II. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребляя глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present perfect, Past perfect или Past Simple. Переведите предложения на Русский язык.

1. As a result of the company’s heavy investment in research and technology, it (to develop) already many successful products.

2. The secretary said that the client (to give) her the wrong address.

3. The Industrial Revolution (to begin) in the late 18^th century when machines (to start) to replace human workers.

4. This week there (to be) a huge increase in demand for air conditioners due to the hot weather.

5. By that time many countries already (to start) a process called deregulation.

 

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребляя глаголы, данные в скобках в Present, Past или Future Simple действительного или страдательного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. A part-time employee usually (to work) for only a few hours a day or a few days per week.

2. Today, in many industries the concept of a narrow specialization of labour (to discuss) worldwide.

3. Almost all finished goods (to store) at least once in a warehouse before they reach a final customer.

4. In Brazil, according to the privatization program around 70 state-owned enterprises (to sell) to private investors in the early 1990s.

5. In Japan, for many years relationships between manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers (to base) on the understanding that distributors would not carry the products of competing firms.

 

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните причастие I или причастие II, определите его функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Roughly speaking, official price indices measure the price of the goods and services consumed by the average household.

2. Being an independent entity in the eyes of the law, a corporation receives different tax treatment than either a proprietorship or a partnership.

3. East Asian countries are known for their technology industries such as computers and cameras.

4. When recruiting and hiring new employees, the management can focus on special selection standards.

5. The company was prohibited to set up a wholly owned subsidiary by the government.

 

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, выбрав причастие I или причастие II. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. If you spend more time worked/working, you make more money.

2. A lot of raw materials required/requiring for manufacturing are imported.

3. The GDP per capita is the GDP divided/dividing by the number of people in the population.

4. Before money was invented, people used a system calling/called bartering.

5. Considering/considered the problem of lowering barriers to trade, the two neighbouring countries should first negotiate trade rules.

 

VI. Прочитайте текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзац №3.

Market Economy

1. In a pure market economy all productive activities are privately owned, as opposed to being owned by the state. The goods and services that a country produces, and the quantity in which they are produced, are not planned by anyone. Rather, production is determined by the interaction of supply and demand and signaled to producers through the price system. If demand for a product exceeds supply, prices will rise, signaling producers to produce more. If supply exceeds demand, prices will fall, signaling producers to produce less. In this system consumers are sovereign. The purchasing patterns of consumers, as signaled to producers through the mechanism of the price system, determine what is produced and in what quantity.

2. For a market to work in this manner there must be no restrictions on supply. A restriction on supply occurs when a market is monopolized by a single firm. In such circumstances, rather than increase output in response to increased demand, a monopolist might restrict output and let prices rise. This allows the monopolist to take a greater profit margin on each unit it sells. Although this is good for the monopolist, it is bad for the consumer, who has to pay higher prices. Moreover, it is probably bad for the welfare of society. Since, by definition, a monopolist has no competitors, it has no incentive to search for ways of lowering its production costs. Rather, it can simply pass on cost increases to consumers in the form of higher prices. The net result is that the monopolist is likely to become increasingly inefficient, producing high-priced, low-quality goods, while society suffers as a consequence.

3. The role of government in a market economy is to encourage vigorous competition between private producers. Governments do this by outlawing monopolies and restrictive business practices designed to monopolize a market (antitrust laws serve this function in the United States). Private ownership also encourages vigorous competition and economic efficiency. Private ownership ensures that entrepreneurs have a right to the profits generated by their own efforts. This gives entrepreneurs an incentive to search for better ways of serving consumer needs. That may be through introducing new products, by developing more efficient production processes, by better marketing and after-sale service, or simply through managing their businesses more efficiently than their competitors. In turn, the constant improvement in product and process that results from such an incentive has been argued to have a major positive impact on economic growth and development.

 

VII. Дайте письменные ответы на следующие вопросы к тексту:

1. How does a market economy differ from a planned economy?

2. Why is the situation, when a market is monopolized by a single firm, dangerous for the whole society?

3. How can the competition between private producers benefit potential consumers?

 

 

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребляя глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present, Past или Future Simple или Continuous. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. In order to raise capital for expansion, the partners (to set up) a corporate structure several years ago, based on their partnership.

2. We (to adapt) our advertising strategy for the export market in the nearest future.

3. He is familiar with our existing range of software and regularly (to read) our publications.

4. Exports (to grow) more rapidly in value at the moment.

5. Now technology (to make) it easier and easier to predict changes in the weather.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребляя глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present Perfect, Past Perfect или Past Simple. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. During the recent negotiations, both governments (to recognize) finally that their respective nations will benefit from lower trade barriers between them.

2. The company’s new supplier (to leave) the office before I (to have) time to ask him anything.

3. Deregulation of services like telecommunications, transport and banking (to happen) in many countries in recent years.

4. By that time the government already (to place) a high tax upon luxury commodities.

5. In the early 1990s, despite Russia’s enormous reserves of oil and gas, the economy (to go) into a long and difficult depression.

 

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребляя глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present, Past или Future Simple действительного или страдательного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Our senior manager occasionally (to travel) to various European countries for trade fairs and exhibitions.

2. In the future low interest rates (to encourage) companies to take out loans in order to build factories, buy machines and increase production.

3. In the last century periods of depressions (to characterize) by the collapse of banks, business bankruptcies, a decline in wages and high rates of unemployment.

4. All business activity essentially (to connect) with the satisfying of human wants.

5. In the future many businesses (to involve) in the production of capital goods (e. g. factories, machines, tools, transport systems) to meet the requirements of other businesses which in turn will produce consumer goods.