Task 5. Synonyms and confusable words

Animal Expression Quiz

This animal expression quiz focuses on expressions and words commonly used with animals. Match three related expressions or words to each animal.

Animals

bat

elephant

lion

cow

horse

sheep

bird

fish

cat

dog

Related Words

bark kitten saddle
beak lamb scales
blind leather school
calf mane shoe
cub meow sonar
feather mutton trunk
fin nine lives tusks
flock pie vampire
house puppy wool
ivory ride roar
kennel

Task 2.

1. Use a word from the box in the correct form to complete each collocation.

 

shine dark light up sunny lighten darken

1. I could tell Maria was in a good mood by the………….smile on her face.

2. The little boy’s eyes……………..when he saw his daddy approaching.

3. Let’s put some happy music on to……….the atmosphere. Everyone’s too serious.

4. My grandparents lived through the…………days of civil war from 1936 to 1939.

5. The girl’s eyes…………with excitement as she prepared for the party.

6. Mr Garnham’s expression………….as he was told the terrible news.

2. Put these words in order to make sentences.

1. with / cheeks / embarrassment / burning / were / my

2. city / up / has / in / capital/ flared/ the / violence

3. flowed / the / during / discussion / ideas / the

4. divorce / was / footballer’s / the / publicity / surrounded / famous / a / by / blaze / of

 

3. Answer the questions.

1. What is most likely to be fiery:

(a) someone’s intelligence (b) someone’s temper?

2. Which is the most typical collocation:

a blaze of (a) temper (b) glory (c) joy?

3. What is most likely to be heated:

(a) discussions (b) cheeks (c) troubles?

4. What is most likely to flare up:

(a) love (b) interest (c) violence?

 

4. Use a dictionary to find collocations using these words in a metaphorical way.

 

1 bright 2 warm 3 cold

 

5. Complete the table with metonyms.

word	original meaning	metonymic use
china	China, the country
Manchester	the city in England
microwave	electromagnetic wave of wavelength 1 mm to 1 m
press	printing press
Hollywood	District of Los Angeles, California, historically the primary center of…
Silicon Valley	geographic region of the San Francisco Bay Area
Strasbourg	Alsatian city, which is the official seat of the…

 

Task 3.

The Spell-Checker Poem

More than an exercise in homophonous humor, "Candidate for a Pullet Surprise" endures as a cautionary tale for all those who place too much trust in spell checkers.

1. Rewrite this poem with appropriate homophones.

Candidate for a Pullet Surprise
by Mark Eckman and Jerrold H. Zar

I have a spelling checker,
It came with my PC.
It plane lee marks four my revue
Miss steaks aye can knot sea.

Eye ran this poem threw it,
Your sure reel glad two no.
Its vary polished in it's weigh.
My checker tolled me sew.

A checker is a bless sing,
It freeze yew lodes of thyme.
It helps me right awl stiles two reed,
And aides me when eye rime.

Each frays come posed up on my screen
Eye trussed too bee a joule.
The checker pours o'er every word
To cheque sum spelling rule.

Bee fore a veiling checker's
Hour spelling mite decline,
And if we're lacks oar have a laps,
We wood bee maid too wine.

Butt now bee cause my spelling
Is checked with such grate flare,
Their are know fault's with in my cite,
Of nun eye am a wear.

Now spelling does knot phase me,
It does knot bring a tier.
My pay purrs awl due glad den
With wrapped word's fare as hear.

To rite with care is quite a feet
Of witch won should bee proud,
And wee mussed dew the best wee can,
Sew flaw's are knot aloud.

Sow ewe can sea why aye dew prays
Such soft wear four pea seas,
And why eye brake in two averse
Buy righting want too pleas.

2. Select the word that completes the sentence.

1. She wanted to effect/affect the students in a way they'd never forget.

2. He stood outside in the rain completely bear/bare.

3. He used the brake/break to stop quickly.

4. There are two prisoners per cell/sell in that prison.

5. The scent/cent/sent in the air is fabulous!

6. The full payment is dew / due by the end of the month.

7. We took the ferry/fairy to Sardinia last summer.

8. He was fined/find $50 for illegal parking.

9. The X gene/jean is responsible for eye colour.

10. We had a marry / merry time at the pub.

11. She was the soul / sole person to understand him.

12. I don't know whether/weather he will come or not.

Task 4.

1. Select the word in each set that completes the sentence appropriately.

Aisle - isle

He grew up on the …… of Elba.

I quickly walked down the ……… and took my seat.

 

Bass - base

He sang …… in the church choir.

I think we need a new …… for that lamp.

Blew - blue

Her house is painted …….

She …….a lot of bubbles at her birthday party.

 

Coarse - course

The fabric is rather ……..

The English ……. will begin next week.

 

Creak - creek

The ……. winds through the beautiful valle y.

The doors in the house all ……..

Dear - deer

My ……. Richard, you just don't understand!

We saw three ……on our hike in the mountains.

Foreword - forward

We moved ………. in the line.

