Translate the sentences below. Pay attention to the Complex Subject.

 

1. Alpha particles were found to penetrate deeply within an atom without undergoing any appreciable deflection.

2. There has been found to be spectra of higher orders corresponding to particles which lost more than one electron.

3. The spin vector of the proton and the neutron has been stated to have two directions usually referred to as "up"' and "down".

4. The neutrinos can interact only by the weak force and as a result they scarcely interact with matter at all.

5. For some time light has been considered to consist of a stream of particles emitted radially from light sources such as the sun or a candle.

6. Oscillations in a closed system consisting of a homogenous mixture, however, were thought to be impossible because they would violate a basic law of physics and chemistry.

7. These ions are presumed to be sited so that they form a geometrically perfect lattice which repeats itself with no faults throughout the crystal.

8. The sharpness of spectral lines emitted or absorbed by atoms is taken to be an immediate verification of Bohr's postulate.

9. In high performance tubes voltage adjustments have been accepted to compensate for the effect of the relative inaccuracies in the geometry of the electrodes.

10. Because of the tendency to contract (сжиматься) the interior of a liquid is subject to an enormous pressure, which for water has been estimated to be roughly 10,000 atm.

11. The electrical conductivity of beryllium was anticipated to be not so great as was formerly assumed.

12. Upon thorough examination the departure of the experimental curve from the predicted one seems to be negligible.

13. Along with a list of attractive characteristics of reactors there seem to be dangerous points.

14. The interpretation of small-angle scattering appears to be a straightforward procedure, if the structure can be assumed to be spherical.

15. If a wave from some point source P strikes a flat surface and is reflected from it, the reflected wave will appear to come from point D behind the surface.

 

Translate the sentences below. Mind the form of the Infinitive.

 

Example:

1. We know the research to be completed successfully.

Мы знаем, что исследование будет закончено.

We know the research to have been completed successfully.

Мы знаем, что исследование было закончено.

 

2. The research is known to be completed successfully.

Известно, что исследование будет закончено.

The research is known to have been completed...

Известно, что исследование было закончено...

 

1. This scientist could show the penetration depth to be essentially the same regardless of the strength of the magnetic field.

2. Scientists suppose magnets and their properties of attraction to have been known for nearly 5.000 years.

3. The discovery of new superconducting elements and compounds has proved to be harder than was anticipated.

4. The effect of weightlessness appears to have given cosmonauts little discomfort, if any.

5. In addition to the above mentioned properties X-rays were found to produce ionization in gases.

6. He proved this process to have hindered the reaction.

7. In designing the machine they were reported to have been guided mostly by the consideration of safety and reliability.

8. The gauge is sure to have recorded all the changes accurately.

9. We have been able to explain all the experimental facts and found them to be consistent with the assumptions.

10. We expect a computer to have operated for at least several hours without fault.

11. The concept of spin is known to have been introduced into the physics of elementary particles in 1925 by Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck.

12. The proton and the neutron have been found to have the same spin as the electron.

13. The absorption and reflection of the optical elements which seem to have been caused by higher losses are among the disadvantages.

14. In its younger days, however, the moon is likely to have had appreciable atmosphere but we have no justification to assume that this atmosphere was similar in composition to ours.

 

Work in pairs. Complete the table below. Then make up a report about any element from the table.

Element	Atomic number	Atomic weight	Melting point	Boiling point	Specific gravity	Valence	Electronic config.
potassium
vanadium
rubidium
tellurium
lanthanum
lutetium
rhenium
cerium
neodymium
samarium
gadolinium
dysprosium
hafnium
platinum
lead

TEXT 3

You are going to read the text. Look at the figures and say what you think the text below is about. Then read the text and see if your guesses are correct.