Schoolchildren a bad-tempered person or dog the bell on a cat's collar a bored child a fire a church bell

A bicycle chain someone with asthma a steam train

crackles tinkles clanks whistles giggle growls clangs wheezes wriggles

7. Find other examples of words beginning with gr-, cl-, sp- or wh- with the association described opposite.

 

gr-:

cl-:

sp-:

wh-

 

 

Task 13.

Analyse the idioms according to the given example

Phraseological units	E-R Dictionary	Dictionary of English Idioms	Analysis
Follow in someone’s footsteps	Идти по чьим-л стопам, следовать чьему-л примеру, быть последователем кого-л.	To do what another person, esp.one’s relative, is already doing or has already done	1. фраз.ед-во 2. двухвершинное, глагольно-именное 3. глагольный фразеологизм
Fortune favours the brave
A fly in the ointment
Food for thought
Free and easy
A forbidden fruit
Fun and games
In fear and trembling
Fetch and carry
Fight shy of smb (smth)

 

APPENDIX

I. Денотативное и коннотативное значение

Лексическое значение слова состоит из денотативного и коннотативного компонентов. Денотативный компонент (денотативное значение) передает общее логическое понятие, заключенное в слове, а коннотативное значение - его дополнительные оттенки.

Слово	Денотативное значение	Коннотация
notorious celebrated	widely known	for criminal acts or bad traits of character (-) for special achievements(+)
glare glance	look	steadily, lastingly (long) briefly, passingly (short)
father daddy	parent	(neutral) (colloquial)

Как видно из таблицы, в каждой из трех пар общим является логическое значение, связанное с предметом сообщения (денотатом), а дополнительные оттенки (оценки, длительности, стилистической принадлежности) находятся в коннотативном компоненте значения. Типы коннотаций могут быть самыми разнообразными, и исчерпывающего их перечня, естественно, не существует.

 

II. Examples of metonyms

word	original meaning	metonymic use
General
damages	destructive effects	money paid in compensation
word	a unit of language	a promise (to give/keep/break one's word); a conversation (to have a word with)
sweat	perspiration	hard work
tongue	oral muscle	a language or dialect
aggregation, assembly	coming together	result of coming together; those who come together
city hall	a city's chief administrative building	city government or government in general (Common usage in axiom, "You can't fight city hall.")
dish	an item of crockery	a course (in dining)
jigsaw	cutting tool	jigsaw puzzle
militia	military or defense activity	those engaged in or subject to being required to engage in defense activity
service	doing for others	those who serve (especially military)
American
Washington	capital of the United States	the United States federal government
The White House	Official residence of the President of the United States	the President and staff
Wall Street	a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City	the United States financial and banking industry
Broadway	an avenue running the length of Manhattan Island in New York City	Broadway theatre in particular, and American theatre in general
The Pentagon	the office building in Arlington, Virginia that serves as the headquarters of the US Defense Department	the US Defense Department, the US Secretary of Defense and high-ranking military officials based there
Capitol Hill	The neighborhood in which the United States Capitol is located	the United States Congress
Madison Avenue	a street in New York City	the United States advertising industry
Seventh Avenue	a street in New York City	the United States fashion industry
Cupertino	a city in the state of California	Apple Inc., which is headquartered there
Detroit	largest city in the state of Michigan	the United States automobile industry, which is centered in the Detroit area
Houston	largest city in the state of Texas	NASA Mission Control, from the phrase "Houston, we've had a problem"
Cape Canaveral	a geographic feature in the state of Florida near the…	NASA Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
the people	human beings, or a specific group thereof	some state governments in criminal prosecution matters, e.g., "People (of the State of Michigan) versus X", as opposed to "State (of Ohio) versus Y"
British
England	a country within the United Kingdom	the United Kingdom as a whole
The Crown	a monarch's headwear	the British monarchy
The Palace	Buckingham Palace	The monarch's office
New Scotland Yard	a London building, the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police	Metropolitan Police
The City	the City of London	the British financial markets, historically centred in The City
Westminster	the City of Westminster in London	The Parliament of the United Kingdom, or the UK Government, which is located there
Thames House	Headquarters of…	the British Security Services
Whitehall	a street in the City of Westminster, the headquarters of the British Civil Service and various Governmental Departments	the offices of the British government's senior bureaucrats; the British Civil service or a Government Department
Fleet Street	a street in London	the British press, particularly newspapers, or the British newspaper industry
Downing Street or "Number 10"	Official residence of the Prime Minister^[1]	the British Prime Minister and his or her staff
Vauxhall Cross	Headquarters of…	the Secret Intelligence Service (aka MI6)
Canadian
the Crown	The monarch	Usually used in court as the federal or provincial government as in "The crown Versus …"
Ottawa	the capital of Canada	the Canadian federal government
European
Brussels	the capital city of Belgium, also home to most of the…	Institutions of the European Union
the Kremlin	A fortified complex in Moscow	Formerly the Soviet government; used today to a lesser extent for the Russian government
Gulag	chief administration of the Soviet forced labour camps	the prison camps it administered
any country's capital city	the country's capital	that country's government in general, and often, as the whole country itself
Toompea	A limestone hill in Tallinn, Estonia	The Government and Parliament of Estonia