Timothy Leary wrote the ………. to Ken's book.

 

Greece - grease

He put some …….. on the wheel.

……… is considered the birthplace of western philosophy.

Heal - heel

I hurt my …… playing tennis.

Doctors …… thousands of patients a year.

Knot - naught - not

He tied a ……. to secure the rope.

His efforts came to ……..

 

Leased - least

She was the …… successful of the candidates.

They ……. the office for three months.

 

Mail - male

His ….. friends are crazy!

I got a lot of ….. today.

Patience - patients

Success requires a lot of ……...

There are too many ……. waiting in the emergency room.

Plain - plane

The ……… took off at six in the morning.

The food was rather ……. in England.

 

Still - steal - steel

I think there should be no punishment for people who …….. food to survive.

Most cars have some ……. in their body.

2. Choose the word in parentheses that completes each sentence correctly.

1. She worked harder (than, then) she had ever worked before.

2. If I had known your number, I would (have, of) called.

3. The bingo game has (all ready, already) started.

4. (Whose, Who's) shorts are hanging from the flagpole?

5. Britney has (a lot, a lot) of problems.

6. The program changes will not (affect, effect) you.

7. What is your (principal, principle) reason for wearing a parrot on your head?

8. (Whose, Who's) hiding in your closet?

9. Last year Beckham (lead, led) the league in goals.

10. Get your facts first, and (than, then) you can distort them as much as you please.

11. The ultimate result of shielding men from the (affects, effects) of folly is to fill the world with fools.

12. There cannot be a crisis next week: my schedule is (all ready, already) full.

13. Computers are being called on to perform many new functions, including the consumption of homework (formally, formerly) eaten by the dog.

14. Kate (implied, inferred) that she had a good alibi, but Jack (implied, inferred) otherwise from her nervous behavior.

15. Many are predicting that the TV series Lost won’t last much longer because (fewer, less) people are watching these (days, daze).

16. Although the recording (device, devise) was primitive, (you're, your) voice came across clearly.

17. I was (conscience, conscious) after the collision but (to, too) frightened (to, too) move.

18. (Quiet, Quite, Quit) was restored, and the judge (preceded, proceeded) with the case.

19. Following the ice storms, (there, their, they're) (maybe, may be) a plague of locusts and a swarm of frogs.

20. The handle was (lose, loose) and could (have, of) fallen off at any moment.

3. Select the word in each set that completes the sentence accurately and appropriately ( Commonly confused words).

1. adverse or averse
A recent study found that many air fresheners are high in chemicals that have been linked to _____ health effects in high doses.

 

2. allude or elude
The young hockey star was dubbed "the phantom" for his ability to _____ defenders.

 

3. complement or compliment
The malty flavor of buckwheat honey makes it a nice _____ to blue cheese.

 

4. device or devise
Amazon unveiled the Kindle, its digital-book reading _____, at the end of 2007.

 

5. discreet or discrete
The genes, _____ bits of DNA on the chromosomes in each cell, control all body activities by directing the production of essential chemicals.

 

6. floundered or foundered
When his ship _____ on the coast of Scotland in 1883, the Danish captain thought he saw a seven-pointed star in the sky.

 

7. historic or historical
In 1958, a Spanish photographer accompanied Fidel Castro and his band of revolutionaries during their ____ push to Havana.

 

8. imply or infer
"The fact that some geniuses were laughed at does not _____ that all who are laughed at are geniuses." (Carl Sagan)

 

9. incredible or incredulous
All births are _____ moments, but some are more momentous than others.

 

10. later or latter
Facebook has about 300 million users and Twitter a tenth of that number, but the _____ has been winning the headline battle in recent months.

 

11. pored or poured
Night after night, the president _____ over memos arguing for and against the choice that confronted him.

 

12. principal or principle
A higher salary was Sol's _____ reason for accepting the job offer.

 

13. racked or wracked
He _____ his brains to remember, but he could not call to mind a single thing!

 

14. sensual or sensuous
"The beauty of Moroccan palaces is made up of details of ornament and refinements of _____ delight too numerous to record." (Edith Wharton)

 

15. shear or sheer
"English usage is sometimes more than mere taste, judgment, and education--sometimes it's _____ luck, like getting across a street." (E.B. White)

 

16. simple or simplistic
Much of what we thought we knew about the evolution of dinosaurs turns out to be _____ or out-and-out wrong.

 

17. stationary or stationery
The train passengers spent the night in the makeshift hotels of ____ carriages parked on railway sidings.

 

18. temerity or timidity
Jay-Z always sounds bold and confident, but then of course _____ is rarely a character trait in the world of hip-hop.

 

19. veracious or voracious
Be it a Jeep Cherokee or a Ford Explorer or supersized to a Humvee, the SUV soon became the _____ and luxurious symbol of boomer excess throughout the 1990s.

 

20. Who or Whom
"_____ the gods wish to destroy they first call promising." (Cyril Connolly)

 

Task 6.

