tongues between the adult and the child. – Int. J. Psychoanal., 1949, Vol. 30, pp. 225–241.

98. Flavell J. The Developmental Psychology of Jean Piaget, Van Nostrand, New Jersey, 1963, c.132–285.

99. Flescher J. A dualistic viewpoint on anxiety. – J. Amer. Psychoanal. Ass., vol.3, p.415, 1955.

100. Francis G. The role of anxiety and depression in socially withdrawn children. – Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 1986.

101. Francis G., Last C., Strauss C. Avoident disorders and social phobia in children and adolescence. – J. Amer. Acad. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1992, Vol. 31, pp. 1086–1089.

102. Freud S. Hemmung, Symptom und Angst, 1926.

103. Freud S. Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety. Hogarth Press, 1926.

104. Freud S. The Problem of Anxiety. Norton, N-Y, 1936.

105. Freud S., Breur J. Ober Die Berechting von der Neuasthenia einen bestimmten Symptomen Komplex als “Angstneurose” abzutvennen // G.W.Bd 1, 1895, S.315.

106. Fuster J. The Prefrontal Cortex.– New York, Raven Press, 1989.

107. Fyer A., Mannuzza S., Chapman T. e.a. Specificity in familial aggregation of phobic disorders. – J. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1995. Vol. 52, pp. 564–573.

108. Garre W. Basic Anxiety. N-Y: Philosophical Library, 1962.

109. Gelfand D. Social withdrawal and negative emotional states: Behavior therapy. – In: B. Wolman, J. Egan and A. Ross (Eds), Handbook of Treatment of Mental Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New York, 1978, pp. 330–353.

110. Geller S. Praca psychoterapeutyczne z rodzina. – Psychologia Wychwawcza, 1973, nr.1.

111. Gellhorn E. The neurophysiological basis of anxiety: A hypothesis. – J. Perspect. Biol. Med., 1965, vol. 8, pp.488–515.

112. Gittelman-Klein R., Klein D. School phobia: Diagnostic considerations in the imipramine effects. – J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1973, Vol. 156, pp. 199–215.

113. Glennon B., Weisz J. An observational approach to the assessment of anxiety in young children. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, Vol. 46, pp. 1246–1257.

114. Goldstein K. Anxiety and Therapy. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1957.

115. Goldstein K. The Organism: A Holistic approach to Biology. New York: American Book Co., 1939.

116. Goldstein K. The Structure of Anxiety. Amer. J. Psychother. Vol. 8, 1954, p.745.

117. Graig K., Dobson K. Anxiety and depression in adults and children. – Int. Educational and Professional Publisher, 1995.

118. Gray J. Anxiety and personality – In: Handbook of Anxiety, Vol. 1 / Eds. M. Roth, R. Noyes, G. Burrows – New York, 1988, pp.231–257.

119. Gray J. Psychology of Fear and Stress, 2 Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.

120. Gray J. The neuropsychology of anxiety – Br. J. Psychol., 1978, Vol. 69, p.417.

121. Graziano A., De Giovanni I. The clinical significance of childhood phobias: A note on the proportion of children’s fears. – J. Behav. Res. Ther., 1979, Vol. 17, pp. 161–162.

122. Graziano A., De Giovanni I., Garcia K. Behavioral treatment of children’s fears. – A review. Psychol. Bull., 1979, Vol. 86, pp. 804–830.

123. Grinker R. A Theoretical and Experimental Approach to Problems of Anxiety. In Progress in Psychotherapy. Vol. II, 1957.

124. Grinker R. Psychosomatic approach to anxiety – Amer. J. Psychiat., 1956, vol. 113, p. 443.

125. Grinker R. Psychosomatic research. New York: Norton, 1953.

126. Grinker R., Robbins F. Psychosomatic Case Book – N-Y: McGraw-Hill, 1954.

127. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states of rating. – Brit. J. med. Psychol., 1959, vol.32, p.50.

128. Herjianic B., Reich W. Development of a structured psychiatric interview: Agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms. – J. Abnorm. Child Psychology, 1982, Vol. 10, pp. 307–324.

129. Hersen M. The behavioral treatment of school phobia – J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1971, Vol. 153, pp. 99-107.

130. Hochmann G. Some effects of spinal cord lesions on experienced emotional feelings – J. Psychophysiology, 1966, vol. 3, pp. 143–156.