1. Technically, 10 Downing Street is the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, not the Prime Minister. However, the two offices have been held by the same person since the early 20th century.

III. Понятие паронимии

В отличие от синонимии и антонимии паронимия основана на формальном сходстве между словами. Термин «пароним» (из греч. para - «около» и onima - «имя») относится к словам, обладающим близостью как формальной, так и (частично) семантической структуры, и обозначает еще одну универсалию в системе лексических отношений. Так, паронимы многих языков обладают сходством (близостью) звучания, но в английском языке возможны также и «глазные» паронимы, близость между которыми проявляется только в письменной, воспринимаемой зрительно форме (adage/adagio). Паронимы могут частично совпадать по морфологическому составу, нередко обладая этимологическим родством (рус. одеть/ надеть; англ. conservatory/conservatoir).

Паронимия и парономазия. Способность паронимов к смешению в речи привела к тому, что под термином «паронимия» нередко объединяются два понятия - собственно паронимия, т. е. вид языковых системных отношений между лексическими единицами, и парономазия (или парономасия) - стилистический прием, состоящий в нарочитом сближении слов, имеющих сходство в звучании. Эти слова не обязательно должны быть паронимами, часто для целей автора бывает достаточно случайного звукового совпадения. Использование парономазии позволяет усилить выразительность текста; особенно часто этот прием встречается в поэзии.

Commonly Confused Words

accept, except, and expect

adapt and adopt

adverse and averse

advice and advise

affect and effect

aggravate and irritate

all ready and already

all together and altogether

allude and elude

allusion and illusion

allusive and elusive

a lot (much, many)

altar and alter

ambiguous and ambivalent

amoral and immoral

amount and number

amuse and bemuse

anxious and eager

anyone and any one

appraise and apprise

are and our

assure, ensure, and insure

 

baited and bated

beside and besides

breath and breathe

 

capital and capitol

censor and censure

choose, chose, and chosen

chord and cord

cite and site

click and clique

climactic and climatic

clothes and cloths

collaborate and cooperate

complement and compliment

conscience and conscious

continual and continuous

council and counsel

 

days and daze

dazed and dazzled

defective and deficient

deprecate and depreciate

desert and dessert

device and devise

discreet and discrete

disinterested and uninterested

distinct and distinctive

dual and duel

 

economic and economical

eminent and imminent

envelop and envelope

epigram, epigraph, and epitaph

eventually and ultimately

every day and everyday

explicit and implicit

 

farther and further

few (fewer) and little (less)

flaunt and flout

flounder and founder

foreword and forward

formally and formerly

fortunate and fortuitous

full and fulsome

 