 

1. Choose the opposite word.

 

1. high	deep, little, small, low
2. wide	tiny, small, tall, narrow
3. dangerous	Safe, nervous, anxious, exhausted
4. modern	new, historical, smooth, advanced
5. intelligent	stupid, bright, smart, difficult
6. rough	light, small, soft, smooth
7. shy	patient, lazy, outgoing, honest
8. permit	forbid, encourage, allow, get
9. success	loss, failure, fall, mistake
10. loose	small, easy, wide, tight
11. powerful	weak, lazy, slow, soft
12. ugly	pretty, clean, expensive, rich
13. pass	beat, enter, fail, lose
14. noisy	thoughtful, silent, loud, wild
15. full	light, open, empty, heavy
16. sharp	shiny, dull, dark, stupid
17. accept	reject, reply, allow, excuse
18. steep	flat, low, high, sharp
19. liquid	solid, dense, hot, safe
20. enter	escape, exit, proceed, vanish
21. considerate	selfish, dumb, deaf, blind
22. private	public, own, state, closed

 

2. Give the opposite word.

dead old big senior student on light hard hairy.

 

3. Change the underlined words so that each sentence has the opposite meaning.

The Democratic Party lost the election.

The ruling power has lost control of the situation.

Our team was defeated in the match.

I spent a lot of money last month.

Our company made a loss last year.

 

4. Write the opposite of these expressions.

sweet wine

a soft drink

a strong accent

a light smoker

strong coffee

a soft voice

get on the bus

get in the car

tell the truth

catch the bus

dry weather

light rain

Task 7.

 

1. Write numbers next to these suffixes according to which part of speech they usually indicate. A few belong in more than one category. Give examples.

 

Adjective 2 noun 3 verb

-ist -hood -or -ese -ee -en -ision -some -ship -ise -ical - ify -ible -y -ant -ive -ness

 

2. Match a prefix with a word to make a new word. Then choose the appropriate meaning for the prefix from the list.

 

Example: anti-theft/ against

1 inter - power not

2. super- author main

3. ex- hi-fi too much

4. mini- city very big

5. ab- continental before

6. over- view previous

7. co- enemy between

8. arch- wife small

9. trans- spend together

10 pre- normal across

 

3. Underline the words that do not contain the idea of ‘beneath’ or ‘less’.

 

Undercut undergo understaffed underfoot undertaking underwrite

 

4. Underline the words that mean ‘not…’.

 

unfaithful inside unpack inhospitable impractical impound

5. Underline the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.

 

1. Julia played a…….role in the planning of the millennium exhibition.

A consultation B consulting C consultative D consulted

 

2. Even the best medicines are not……….

A infallible B unfailing C fail-proof D falsified

 

3. In the event, we found your advice absolutely……….

A unworthy B valuable C invaluable D impecunious

 

4. I parked in a restricted area and the police……my car.

A imprisoned B impounded C impaled D interned

 

5. He has been…..for gross misconduct.

A impressed B impounded C impeached D impelled

6. Underline the words that have no base form that exists by itself.

 

indirect inept untie disparage impeccable unscathed impede infinity unprompted impromptu undying undue unduly insipid incessant inflect

7. Use the - er/-or, - ее and - ist suffixes to make the names of the following.

Example: A person who plays jazz on the piano. a jazz pianist

1. The thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen.

2. A person who plays classical violin.

3. A person who takes professional photographs.

4. A person who acts in amateur theatre.

5. The person to whom a cheque is paid.

6. A machine for washing dishes.

7. A person who donates their organs upon their death.

8. The person to whom a letter is addressed.

 

8. Do these words mean a thing, a person, or both?

a cooker a ticket-holder a cleaner a drinker

a typewriter a CD player a smoker a dresser

9. Can you think of anything in your country which should be nationalised (e.g. airlines), privatised, standardised, modernised, computerised or centralised?

10. Which word is the odd one out in each group and why?

 

1 brotherhood neighbourhood manhood priesthood

2 tearful spiteful dreadful handful

3 appointment involvement compliment arrangement

4 worship kinship friendship partnership

11. Combine the words to make a compound.

Example roses/bunch - a bunch of roses

boots/ski - ski boots

cloud/sky - a cloudy sky

 

day/work

two hands/backhand

bed/sea

prices/gas

coat/paint

price/gas

length/arm

edge/water

hair/breadth

stone/throw

door/car

film/popularity

film/story

shirt/button

room/corner

sentence/ten years

bar/steel

world/end

industry/car

pan/fry

book/200 pages

apple/core

book/club

heart/matter

degree/university

hesitation/moment

shore/sea

stick/walk

building/four storeys

 

Task 8.