131. Hodges K. The Child Assessment Schedule. Duke University, 1982.

132. Hodges K., McKnew D., Cytryn L., Stern L., Kline J. The Child Assessment Schedule (CAS) Diagnostic Interview: A report on reliability and validity. – J. American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 1982, Vol. 21, pp. 468–473.

133. Hoehn – Saric R. Characteristics of chronic patients – In: Anxiety. New Research and Changing Concepts / Eds. D.Klein, J.Rabkin – New York, 1981, pp.39409.

134. Hoehn-Saric R. Anxiety: Normal and abnormal. J. Psychiat. Ann., 1979, vol. 9, pp.11–24.

135. Hoehn-Saric R., McLeod D. Somatic manifestations of normal and pathological anxiety. – In: Biology of anxiety Disorders / Eds. R. Hoehn-Saric and D. McLeod – Washington, 1993, pp. 177–222.

136. Hoehn-Saric R., McLeod D. The peripheral sympathetic nervous system: Its role in normal and pathologic anxiety. – J. Psychiat. Clin. N. Am., 1988, vol. 11, pp. 375–386.

137. Horney K. New Ways in Psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1939.

138. Horney K. Our inner conflicts. New York, 1945.

139. Hubert W., de Jong-Meyer R. Saliva cortisol responses to unpleasant film stimuli differ between high and low trait anxious subjects – J. Neuropsychobiology, 1992, vol.25, pp. 115–120.

140. Hull C. Principles of behavior. An introduction of behavior theory. New York, 1943.

141. Ingram R., Kendall P. The cognitive side of anxiety – J. Cognitive ther. Res., 1987, vol. 11, pp. 523–536.

142. Izard C., Tomkins S. Affects and behavior: anxiety as a negative affect. – In: Anxiety and Behavior / Ed. Ch. Spielberger. New York – London: Acad. Press, 1966, p.81.

143. James W. Psychology (Briefer Course). Collier – McMillan, Canada, 1962.

144. Janet P. L’Automatisme psychologique. Paris, Felux Alcan, 1910.

145. Jones E. Fear, guilt and hate. Int. J. Psychoanal., 1929, vol.10, p.383.

146. Jung C. Psychologische Types. Zurich-Stuttgart. Rascer, 1960.

147. Kardiner A., Karush A. and Ovesey L. The structural hypothesis, the problem of anxiety and post-Freudian ego psychology. – J. Ment. Dis., vol. 129, p. 341, 1959.

148. Katz E., Kellerman J., Siegel S. Behavioral distress in children with canger undergoing medical procedures: Developmental considerations. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1980, Vol. 48, pp. 356–365.

149. Kaufer F., Karoly P., Newman A. Reduction of children’s fear of the dark by competence related and situational threat-related verbal cues. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, Vol. 43, pp. 251–258.

150. Kein M. A Contribution to the theory of anxiety guilt. – Int. J. Psychoanal., 1948, vol.29, p. 114.

151. Kelman H. A unitary theory of anxiety. – Amer. J. Psychoanal., 1957, vol. 17, p.2.

152. Kendall P. Introduction to special section: Comorbidity and treatment implications. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1992, Vol. 60, pp. 833–835.

153. Kendall P., Cantwell D., Kazdin A. Depression in children and adolescents: Assessment issues and recommendations. – J. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1989, Vol. 13, pp. 109–146.

154. Kendall P., Watson D. (Eds) Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features. New York, 1990.

155. Kendler K. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in a volunteer twin population – J. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1986, Vol.43, pp.213–221.

156. Kendler K., Neale M., Kessler e.a. The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women: The interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia and simple phobia. – J. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1992. Vol. 49, pp. 273–281.

157. Kendler K., Neale M., Kessler R., Heath A., Eaves L. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorders: Some genes, (partly) different environment? – J. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1992, Vol. 49, pp. 716–722.

158. Kennedy W. School phobia: Rapid treatment of fifty cases. – J. Abnorm. Psychol., 1965, Vol. 70, pp. 285–289.

159. Klaus M. Human behavior following delivery: Is this species specific? In: M.Hofer and R. Porter (Eds), The Parent – Infant Interaction, Amsterdam, 1975.