gourmand and gourmet

grisly and grizzly

hanged and hung

hardy and hearty

historic and historical

hoard and horde

home and hone

hoping and hopping

 

imply and infer

in and into

incredible and incredulous

ingenious and ingenuous

intense and intent

its and it's

 

last and latter

later and latter

lay and lie

lead and led

leave and let

lend and loan

lessen and lesson

liable and libel

lightening and lightning

literally and figuratively

loath and loathe

loose and lose

 

many and much

marital and martial

maybe and may be

media and medium

militate and mitigate

miner and minor

moot and mute

noisome and noisy

 

official and officious

obsolescent and obsolete

 

pair, pare, and pear

passed and past

peace and piece

perquisite and prerequisite

persecute and prosecute

personal and personnel

perspective and prospective

perverse and perverted

pore and pour

precede and proceed

premier and premiere

prescribe and proscribe

principal and principle

 

quell and quench

quiet, quit, and quite

quotation and quote

 

rack and wrack

rain, reign, and rein

raise and rise

rational and rationale

ravage and ravish

recourse and resource

regretful and regrettable

respectively and respectfully

review and revue

riffle and rifle

role and roll

stationary and stationery

statue and statute

sensual and sensuous

serve and service

set and sit

shall and will

shear and sheer

should and would

simple and simplistic

sometime, some time, and sometimes

 

tail and tale

temerity and timidity

than and then

their, there, and they're

to and too

troop and troupe

 

vain, vane, and vein

vary and very

veracious and voracious

 

waist and waste

were, we're, and where

which and who

who and whom

whoever and whomever

whose and who's

 

young and youthful

your and you're

IV. Homophone List

affect - effect aisle - isle allowed - aloud ate - eight ball - bawl bear- bare base - bass billed- build blew - blue board - bored break - brake buy - by - bye capital– capitol cell – sell cent - scent - sent chance - chants chews - choose close - clothes coarse - course creak – creek days – daze dear – deer dew - do- due facts - fax fair - fare fairy - ferry find - fined flour - flower for - four foreword – forward gene - jean grease - Greece groan - grown hair - hare hay - hey heal - heel hear - here hi - high hoarse - horse hole - whole hour - our knight - night knot - naught - not know - no

leased - least loan - lone made - maid mail - male marry - merry meat - meet mince - mints missed - mist morning - mourning none - nun one - won pail - pale pear - pair patience - patients piece - peace plain - plane practice - practise   rain - reign read - red right - write road - rode rose - rows sail - sale scene – seen sea - see sew - so sole - soul son - sun stair - stare steal - steel suite - sweet   their - there threw - through to - too - two   vary - very waist - waste wait - weight war - wore where – wear weak - week weather - whether which - witch wood - would

 

 

V. Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a negative or an opposite meaning, e.g. comfortable/uncomfortable, convenient/inconvenient and similar/dissimilar are opposites. Other examples are 'unjust', 'inedible', 'disloyal'. Unfortunately, there is no easy way of knowing which prefix any adjective will use to form its opposite.

• in- becomes im- before a root beginning with 'm' or 'p', e.g. immature, impatient, impartial, improbable. Similarly in- becomes ir- before a word beginning with -r, and il - before a word beginning with '1', e.g. irreplaceable, irreversible, illegal, illegible, illiterate.

• The prefix in- (and its variations) does not always have a negative meaning - often it gives the idea of inside or into, e.g. internal, import, insert, income.

The prefixes un- and dis- can also form the opposites of verbs, e.g. tie/untie, appear/disappear. These prefixes are used to reverse the action of the verb. Here are some more examples: disagree, disapprove, disbelieve, disconnect, discredit, dislike, dismount, disprove, disqualify, unbend, undo, undress, unfold, unload, unlock, unveil, unwrap, unzip.

Here are examples of prefixes in English. Some of these words are used with a hyphen.