Duz ne1know how 2 make carrot cake?

Thx 4 ur msg. how r u?

im fine. c u @ work

Gtg

Brb

J4f

I k%d meet u @ 7

ILU

Ttyl

C u l8er

CSL

u r gr8!

u r 2 cute 2 be 4gotten!

GF

BB

 

Task 11.

Words from other languages

English has borrowed words from most of the other languages with which it has had contact. It has taken many expressions from the ancient languages, Latin and Greek, and these borrowings often have academic or literary associations. From French, English has taken lots of words to do with cooking, the arts, and a more sophisticated lifestyle in general. From Italian come words connected with music and the plastic arts. German expressions in English have been coined either by tourists bringing back words for new things they saw or by philosophers or historians describing German concepts or experiences. Words borrowed from other languages often relate to things which English speakers experienced from the first time abroad.

There are borrowings from a wide range of languages. For example, from Japanese, tycoon, karate, origami, judo, futon and bonsai. From Arabic, mattress, cipher, alcove, carafe, algebra, harem and yashmak. From Turkish, yoghurt, jackal, kiosk, tulip and caftan; from Farsi, caravan, shawl, bazaar and sherbet, and from Eskimo, kayak, igloo and anorak.

 

 

1. Match the adjectives on the left with the noun they are most likely to be associated with, on the right.

a kindergarten b casino с vendetta d embargo e cuisine fpsychology g yoghurt h coup i tattoo j duvet

1 military

2 strawberry

3 pop

4 Chinese

5 ankle

6 total

7 long-standing

8 noisy

9 double

10 all-night

 

2. What verbs collocate, in other words, are frequently used with the following nouns?

example study algebra

karate futon guerrilla coup siesta

kayak embargo cul-de-sac confetti cruise seminar sauna

3. Give three nouns likely to follow macho and avant-garde.

4. Find the odd one out. Explain why it's different.

Example: embargo yacht ski snorkel

- the others relate to sport while embargo is a political and economic act

1 hippopotamus tycoon jackal lemming

2 ballerina judo soprano waltz

3 fjord patio steppe tundra

4 marmalade dachshund poodle rottweiler

5 bazaar boutique sauna kiosk

 

5. Put the words given below the table into the appropriate category:

 

anorak aubergine caftan coup cuisine gateau ghetto guerilla yashmak yoghurt

Food	Clothes and materials	Society
bistro

 

6. Choose a word that fits in each phrase.

avant-garde chauffeur confetti crèche cruise fiasco karate siesta cul de sac

Example: Einstein's …. theory... of relativity

1 to go on a luxury.......................... …………….

2 to leave the baby in a.................... …………….

3 to have a….................................... after lunch

4 to live in a quiet................. ……………….

5 to take up........................... ………..…

6 to throw..................... ……………..

7 to employ a................ …………..

8 the evening was a…………….
9 ………….…….art.

 

7. Complete the table with synonyms.

 

Native	French	Greek/Latin
to ask		to interrogate
	stomach	abdomen
to gather		to collect
	devoid	vacuous
to end	to finish
	to mount	to ascend
teaching	guidance

 

Task 12.

Onomatopoeic words are those which seem to sound like their meaning. The most obvious examples are verbs relating to the noises which animals make, e.g. cows moo and horses neigh.

A If the vowel sound in an onomatopoeic word is short, it usually signifies a short, sharp sound. If it is long (indicated in the International Phonetic Alphabet by:) then the word usually signifies a longer, slower sound. Compare pip /pip/ which is a short sound with peep /pi:p/ which is a long sound.

B Certain combinations of letters have particular sound associations in English.

gr- at the beginning of a word can suggest something unpleasant or miserable, e.g. groan [make a deep sound forced out by pain or despair], grumble [complain in a bad-tempered way], grumpy [bad-tempered], grunt [make a low, rough sound like pigs do, or people expressing disagreement or boredom], growl [make a deep, threatening sound].

cl- at the beginning of a word can suggest something sharp and/or metallic, e.g. click [make a short sharp sound], clang [make a loud ringing noise], clank [make a dull metallic noise, not as loud as a clang], clash [make a loud, broken, confused noise as when metal objects strike together], clink [make the sound of small bits of metal or glass knocking together]. Horses go clip-clop on the road.

sp- can have an association with water or other liquids or powders, e.g. splash [cause a liquid to fly about in drops], spit [send liquid out from the mouth], splutter [make a series of spitting sounds], spray [send liquid through the air in tiny drops either by the wind or some instrument], sprinkle [scatter small drops], spurt [come out in a sudden burst].

wh - often suggests the movement of air, e.g. whistle [a high-pitched noise made by forcing air or steam through a small opening], whirr [sound like a bird's wings moving rapidly], whizz [make the sound of something rushing through air], wheeze [breathe noisily especially with a whistling sound in the chest], whip [long piece of rope or leather or to hit with one of these].

-ash at the end of a word can suggest something fast and violent, e.g. smash [break violently into small pieces], dash [move or be moved violently], crash [suddenly strike violently and noisily], bash [strike heavily so as to break or injure], mash [make soft or pulpy by beating or crushing], gash [a long deep cut or wound].

-ckle, -ggle, or -zzle can suggest something light and repeated, e.g. trickle [to flow in a thin stream or drops], crackle [make a series of short cracking sounds], tinkle [make a succession of light ringing sounds], giggle [laugh lightly], wriggle [move with quick short twistings], sizzle [make a hissing sound like something cooking in fat], drizzle [small, fine rain].

Which of the consonant combinations listed in В exist in your language? Do they ever have similar associations?

1. Which of the words from В fit best in the sentences below?

1 She heard his key…………………….as it turned in the lock.

2 The blades of the propeller……......... noisily.

3 I love to hear sausages................. in the pan!

4 They…….glasses and drank to each other's health.

5 There was a terrible car……….on the motorway today.

6 Everyone…………... with disappointment at the news.

7 That baby loves.................. in her bath.

8 It's not raining hard yet. It's just………………….

 

2. Almost all the words in В can be both nouns and regular verbs. There are, however, some exceptions. What are these words? Choose from the alternatives offered below.

1 Which verb is irregular? whip, grunt, spurt, spit or wriggle?

2 Which word is only an adjective? gash, grumpy, wheeze, or whirr?

3 Which is both a verb and a noun but the noun has a different meaning? trickle, spray, growl, splutter, spit, splash or crash?

3. Can you guess the meanings of the underlined words from their sounds?

1 The child sploshed through the puddles.

2 If you have a sore throat, try gargling with some salt water.

3 I couldn't concentrate on the play because of the rustle of sweet papers behind me.

4 Speak up. Don't mumble.

5 Those stairs always creak.

6 He whacked the ball into the air.

4. What words on the page opposite do these pictures represent?

6. Pair the words below so that in each case there is a noun and a matching verb.