160. Klein M. A contribution to the theory of anxiety and guilt.-J. Psychoanal., 1948, Vol. 29, pp. 114–148.

161. Klein M. The Psychoanalysis of Children. Hogarth Press, London, 1948.

162. Klerman G. Approaches to the phenomena of comorbidity. – In: J.Maser, C. Cloninger (Eds). Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Washington, 1990.

163. Knott J., Irvin D. Anxiety, stress and the contingent negative variation – J. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1973, vol. 29, p.538.

164. Kovac M., Gatsonis C., Paulauskas S., Richards C. Depressive disorders in childhood. – J. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1989, Vol. 46, pp. 776–782.

165. Kovacs M. Interview Schedule for Children. University of Pittsburg, 1978.

166. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie. Johann A. Barth, Leipzig, 1915.

167. Kubie C. The ontogeny of anxiety – J. Psychoanal. Rev., vol. 28, 1941, p.78.

168. Lang P., Bradley M., Cuthbert B. Emotions, attention and the start reflex. – J. Psychol. Rev., 1990, vol. 97, pp. 377–395.

169. Lang P., Lazovik A. Experimental desensitization of a phobia. – J. Abnorm. and Social Psychology, 1963, Vol. 66, pp. 519–525.

170. Last C., Perrin S., Hersen M., Kardin A. DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. – J. Amer. Acad. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992, Vol. 31, pp. 1070–1076.

171. Last C., Strauss C., Francis G. Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. – J. Nervous and Mental Disorders, 1987, Vol. 175, pp. 726–730.

172. Lazarus R., Averill J. Emotion and Cognition: with special reference to anxiety – In: Anxiety. Current trends in theory and research. Vol.2/ Ed. Ch.Spielberger – New York – London, 1972, p.343.

173. Lecture 25: Anxiety. In the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition, edited by J. Strackey: Hogarth Press, vol.16, 1963.

174. Lesch K. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene region. – J. Science, 1996, Vol. 274, pp. 1527–1531.

175. Levitt E. Psychotherapy with children: A further evaluation. – J. Behav. Res. Therapy, 1963, Vol. 1, pp. 45–51.

176. Levitt E. Research on psychotherapy with children. – In: Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. A.Bergin and S.Garfield (Eds). New York, 1971, pp. 474–494.

177. Levitt E. The psychology of anxiety. N.-Y. Horton, 1971, p.35.

178. Lewis M. and Brooks J. Self-knowledge and emotional development. In: M. Lewis and L. Rosenbleum (Eds), The Development of Affect. Plenum Press, New York, 1978.

179. Lewiski A. Procesy poznawcze i orientacja w otoczeniu. Warszawa, PWN, 1960.

180. Liddell H.S. Emotional Research in Animals and Man. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas,1956.

181. Lingren J. Educational Psychology in classroom. New York., 1956.

182. Livingston R., Nugent H., Rader L., Smith. Family histories of depressed and severely anxious children. – American J. Psychiatry, 1985, Vol. 142, pp. 1497–1499.

183. Lutz J. Psychiatrie infantile. Neuchatel, Delechaux et Niestle, 1968.

184. Magee W., Eaton W., Wittchen H. e.a. Agoraphobia, simple phobia and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. – J. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1996, Vol. 53, pp. 159–168.

185. Malmo R. Anxiety and behavioral arousal. – J. Psychol. Rev., 1957, vol. 64, pp.276–287.

186. Mandler G., Watson D. Anxiety and the interruption of behavior. – In Anxiety and Behavior / Ed. Ch. Spielberger. New York – London, 1966, p.263.

187. Marks I. Fears, Phobias and Rituals. New York, Oxford University press, 1987.

188. Martens R. Sport Competition Test. Illinois, Human Kineties Publishers, 1977, 150 p.

189. Maser J., Cloninger C. Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. – Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1990.

190. Mathews A., May J., Mogg K. Attentional bias in anxiety: Selective search or defective filtering – J. Abn. Psychol., 1990, vol. 99, pp. 166–173.

191. May R. Existential bases of psychotherapy. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat. 30, 1960, p.685.

192. May R. The meaning of anxiety. – New York, 1979, pp.179–205.

193. McCall R. Attention in the infant: Avenue to the study of cognitive development. In: D.Walchar and D. Peters (Eds.). Academic Press, New York – London, 1971.

194. McCallum W. Behavioral and clinical correlates of brain slow potential changes – Proc. Roy Soc. Med., 1975, vol. 68, p.3.