1. Complete the chart with the correct noun.

 

clue

noun

1. s/he takes photographs 2. s/he plays the guitar 3. it washes dishes 4. the state of being able to do smth 5. the relationship you have with your friend 6. s/he designs roads, bridges and machines 7. s/he writes for a newspaper 8. he acts in films and plays 9. the thing we make when we build 10. the quality of being important 11. the period when you are a child 12. the feeling of being excited 13. the state of being happy 14. knowledge you get when you are educated 15. the act of dividing something 16. entering a place, or the cost of entering 17. the thing we open tins with 18. s/he is forced to seek refuge in a new country 19. smth we do when we are active 20. the state or fact of being great

 

2. Add a correct prefix to the following words.

1……………dependent 2……………polite 3……………do 4……………driver 5……………approve 6……………behave 7……………logical 8……………zip 9……………inform 10…………..agree 11…………..eat 12…………..historic

13……………….Atlantic 14……………….behaving 15……………….moral 16……………….hear 17……………….interpret 18……………….national 19………………sleep 20……………….relevant 21……………….believe 22……………….crowded 23……………….understand 24……………….natal

3. Add a prefix to the correct form of the word at the end of each line and use the word in the space of the same line. The first (0) is given as an example.

Attempts to communicate in a foreign language can easily (0) misfire. I’m always (1)………………..by my attempts to get speak Greek. The waiter in Mykonos (2)…………………what I wanted and instead of beetroots brought me mushrooms. I (3)………….mushrooms intensely but when I asked him to (4)……………them with beetroots he smiled, went into the kitchen and (5)…………with a plateful of aubergines. He also (6)…………..…..my friendly attitude towards everyone I meet and when I complained that they had (7)…………….…..the meat, Manuel (that was his name if I’m not (8)……………..…) grinned and twirled the moustache. To cap it all, I (9)………………the bill and accused the poor man of (10)…………………me! It was just my awful Greek again.

fire 1. appoint 2. understand 3. like 4. place 5. turn 6. take 7. cook 8. take 9. read 10. charge

4. Write abstract nouns for the following words, using one of the following suffixes:

Ance, ence, ment, ness, th.

1. inherit 2. convenient 3. clumsy 4. obey 5. invest 6. develop 7. kind 8. effective 9. fair 10. prefer 11. innocent

12. improve 13. willing 14. retire 15. silent 16. disappoint 17. excite 18. polite 19. argue 20. punish 21. selfish 22. sixty

 

5. Make adjectives from the following nouns.

intelligence	ugliness
carelessness	width
patience	emptiness
depth	confidence
arrogance	million

 

6. Make nouns from the following verbs.

1. disturb 6. insure

2. correspond 7. annoy

3. emerge 8. empty

4. sleep 9. defend

5. resist 10. commit

 

7. Use the word given at the end of each line to form a word that fits the gap in the same line.

A BREATH OF FRESH AIR

The Government has decided to take the (1)……….……decision to ban smoking in a lot of public places. Though a lot of people find smoking (2)……………., and though experts all agree it is (3)………….and that it costs the state a lot to treat victims of smoking, it is also (4)…………….that many people get pleasure from the habit and find smoking (5)…………………when they are in company. However, it is now (6)…………….to deny the antisocial nature of the habit. As advertising has proved (7)……………….with many smokers, the Government has now made smoking (8)………………..in most public places. Smokers who are (9)………………..to stop smoking will be obliged enjoy their pastime in private and may feel the new measures are (10)……………, but for passive smokers for whom a room full of smoke is (11)……………... they will come as a breath of fresh air.

1. popular 2. please 3. health 4. deny 5. resist 6. possible 7. effect 8. legal 9. ability 10. justice 11. bear

 

8. Complete the chart with the original verbs.

noun verb	noun verb
discussion discuss 1. decision 2. abolition 3. addition 4. accusation 5. flotation 6. demolition 7. repetition 8. rendition 9. confession 10. cohesion 11. seclusion	12. expansion 13. opposition 14. graduation 15. identification 16. decoration 17. occupation 18. collision 19. permission 20. qualification 21. starvation 22. valuation 23. revision 24. reversion

 

Task 9. (Prefixes)

1. Write the opposites of the words underlined.

Example: He's a very honest man. ...dishonest

1. I'msure she's discreet.

2. He's very efficient.

3. I always find him very sensitive.

4. I always find her responsible.

5. It's a convincing argument.

6. He seems grateful for our help.

7. That's a very relevant point.

8. I'm sure she's loyal to the firm.

9. She's always obedient.

10. He's a tolerant person.

2. Which negative adjective fits each of the following definitions?

1 ……………………means not having a husband or wife.

2 ………………………….means impossible to eat.

3 ……………………means unable to read or write.

4 …………………………..means not having a job.

5 ……………………means fair in giving judgement, not favouring one side.

6 ……………………means unable to be replaced.

