Прийменники як показники іменників. Передача значень відмінків іменників за допомогою прийменників.

Прийменник-це службове слово, яке виражає відношення одного члена речення до іншого. Прийменники передають відношення іменника, займенника, числівника або герундія до дієслова або до іншого іменника.

Розрізняються прийменники місця (in, on, at, under та ін.), руху (to, from, into, across), часу (at, on, in, for та ін.).

 

Of place (місця)

Of motion (руху)

Of time (часу)

IN	in the morning, in winter, in May, in 1917, in late September	вранцi, взимку, в травнi, в 1917, в кiнцi вересня
AT	at p.m., at night, late at night	о 9 вечора, вночi, пiзно вночi
ON	оn Sunday, on the 1st of May	у неділю, 1-го травня
BY	by 5 o'clock, by the end of the war	до п'яти годин, до кiнця вiйни
DURING	during the game	пiд час гри
FOR	for three days, for some time	впродовж трьох днiв, деякий час
FROM… TILL…	from early morning till late at night, from 5 till 7 tomorrow	з раннього ранку до пiзньої ночi, з 5 до 7 завтра
AFTER	after school, after supper	пiсля школи, пiсля вечерi
IN	In a day or two, in a fort-night	через день-два, через два тижнi
SINCE	since yesterday	з вчорашнього дня, з тих пiр

Перед слiдуючими сполученнями прийменники не вживаются:

 

last once

this week (month, year) twice a week (month, year)

three times

 

За допомогою прийменників здійснюється передача значень відмінків іменників.

Exercise 1 Match the words with the pictures:

 

off, between, down, on top of, over, in/inside, above, in front of, past, up, among, next to/by/beside, from... to, on, through, under, below, behind, along, opposite, at, round/around, near, outside, against, onto, out of, across, to/towards/in the direction of, into.

Key

 

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences, using each item once only. Use -- if there should be no word.

 

at for for in in into on out of

1. Three of the people here were … college or university just before they joined the company. 2. Two of the people here go … a swim before work every day. 3. I always stay … bed until the last minute, so I only have a cup of tea …breakfast 4. At the end of the day, most of the staff go straight … home, but I’d like to do something more exciting! 5. We can’t use the computer today because it’s … order. 6. My neighbour’s having a long conversation … the phone. 7. One of the men has had to go … hospital for an operation. 8. Some of the staff are going to visit him while he’s … hospital.

 

Exercise 3. Write prepositions at or on in each blank.

 

1 I get up... seven o'clock or... a quarter past seven. 2.... Sunday I usually get up... nine o'clock or … half past nine. But last Sunday I slept very long and got up only... noon. 3. Lev Tolstoy liked to get up... sunrise 4. Our lessons are usually over... twenty minutes to two. 5. They returned from the wood... sunset. 6. I began writing my composition... seven o'clock and finished only... midnight. 7. My birthday is.. the ninth of July. 8. The school year begins... the first of September. 9.... the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas. 10.... Wednesday I usually have a lot of homework.

 

Exercise 4. Write prepositions to or of in each blank.

 

1. He bought a book … English poems and gave it … his sister. 2. I wrote him asking to send me a box … chocolates. 3. The roof… the house is very old. 4. One wheel … my car must be changed. 5. He was standing outside the door... his house and explaining … the mechanic what was wrong with his car. 7. He gave her a big bunch … flowers. 8. I sent a letter … my friend. 8. Many pages … his book are torn. 9. The young scientist was trying to prove … the professor the necessity … the experiment.10 London is the capital … Great Britain. 11. It is clear … me that you don’t know your lesson. 12. He was devoted … his friend. 13. I explained the teacher that by the end … the lesson I had not finished the translation …the text and that’s why I had not handed it … him. The surprise …the teacher was great. My explanation seemed strange … the teacher.

Поєднання іменників з прийменниками with та by співвідносяться з утворюючим відмінком. Не плутайте вживання цих прийменників: with означає знаряддя (чим виконувалась дія) by означає діяча (хто виконав дію) with a knife – ножем by my brother – братом

 

 

Exercise 5. Write prepositions with or by in each blank.

 

1. The boy cut his finger... a knife. 2. The boat was carried... the waves into the open sea. 3. The teacher was pleased... our work. 4. America was discovered... Columbus. 5. "Hamlet" was written... Shakespeare. 6. We eat soup... a spoon. 7. He was killed... a knife. 8. He was killed... the robbers. 9. He was knocked down... a big stick. 10. He was knocked down... a car. 11. He was taken to hospital... an ambulance. 12. He was treated... very effective drugs. 13. He was cured... a very skilful doctor. 14. He wrote his letter... a pencil. 15. He was scolded... his mother.

 

Запам’ятайте вживання прийменників з наступними дієсловами та виразами: They listened to me – вони слухали мене They looked at me – вони дивились на мене They looked for me – вони шукали мене They looked after the child – вони доглядали дитину They waited for me – вони чекали мене They spoke to me – вони розмовляли зі мною They laughed at me – вони жартували наді мною They complained about me – вони скаржились на мене They complained of tооthache (feeling bad) – вони скаржилися на зубну біль (захворювання) They were afraid of me – вони боялися мене They answered my question – вони відповіли на моє питання They entered the room – вони увійшли до кімнати They turned the corner – вони повернули за вугол

 

Exercise 6. Fill in the prepositions.

 

1. My mother is afraid... rats. 2. "What do you complain...?" asked the doctor. 3. Don't enter... the room. 4. What are you laughing...? 5. They did not want to listen... me. 6. Wait... me. I'll be back... a few minutes. 7. Yesterday the teacher spoke... us about the architecture... Kharkiv. 8. My grandmother often complains... headache. 9. I am sorry, I cannot speak... you now, the professor is waiting... me. I must go... the institute and explain... him some details... our work. Come... the evening, I shall listen... you very attentively and answer... all your questions. 10.... nine o'clock the lecturer entered... the hall, walked up... the table, put his bag... it, looked... everybody and began his lecture. The lecture, as all the lectures... this professor, was very interesting, and the students listened... him with great attention. 11. Turn... the corner... the house and look... the flowers grown... my mother: aren't they beautiful? 12. He was an excellent pupil, and the teachers never complained... him. 13. She complained... feeling bad and could not answer... the questions... the teacher. 14. We tried to speak... him, but he did not want to listen... us. He did not even look... us and did not answer... our questions. 15. Your brother complains... you. He says you always laugh... him, never speak... him and never answer... his questions. 16. When I entered …, everybody looked … me with surprise: they had not waited … me. 17. At the end … the street she turned … the corner, walked … the bus-stop and began waiting … the bus.

 

 

Відмінки іменників.

Відмінок	В українській мові	В англійській мові
Називний відмінок	хто? що? Друг	My friend.
Родовий відмінок	кого? чого? Друга	of, from The sister of my friend is in the room.. I’ve received a letter from my friend.
Давальний відмінок	кому? чому? другу	To I always give books to my friend.
Знахідний відмінок	кого? чого? друга	I see my friend in the room.
Орудний відмінок	ким? чим? другом пером	by, with This work is done by my friend. I write with a рen.
Місцевий відмінок	про кого? про що? про друга	About, of I often think about (of) my friend.