195. McReynolds P. Assimilation and anxiety. – In: Emotions and anxiety / Eds. M.Zuckerman, Ch.Spielberger. New York, 1976, p.35.

196. Miller L., Barrett C., Hampe E. Phobias of childhood in a prescientific era. – In: A.Davids (Ed.) Child Personality and Psychopathology. John Wiley, New York, 1974.

197. Miller L., Barrett C, Hample E. Factor structure of childhood fears. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972, Vol. 39, pp. 261–268.

198. Miller L., Barrett C, Hample E. Phobias in Childhood in prescientific era. – In: A.Davids (Ed.) Child Personality and Psychopathology: Current topics, New York, 1974, Vol. 1, pp. 89-134.

199. Miller N. The role of learning in physiological response to stress. – In: Psychopathology of human adaptation. Proc. 3rd. Int. Symp. Sci.Found. New York, 1975, p.25.

200. Mowrer O. A stimulus – response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent – J. Psychol. Rev., 1939, pp.553–565.

201. Mowrer O. Anxiety reduction and learning. – J. Exp. Psychol., 1940, Vol.27, pp. 497–516.

202. Mowrer O. Learning Theory and Behavior. J. Wiley, New York, 1960.

203. Mowrer O. Learning theory and personality dynamics. New York: Ronald, 1950.

204. Mowrer O. Quoted by May Rolls, The Meaning of Anxiety. New York: Roland Press, 1950.

205. Murray H.A. Explorations in Personality. New York, Oxford University Press, 1938.

206. Noyes R., Hoehn-Saric R. The anxiety Disorders. – Cambridge University Press, 1998.

207. O’Conners C. A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children. – Am. Psychiatry, 1969, Vol. 126, pp. 152–156.

208. Ollendick T. Anxiety – based disorders. – In: M. Hersen (Ed.) Outpatient behavior therapy: A clinical guide. New York, 1983, pp. 273–305.

209. Ollendick T., Francis G. Behavioral assessment and treatment of childhood phobias. – J. Behavior Modification, 1988, Vol. 12, pp. 165–204.

210. Ollendick T., Mayer J. School phobia. – In: S. Turner (Ed.) Behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders. New York, 1984, pp. 367–411.

211. Ostow M. The Biological Basis of Human Behavior – In American Handbook of Psychiatry, vol.1, 1959.

212. Paper J. A proposed mechanism of emotion. J.Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1937, Vol.38, pp.725–743.

213. Pearson G. Emotional disorders of children. New York, Norton, 1969.

214. Piaget J. Les relations entre l’affectivite’ et l’intelligence dans le developpement mental de l’enfant, Paris, 1954.

215. Puig-Antich J., Rabinovich H. Relationship between affective and anxiety disorders in childhood. – In: R. Gittelman (ed.). Anxiety disorders of childhood. New York, 1986, pp. 136–156.

216. Quay H. Classification. – In: H. Quay and J. Werry (Eds). Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood, 2 nd. Edn. J. Wiley, New York, 1979.

217. Quay H., Peterson D. Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist, 1983.

218. Rachman S. Fear and Courage. W. Freeman, San Francisco, 1978.

219. Rank O. The trauma of Birth. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929.

220. Rank O. Will Therapy. New York: Knopf, 1936.

221. Rassekh-ArdJomand M. L’enfant probleme et sa reeducation. Neuchatel, Delechaux et Niestle, 1962.

222. Reingold J. The Mother, Anxiety and Death – London, 1961, 271 pp.

223. Reykowski J. O rozwoju osobowosci. – Psychologia Wychwawcza, 1976, nr.3.

224. Reynolds C., Paget K. Factor analysis of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale for blacks, whites, males and females with a national normative sample. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1981, Vol. 49, pp. 352–359.

225. Reynolds C., Paget K. National normative and reliability data for the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. – J. School Psychology Review, 1983 Vol. 12, pp. 324–336.

226. Reynolds C., Richmond B. What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. – J. Abnorm. Child Psychology, 1978, Vol. 6, pp. 271–280.

227. Ribble M. A Theoretical and Experimental Approach to Problem of Anxiety. In Progress in Psychotherapy – N-Y, 1957.

228. Ross A. Psychological Disorders of Children. A Behavioral Approach to Theory, Research and Therapy. McGraw Hill Kogalusha, Ltd, London, 1974.