3. Use the word in brackets to complete the sentences. Add the necessary prefix and put the word in the correct form.

e.g. The runner was.. disqualified.. after a blood test. (QUALIFY)

1 Children and adults love………parcels at Christmas time. (WRAP)

2 I almost always find that I……………with his opinion. (AGREE)

3 I'm sure he's lying but it's going to be hard to…his story. (PROVE)

4 After a brief speech the Queen…………..the new statue. (VEIL)

5 It took the removal men an hour…our things from the van. (LOAD)

6 His phone was……because he didn't pay his last bill. (CONNECT)

4. Answer the following questions.

1 What kind of oven cooks things particularly fast?

2 What kind of drug can help somebody with an infection?

3 What kind of company has branches in many countries?

4 How does a passenger aeroplane normally fly?

5 What is a student who is studying for a second degree?

6 What means 'underground railway' in the US and 'underground passage' in the UK?

5. Find two more examples for each prefix.

anti	antibiotic
auto
bi
ex (former)
ex (out of)
micro
mis
mono
multi
over
post
pre
pro
pseudo
re
semi
sub
under

6. Construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.

e.g. He's in favour of the American approach.... He’s pro-American...

1 The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly.

2 Most people say they have to work too hard but are paid too little.

3 He dated his cheque with a date that was later than the real date.

4 She's still on good terms with the man who used to be her husband.

5 He made so many mistakes in the letter that he had to write it again.

7. Put the adjectives in the box into the correct columns.

relevant attractive literate flexible regular legal agreeable mature convenient tasteful morel responsible possible legible honest rational explicable justified mortal reversible destructible perfect friendly soluble polite logical interesting separable replaceable significant

 

dis-	un-	il-	im-	in-	ir-
			impatient

 

Task 10.

1. What do these abbreviations stand for?

Example: ВВС The British Broadcasting Corporation

The UN Unesco c/o Rd ID BSc FBI Fr ext. PIN e.g. asap

dep. RSVP arr. MP CD

2. What are the full forms of these shortened words?

Example: phone telephone

lab exam ad fridge rep

3. What are the short forms of these full words?

Example: aeroplane plane

newspaper shoelaces television suitcase wristwatch

4. Here is a note written in a hurry, with a lot of abbreviations in it. Can you say what each one in bold means in full?

Example: tel telephone

To: John Furness

From: Sally Oldbeck

Dear John,

Here are the times for my trip: arr. from Paris 2.25 pm at Victoria Station, Wed 14th. Stay with friends, tel: [phone], address 56 Carlton Ave, Eastcheap, London S4. Dep Sat 17th from Heathrow, flight no EI 654 to Dublin.

If you need to ring me in the office, it's Oriental Imports Ltd, tel [phone], ext 5656.

Sally

5. Use abbreviations instead of the words in bold.

Example: care of - c/o

1. It is a digital camera, that is to say it doesn't use film, but takes pictures electronically.

2. I needed some paper, envelopes, pens, and so on.

3. There are several ways of solving the problem, for example, try fitting new batteries.

4. You can repair it yourself. Please note, the guarantee is no longer valid if you do.

5. She saw a flying saucer or some kind of spaceship in the sky above her house.

6. Her address is: Flat number 3, Block B, Horley Street, Bartsow.

7. She got a Bachelor of Science degree from London University, and now she's doing a Doctor of Philosophy degree.

8. There was a postscript at the end of the letter.

 

6. What things in these addresses are normally abbreviated? How is Ms pronounced?

1. Mister A. Carlton 2. Ms P. Meldrum

Flat number 5 care of T. Fox

28, Hale Crescent 6, Marl Avenue

Borebridge Freeminster

 

3. N. Lowe and Company

7, Bridge Road

Preston

United Kingdom

7. 'Translate' this note from the boss to a group of workers in an office into full words.

Memo f rom: Mr Richard Hedd (MD)

To: All staff

Date: 3/5/91

Ref: 04056/DC

May I remind you that all new lab equipment should be registered with Stores & Supplies, Room 354 (ext 2 683). NB: new items must be notified before 1700 hrs o n the last day of the month of purchase, i.e. within the current budgeting month. All a /c nos must be recorded.

Dick

8. Explain 1-5 and match them with the contexts on the right.

1 Students and OAPs: £1.50 on an aerosol can

2 WC Gents in a newspaper headline

3 US forces take 5,000 POWs on a museum entrance

4 Ozone-friendly: CFC-free on an airline timetable

5 Dep 1500 Arr 1742 on a door in a pub/restaurant

 

9. People have developed a new informal way of writing in chat rooms and on message boards. They also use similar language when they send messages by phone. Explain the following messages.

R u alryt?

Thx

Im good thx

Thx 4 ur msg. how r u?

im fine. c u @ work

Gtg

Brb

J4f

I k%d meet u @ 7

ILU

Ttyl

C u l8er

CSL

u r gr8!

u r 2 cute 2 be 4gotten!

GF

BB

 

Task 11.

Words from other languages

English has borrowed words from most of the other languages with which it has had contact. It has taken many expressions from the ancient languages, Latin and Greek, and these borrowings often have academic or literary associations. From French, English has taken lots of words to do with cooking, the arts, and a more sophisticated lifestyle in general. From Italian come words connected with music and the plastic arts. German expressions in English have been coined either by tourists bringing back words for new things they saw or by philosophers or historians describing German concepts or experiences. Words borrowed from other languages often relate to things which English speakers experienced from the first time abroad.