229. Ross F., Nelson R. Behavior therapy. – In: Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood. H.Quay, J.Werry (Eds), 2 nd Edn., New York, 1979.

230. Ruebush B. Anxiety. In: Child psychology. / Ed. H. Stewenson – Chicago, 1963.

231. Rutter M. Maternal Deprivation Reassessed. – Penguin, New York, 1972.

232. Rutter M. Separation, loss and family relationships. – In: M.Rutter and L.Hersov (Eds). Child Psychiatry – Modern Approaches. – Blackwell, Oxford, 1976.

233. Ryall M., Deitiker K. Reliability and clinical validity of the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule. – J. Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1979, Vol. 10, pp. 303–309.

234. Rycroft C. Anxiety and Neurosis – Penguin Press, 1968.

235. Rycroft Ch. Anxiety and Neurosis. – Pelican Press, London, 1978, 160 p.

236. Sabrin T. Anxiety Reification of a metaphor – J. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1957, vol. 10, p.630.

237. Sabrin T. Clinical inference and cognitive theory. N-Y, 1961.

238. Sarason J. Experimental approaches to test anxiety: attention and the uses of information – In: Anxiety, Current trends in theory and research. Vol.2 / Ed. Ch. Spielberger. New York – London, 1972.

239. Sarbin T.R. Anxiety: Reification of a metaphor. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1964, V.10.,p.630.

240. Schachter S., Singer J. Cognitive, social and psychological determinants of emotional state. – J. Psychol. Rev., 1962, vol. 69, pp. 379–399.

241. Schaffer H. Cognitive structure and early social behavior. In: H. Schaffer (Ed.), The Origins of Human Social Relations. Academic Press. London, 1971.

242. Scherer M., Nakamura C. A Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-FC): A factor-analytic comparison with manifest anxiety (CMAS). – J. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1968, Vol. 6, pp. 173–182.

243. Shedletsky R., Endler N. Anxiety: the state-trait model and the interaction model – J.Personal., 1974, Vol.42, p.511.

244. Silverman W., Eisen A. Age differences in the reliability of parent and child reports of child-anxious symptomatology using a structured interview. – J. Amer. Acad. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1992, Vol. 31, pp. 117–124.

245. Silverman W., Nelles W. A new semi-structured interview to assess childhood anxiety disorders. – J. Amer. Acad. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1988, Vol. 27, pp. 772–778.

246. Silverman W., Nelles W. Simple phobia in childhood. – In: Handbook of Child and Adult Psychopathology. M.Hersen, C.Last (Eds). Pergamon Press, New York, 1990, pp. 183–195.

247. Slater E., Shields J. Genetic aspects of anxiety. – In: M.Lader (Ed.), Studies of anxiety. Ashford, 1969.

248. Smith S. School refusal with anxiety: A review of sixty-three cases. – J. Can. Psychiatr. Assoc., 1970, Vol. 15, pp. 257–264.

249. Sperling M. The role of mother in psychosomatic disorders. – J. Psychosom. Med., 1949, Vol. 11, pp. 377–391.

250. Spielberger Ch. Theory and research on anxiety. – In Anxiety and Behavior / Ed. Ch. Spielberger. New York – London, 1966, p.3.

251. Spitz R. The first day of life. New York: International Universities Press. 1965.

252. Spitz R. The First Year of Life. International Universities Press. New York, 1965.

253. Sroufe L., Rutter M. The domain of developmental psychopathology. – J. Child Development, 1984, Vol. 55, pp. 17–29.

254. Stern M. Anxiety, trauma and shock. – Psychoanal. Quart. Psychiat., 1956, vol.113, p.443.

255. Strauss C., Last C., Hersen M., Kardin A. Association between anxiety and depression in children and adolescent with anxiety disorders. – J. of Abnorm. Child Psychol., 1988, Vol. 16, pp. 57–68.

256. Suinn R., Richardson F. Anxiety management training: A non-specific behavior therapy program for anxiety control. – J. Behavior Therapy, 1971, Vol. 2, pp. 498–512.

257. Sullivan H. Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry. New York, Norton, 1953.

258. Sullivan H. Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry. New York: Norton, 1953.

259. Sullivan H. The meaning of anxiety in psychiatry and in life – J. Psychiatry, 1948, vol.11, p.1.

260. Szasz T. Language and Pain – American Handbook of Psychiatry, vol. 1, 1959.

261. Taylor J. A personality scale of manifest anxiety. J. of Abnor. and Soc. Psych., 1953, Vol. 48, p. 255–298.

262. Taylor J. Drive Theory and Heavitest Anxiety. – J. Psychol. Bull, 1956, № 53.

263. Taylor J. The relationship of anxiety to the conditioned eyelid response. – J. Experimental Psychology, 1951,Vol. 42, pp. 183–188.

264. Torgerson S. Comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders in twin pairs. – American J. Psychiatry, 1990, Vol. 147, pp. 1199–1202.

265. Turner S., Beidel D., Costello A. Psychopathology in the offspring of anxiety disorder patients. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1987, Vol. 55, pp. 229–235.

266. Ursin H., Baade E., Levine S. Psychobiology of Stress: A Study of Coping Men. Academic Press, New York, 1978.

267. Walder H. Psychotherapic speciale. – ‘Neuchatel’, 1968.

268. Walder H. Psychotherapie speciale. W. Psychiatrie infantile. – J. Lutz (Ed.), Neuchatel, 1968.

269. Watson D., Clark L. Affects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangement of the negative affects. – J. Personality and Social Psychology, 1992, Vol.62, pp. 489–505.

270. Watson D., Clark L. Negative affectivity: The disposition of experience aversive of the negative affects. – J. Psychological Bulletin, 1984, Vol. 96, pp. 455–490.

271. Weinberger D. et al. Low-anxious, high-anxious and repressive coping styles – J. Abn. Psychol., Vol. 88, 1979, pp. 364–380.

272. Weismann M., Leckman J., Merikangas K., Gammon G., Prusoff B. Depression and anxiety disorders in parents and children. – J. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1985, Vol. 41, pp. 845–852.

273. Wernicke K. Grundriss der Psychiatrie, Lpz., 1906.

274. Werry J. Measures in pediatric psychopharmacology. – In: Pediatric Psychopharmacology. J.Werry (Ed.). New York, 1978.

275. Werry J., Aman M. Anxiety in children. – In: B.Davies (Ed.) Handbook of Studies on Anxiety. North-Holland Biomedical Press, 1980, pp. 165–192.

276. Windhewser H. Anxious mothers as models for coping with anxiety. – J. Behav. Anal. Modif., 1977, Vol. 2, pp. 39–58.

277. Wolpe J, Lang P. A fear survey schedule for use in behavior therapy. – J. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1964, Vol. 2, pp. 27–30.

278. Wolpe J. The conditioning and deconditioning of neurotic anxiety – In: Anxiety and behavior / Ed. Ch. Spielberger. New York, 1966, p.179.

279. Yehuda R., Southwrick S., Nussbaum G. Low urinary cortisol excretion in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder – J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1990, vol. 178, pp. 366–369.

280. Zatz S., Chassin L. Cognition’s of test-anxious children under naturalistic test-taking conditions. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1985, Vol. 53, pp. 393–401.

281. Zatz S., Chassin L. Cognition’s of test-anxious children. – J. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1983, Vol. 51, pp. 526–534.

282. Zetzel E. The concept of anxiety in relation to development of psychoanalysis – J. Amer. Psychoanal. Ass., vol. 3, 1955, p.369.

283. Zuckerman M. General and situation specific-specific traits and states: new approaches to assessment of anxiety and other constructs – In: Emotions and anxiety / Eds. M.Zuckerman, Ch. Spielberger: J. Wiley and sons. 1976, p.133.

 

[1]DSM – Диагностическое и статистическое руководство по психическим заболеваниям (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) Американской Ассоциации Психиатров (APA).DSM – III – R (1987); DSM – IV (1994); ICD – 10-я версия Международной Классификации болезней.

 

[2]Сопутствующий патологический процесс (термин обычно используется в эпидемиологии для обозначения одновременного существования двух и более нарушений).

 

[3]Тестовая тревожность – тревога, которую испытывают дети в ситуации оценки их возможностей, результатов деятельности и т. д.

 

[4]Carter F. Anxiety in childhood and adolescence: encouraging self-help through relaxation training. New York, 1988.

 

[5]Дополнительную информацию по указанному вопросу, включая описание практических случаев и руководство по обучению навыкам контроля можно найти в издании: Suinn R. Anxiety management training (AMT): A behavior the rapy. New York, Plenum, 1990.