There are borrowings from a wide range of languages. For example, from Japanese, tycoon, karate, origami, judo, futon and bonsai. From Arabic, mattress, cipher, alcove, carafe, algebra, harem and yashmak. From Turkish, yoghurt, jackal, kiosk, tulip and caftan; from Farsi, caravan, shawl, bazaar and sherbet, and from Eskimo, kayak, igloo and anorak.

 

 

1. Match the adjectives on the left with the noun they are most likely to be associated with, on the right.

a kindergarten b casino с vendetta d embargo e cuisine fpsychology g yoghurt h coup i tattoo j duvet

1 military

2 strawberry

3 pop

4 Chinese

5 ankle

6 total

7 long-standing

8 noisy

9 double

10 all-night

 

2. What verbs collocate, in other words, are frequently used with the following nouns?

example study algebra

karate futon guerrilla coup siesta

kayak embargo cul-de-sac confetti cruise seminar sauna

3. Give three nouns likely to follow macho and avant-garde.

4. Find the odd one out. Explain why it's different.

Example: embargo yacht ski snorkel

- the others relate to sport while embargo is a political and economic act

1 hippopotamus tycoon jackal lemming

2 ballerina judo soprano waltz

3 fjord patio steppe tundra

4 marmalade dachshund poodle rottweiler

5 bazaar boutique sauna kiosk

 

5. Put the words given below the table into the appropriate category:

 

anorak aubergine caftan coup cuisine gateau ghetto guerilla yashmak yoghurt

Food	Clothes and materials	Society
bistro

 

6. Choose a word that fits in each phrase.

avant-garde chauffeur confetti crèche cruise fiasco karate siesta cul de sac

Example: Einstein's …. theory... of relativity

1 to go on a luxury.......................... …………….

2 to leave the baby in a.................... …………….

3 to have a….................................... after lunch

4 to live in a quiet................. ……………….

5 to take up........................... ………..…

6 to throw..................... ……………..

7 to employ a................ …………..

8 the evening was a…………….
9 ………….…….art.

 

7. Complete the table with synonyms.

 

Native	French	Greek/Latin
to ask		to interrogate
	stomach	abdomen
to gather		to collect
	devoid	vacuous
to end	to finish
	to mount	to ascend
teaching	guidance

 

Task 12.

Onomatopoeic words are those which seem to sound like their meaning. The most obvious examples are verbs relating to the noises which animals make, e.g. cows moo and horses neigh.

A If the vowel sound in an onomatopoeic word is short, it usually signifies a short, sharp sound. If it is long (indicated in the International Phonetic Alphabet by:) then the word usually signifies a longer, slower sound. Compare pip /pip/ which is a short sound with peep /pi:p/ which is a long sound.

B Certain combinations of letters have particular sound associations in English.

gr- at the beginning of a word can suggest something unpleasant or miserable, e.g. groan [make a deep sound forced out by pain or despair], grumble [complain in a bad-tempered way], grumpy [bad-tempered], grunt [make a low, rough sound like pigs do, or people expressing disagreement or boredom], growl [make a deep, threatening sound].

cl- at the beginning of a word can suggest something sharp and/or metallic, e.g. click [make a short sharp sound], clang [make a loud ringing noise], clank [make a dull metallic noise, not as loud as a clang], clash [make a loud, broken, confused noise as when metal objects strike together], clink [make the sound of small bits of metal or glass knocking together]. Horses go clip-clop on the road.

sp- can have an association with water or other liquids or powders, e.g. splash [cause a liquid to fly about in drops], spit [send liquid out from the mouth], splutter [make a series of spitting sounds], spray [send liquid through the air in tiny drops either by the wind or some instrument], sprinkle [scatter small drops], spurt [come out in a sudden burst].

wh - often suggests the movement of air, e.g. whistle [a high-pitched noise made by forcing air or steam through a small opening], whirr [sound like a bird's wings moving rapidly], whizz [make the sound of something rushing through air], wheeze [breathe noisily especially with a whistling sound in the chest], whip [long piece of rope or leather or to hit with one of these].

-ash at the end of a word can suggest something fast and violent, e.g. smash [break violently into small pieces], dash [move or be moved violently], crash [suddenly strike violently and noisily], bash [strike heavily so as to break or injure], mash [make soft or pulpy by beating or crushing], gash [a long deep cut or wound].

-ckle, -ggle, or -zzle can suggest something light and repeated, e.g. trickle [to flow in a thin stream or drops], crackle [make a series of short cracking sounds], tinkle [make a succession of light ringing sounds], giggle [laugh lightly], wriggle [move with quick short twistings], sizzle [make a hissing sound like something cooking in fat], drizzle [small, fine rain].

Which of the consonant combinations listed in В exist in your language? Do they ever have similar associations?

1. Which of the words from В fit best in the sentences below?

1 She heard his key…………………….as it turned in the lock.

2 The blades of the propeller……......... noisily.

3 I love to hear sausages................. in the pan!

4 They…….glasses and drank to each other's health.

5 There was a terrible car……….on the motorway today.

6 Everyone…………... with disappointment at the news.

7 That baby loves.................. in her bath.

8 It's not raining hard yet. It's just………………….

 

2. Almost all the words in В can be both nouns and regular verbs. There are, however, some exceptions. What are these words? Choose from the alternatives offered below.

1 Which verb is irregular? whip, grunt, spurt, spit or wriggle?

2 Which word is only an adjective? gash, grumpy, wheeze, or whirr?

3 Which is both a verb and a noun but the noun has a different meaning? trickle, spray, growl, splutter, spit, splash or crash?

3. Can you guess the meanings of the underlined words from their sounds?

1 The child sploshed through the puddles.

2 If you have a sore throat, try gargling with some salt water.

3 I couldn't concentrate on the play because of the rustle of sweet papers behind me.

4 Speak up. Don't mumble.

5 Those stairs always creak.

6 He whacked the ball into the air.

4. What words on the page opposite do these pictures represent?

6. Pair the words below so that in each case there is a noun and a matching verb.

Task 13.

Analyse the idioms according to the given example

Phraseological units	E-R Dictionary	Dictionary of English Idioms	Analysis
Follow in someone’s footsteps	Идти по чьим-л стопам, следовать чьему-л примеру, быть последователем кого-л.	To do what another person, esp.one’s relative, is already doing or has already done	1. фраз.ед-во 2. двухвершинное, глагольно-именное 3. глагольный фразеологизм
Fortune favours the brave
A fly in the ointment
Food for thought
Free and easy
A forbidden fruit
Fun and games
In fear and trembling
Fetch and carry
Fight shy of smb (smth)

 

APPENDIX

II. Examples of metonyms

word	original meaning	metonymic use
General
damages	destructive effects	money paid in compensation
word	a unit of language	a promise (to give/keep/break one's word); a conversation (to have a word with)
sweat	perspiration	hard work
tongue	oral muscle	a language or dialect
aggregation, assembly	coming together	result of coming together; those who come together
city hall	a city's chief administrative building	city government or government in general (Common usage in axiom, "You can't fight city hall.")
dish	an item of crockery	a course (in dining)
jigsaw	cutting tool	jigsaw puzzle
militia	military or defense activity	those engaged in or subject to being required to engage in defense activity
service	doing for others	those who serve (especially military)
American
Washington	capital of the United States	the United States federal government
The White House	Official residence of the President of the United States	the President and staff
Wall Street	a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City	the United States financial and banking industry
Broadway	an avenue running the length of Manhattan Island in New York City	Broadway theatre in particular, and American theatre in general
The Pentagon	the office building in Arlington, Virginia that serves as the headquarters of the US Defense Department	the US Defense Department, the US Secretary of Defense and high-ranking military officials based there
Capitol Hill	The neighborhood in which the United States Capitol is located	the United States Congress
Madison Avenue	a street in New York City	the United States advertising industry
Seventh Avenue	a street in New York City	the United States fashion industry
Cupertino	a city in the state of California	Apple Inc., which is headquartered there
Detroit	largest city in the state of Michigan	the United States automobile industry, which is centered in the Detroit area
Houston	largest city in the state of Texas	NASA Mission Control, from the phrase "Houston, we've had a problem"
Cape Canaveral	a geographic feature in the state of Florida near the…	NASA Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
the people	human beings, or a specific group thereof	some state governments in criminal prosecution matters, e.g., "People (of the State of Michigan) versus X", as opposed to "State (of Ohio) versus Y"
British
England	a country within the United Kingdom	the United Kingdom as a whole
The Crown	a monarch's headwear	the British monarchy
The Palace	Buckingham Palace	The monarch's office
New Scotland Yard	a London building, the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police	Metropolitan Police
The City	the City of London	the British financial markets, historically centred in The City
Westminster	the City of Westminster in London	The Parliament of the United Kingdom, or the UK Government, which is located there
Thames House	Headquarters of…	the British Security Services
Whitehall	a street in the City of Westminster, the headquarters of the British Civil Service and various Governmental Departments	the offices of the British government's senior bureaucrats; the British Civil service or a Government Department
Fleet Street	a street in London	the British press, particularly newspapers, or the British newspaper industry
Downing Street or "Number 10"	Official residence of the Prime Minister^[1]	the British Prime Minister and his or her staff
Vauxhall Cross	Headquarters of…	the Secret Intelligence Service (aka MI6)
Canadian
the Crown	The monarch	Usually used in court as the federal or provincial government as in "The crown Versus …"
Ottawa	the capital of Canada	the Canadian federal government
European
Brussels	the capital city of Belgium, also home to most of the…	Institutions of the European Union
the Kremlin	A fortified complex in Moscow	Formerly the Soviet government; used today to a lesser extent for the Russian government
Gulag	chief administration of the Soviet forced labour camps	the prison camps it administered
any country's capital city	the country's capital	that country's government in general, and often, as the whole country itself
Toompea	A limestone hill in Tallinn, Estonia	The Government and Parliament of Estonia

1. Technically, 10 Downing Street is the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, not the Prime Minister. However, the two offices have been held by the same person since the early 20th century.

III. Понятие паронимии

В отличие от синонимии и антонимии паронимия основана на формальном сходстве между словами. Термин «пароним» (из греч. para - «около» и onima - «имя») относится к словам, обладающим близостью как формальной, так и (частично) семантической структуры, и обозначает еще одну универсалию в системе лексических отношений. Так, паронимы многих языков обладают сходством (близостью) звучания, но в английском языке возможны также и «глазные» паронимы, близость между которыми проявляется только в письменной, воспринимаемой зрительно форме (adage/adagio). Паронимы могут частично совпадать по морфологическому составу, нередко обладая этимологическим родством (рус. одеть/ надеть; англ. conservatory/conservatoir).

Паронимия и парономазия. Способность паронимов к смешению в речи привела к тому, что под термином «паронимия» нередко объединяются два понятия - собственно паронимия, т. е. вид языковых системных отношений между лексическими единицами, и парономазия (или парономасия) - стилистический прием, состоящий в нарочитом сближении слов, имеющих сходство в звучании. Эти слова не обязательно должны быть паронимами, часто для целей автора бывает достаточно случайного звукового совпадения. Использование парономазии позволяет усилить выразительность текста; особенно часто этот прием встречается в поэзии.

Commonly Confused Words

accept, except, and expect

adapt and adopt

adverse and averse

advice and advise

affect and effect

aggravate and irritate

all ready and already

all together and altogether

allude and elude

allusion and illusion

allusive and elusive

a lot (much, many)

altar and alter

ambiguous and ambivalent

amoral and immoral

amount and number

amuse and bemuse

anxious and eager

anyone and any one

appraise and apprise

are and our

assure, ensure, and insure

 

baited and bated

beside and besides

breath and breathe

 

capital and capitol

censor and censure

choose, chose, and chosen

chord and cord

cite and site

click and clique

climactic and climatic

clothes and cloths

collaborate and cooperate

complement and compliment

conscience and conscious

continual and continuous

council and counsel

 

days and daze

dazed and dazzled

defective and deficient

deprecate and depreciate

desert and dessert

device and devise

discreet and discrete

disinterested and uninterested

distinct and distinctive

dual and duel

 

economic and economical

eminent and imminent

envelop and envelope

epigram, epigraph, and epitaph

eventually and ultimately

every day and everyday

explicit and implicit

 

farther and further

few (fewer) and little (less)

flaunt and flout

flounder and founder

foreword and forward

formally and formerly

fortunate and fortuitous

full and fulsome

 

gourmand and gourmet

grisly and grizzly

hanged and hung

hardy and hearty

historic and historical

hoard and horde

home and hone

hoping and hopping

 

imply and infer

in and into

incredible and incredulous

ingenious and ingenuous

intense and intent

its and it's

 

last and latter

later and latter

lay and lie

lead and led

leave and let

lend and loan

lessen and lesson

liable and libel

lightening and lightning

literally and figuratively

loath and loathe

loose and lose

 

many and much

marital and martial

maybe and may be

media and medium

militate and mitigate

miner and minor

moot and mute

noisome and noisy

 

official and officious

obsolescent and obsolete

 

pair, pare, and pear

passed and past

peace and piece

perquisite and prerequisite

persecute and prosecute

personal and personnel

perspective and prospective

perverse and perverted

pore and pour

precede and proceed

premier and premiere

prescribe and proscribe

principal and principle

 

quell and quench

quiet, quit, and quite

quotation and quote

 

rack and wrack

rain, reign, and rein

raise and rise

rational and rationale

ravage and ravish

recourse and resource

regretful and regrettable

respectively and respectfully

review and revue

riffle and rifle

role and roll

stationary and stationery

statue and statute

sensual and sensuous

serve and service

set and sit

shall and will

shear and sheer

should and would

simple and simplistic

sometime, some time, and sometimes

 

tail and tale

temerity and timidity

than and then

their, there, and they're

to and too

troop and troupe

 

vain, vane, and vein

vary and very

veracious and voracious

 

waist and waste

were, we're, and where

which and who

who and whom

whoever and whomever

whose and who's

 

young and youthful

your and you're

IV. Homophone List

affect - effect aisle - isle allowed - aloud ate - eight ball - bawl bear- bare base - bass billed- build blew - blue board - bored break - brake buy - by - bye capital– capitol cell – sell cent - scent - sent chance - chants chews - choose close - clothes coarse - course creak – creek days – daze dear – deer dew - do- due facts - fax fair - fare fairy - ferry find - fined flour - flower for - four foreword – forward gene - jean grease - Greece groan - grown hair - hare hay - hey heal - heel hear - here hi - high hoarse - horse hole - whole hour - our knight - night knot - naught - not know - no

leased - least loan - lone made - maid mail - male marry - merry meat - meet mince - mints missed - mist morning - mourning none - nun one - won pail - pale pear - pair patience - patients piece - peace plai